1
Reimagining terrain vague:
The design of an agriculture centre in Makwassie.
Programme:
Agricultural skills development centre.
Research field:
Adaptive re-use.
Site description:
Under-utilized structures owned by Transnet .The site is locat-
ed at the edge of town with commercial and residential build-
ings/activities to the north.
Site Address:
Potgieter Street, Makwassie,
North-West ,South Africa
GPS Coordinates:
27°19’16.2”S 25°59’50.5”E
Supervisors
Prof. J. Smit, P. Smit, Prof J. Noble, Hein Raubenheimer and
Kobus du Preez
Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the de-
gree of Masters in Architecture (Professional)
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Science.
University of the Free State
2021
Figure 1.1: Interior photograph of trainstation (Author,2021)
i
Declaration of original authorship
I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is the action of taking some-
one else’s work claiming it as your own. This work in this dissertation has
not been previously submitted to meet the requirements for a qualifica-
tion at this, or any other, institution of higher education. To the best of my
knowledge, this dissertation contains no material previously published or
written by any other person – except where due reference is made.
Unless stated or referenced as otherwise, al sketches and collages in
this dissertation were drawn/ assembled by the author.
Signed by Eugenie Rheeder
Date: 13-10-2021
Figure 1.2: Birds eye view of Makwassie (Author,2021)
ii
J.C. GREYLING wrote a News24 article ‘n Diamant
in die Stofpad? He writes the following description of
the town ,Makwassie:
“Vroegwinter verfraai opslag-kosmos die
toegangspaaie en bring ‘n onverwagse spatsel kleur
aan ‘n andersins vaal wintersveld. Reuse bloekom-
en kameelbome vorm ‘n erewag weerskante
stowwerige strate, en stokou kareebome met krom,
skurwe stamme is ‘n algemene gesig.
‘n Klompie kaalvoetkinders kom lawaaierig in die
voetpaadjie van die Lebaleng-nedersetting af
om stok-swiets by die Chinees se deurmekaar
negosiewinkeltjie te koop.
Makwassie Handelshuis bestaan al jare nie meer nie.
‘n Halfvoltooide winkelkompleks in die hoofstraat
staan versteen in tyd.
Naby die stukkende damwal klingel ‘n boerbok se
klok.
Laatmiddag skommel ‘n enkele hooflyntrein in stilte
verby dié dorpie waar bittermin in 100 jaar verander
het. ‘n Tamatierooi son versmelt papperig op die
uitgestrekte horison.
Dit gaan ‘n koue winter wees.”
(Greyling, 2018: online)
Figure 1.3: Drawing of Train Station (Author,2021)
iii
Abstract
Situated on the periphery of a small town in North-West a decaying train station stands
idle. Between open veld and a small town where nothing has changed over the last 50
years lies potential for an architectural intervention.
This dissertation will address the revitalization of a static industrial site. This industrial
site has lost its original identity and fallen victim to deterioration. A loss in original identity
created a site that is vague. Revitalization of vague sites can be achieved by exploring
the latent potentials within the site narrative.
The intervention confronts the transitions between the dynamic environmental transfor-
mations of the site and the static structures on site. The study examines the importance
of adaptively re-using structures. This intervention will be manifested as an agricultural
centre. The aim is to re-activate the terrain through the layering of transitions in the pro-
gram activating the inherent sense of place.
iv
Table of contents
1 2 3
Chapter one Chapter two 7 Chapter three 19
Theoretical discourse and legal Analysis
Introduction framework
1.1. Objectives and Significance 4 2.1. Terrain Vague 9 3.1. History and development 21
1.2. Research Methodology 5 2.2. The Burra Charter 11 of Makwassie
1.3. Client and Programme 6 2.3. Heritage Resources Act 12 3.2. Macro Analysis 23
2.4. Listening to the building 3.3. Micro Analysis 29
2.5. Identifying the industrial 14 3.4.Urban Issue 35
archetype
2.6. South African Railway
history
2.7. Industrial Achetype 15
2.8. Glossary of Terms 17
v
4 5 6 7
Chapter four 39 Chapter five 55 Chapter six 77 Chapter seven 112
Techné Design development Final Design Iteration Conclusion
4.1. Techné concept 41 5.1. Design vision, Intent and 58 6.1. Final Design Resolution 79 7.1. Conclusion 113
and Intentions Touchstone 6.2. Final Technical Resolution 97 7.2. Reflection 114
4.2. Techné precedents 43 5.2. Concepts 60 7.3. Refrences 115
5.3. Application of Concepts 63
5.5. Insertion of New Structure 66
5.6 Design Development 67
vi
Chapter one
Introduction
1.1. Objectives and Significance
1.2. Research Methodology
1.3. Client and Programme
1
1
2
Figure 1.4: Abstract collage of site (Author ;2021)
3
1.1 Objectives and significance However there is a rapid increase in the rate of extinction
caused by unsuitable farming practices. Sustainable
The thesis aims to redefine the latent potential within the development in this area is addressed by specific aspects
site identified as terrain vague. It intends to change the site such as environmental, social, and economic ,educational
into a didactic landscape. development according to The Department of Agriculture
(Department of Agriculture, 2002: 9).
“The TERRAIN VAGUE is an inevitable consequence
of the changing patterns of industrial activity in a city” The rural community of Makwassie derives financial
(Watkins, 2013: 1). income from agricultural practices. This emphasizes
the need and importance for a specific space where
Didactic is defined as “Having the character or manner of agriculturalists can gain sustainable knowledge.
a teacher or instructor; characterized by giving instruction;
having the giving of instruction as its aim or object; The objectives and significance of the project are described
instructive, perceptive. A carefully planned structure can in the diagram outlining the research methodology on page
teach people an appreciation for space, light, size and Figure 1.5: Photograph of entrance to site (Author;2021)5.
scale. Often didacticism occurs in architecture when the
architect wants to be blatant in their main concept or intent.
Didactic instances can also occur when the architect
wants to make the construction or assembly of the building
obvious. Didactic thinking is a respectable response to a
post-industrial site, but the success of the design ultimately
depends on the honesty and skill with which the design is
made and what it offers the context and its user. It is meant
to be a collaborative process between features, plans for
how it will be maintained, used, and learned from (Lopez,
2011).
The project intends to become a metaphoric bridge taking
the un-skilled worker and teaching them new skills.The Figure 1.6: Cows and their herder walking on site
skills to be developed are specific to the field of agriculture. (Author;2021)
South Africa faces a number of problems with regards
to agricultural development having an effect on the
environment and the livelihoods of the country’s citizens.
“South Africa has the third largest biodiversity in the world”
(Department of Agriculture, 2002: 8)
Figure 1.7: Image of railway lines (Author;2021)
4
1.2 Research Methodology
SITE
(design
generator)
THEORY
RUIN DIDACTIC AGRICULTURAL
LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT
sustainable
(Defining the ruin) development
a r c h i t e c t u r e
Heterotopia teaching/instructor
Orientation
and
identification
Terrain Vague
develop into
Figure 1.8: Diagram of research methodology
5
1.3 Client and programme
Agri Skills Transfer is selected as the client for this
proposal. Agri Skills Transfer was established in 2004 for
training in the Agricultural Sector (Primary and Secondary).
Agri Skills Transfer is currently located on Klipfontein farm Horticulture
near Cullinan, Gauteng. Amenity cultutre
Plant Cultivar research
Agri Skills Transfer’s training is aligned with the SAQA
(South African Qualifications Authority) system.They took Production Plant propagation
a business decision to align with outcome based education Soil health
and to develop their courses according to the National Pest control
Qualification Framework (NQF). Plant Nutrition
Water quality
Agri Skills Transfer uses theoretical and practical workshops Structure and
in order to transfer skills. function of plants
Cows
Sheep
Animals Chicken
Healthcare
Record keeping
Management
Marketing
Farm Welding
Maintanance
and Maintanance Basic Fire Fight-
Figure 1.9: Agri s\Skills transfer logo (Agri Skills Transfer, 2015: Management of Fences ing
online) and Farm yards
Metallurgy
Building Craft
Mechanics
Figure 1.10: Diagram of proposed program
Figure 1.8: Diagram of research methodology
6
Chapter two
Theoretical discourse and legal framework
2.1. Terrain Vague
2.2. The Burra Charter
2.3. Heritage Resources Act
2.4. Listening to the building
2.5. Identifying the industrial archetype
2.6. South African Railway history
2.7. Industrial Achetype
2.8. Glossary of Terms
7
2
8
2.1 Terrain Vague
Post-industrial sites tend to be functionless, vague and meaningless. They do not forge relationships with the context. A similar description is appropriate when the ruin of
Makwassie’s Train Station is considered.
Industrial sites serve a spatial function only. What once was a node for connection, a transitional platform for travel and central point of coming together has lost its identity. This
loss of identity relates to the concept “Terrain Vague” .
Spanish Architect Ignasi de Sola-Morales researched and wrote about this topic in Terrain Vague published in 1995. The concept of terrain vague connects directly to spatial and
social concepts of urban environments. The term refers to the uncertainty of space. This uncertainty includes the ambivalence of urban plots of land or terrains (King, 2011:
online).
Terrain Vague is described by many terms:” waste land”, “ambiguous space”, “strange place” etc. Other terms that can be used when describing Terrain Vague include
misunderstood and overlooked. Terrain vagues are counter-spaces acting as a keeper or container of fragments of history. The term Terrain Vague is taken apart by the
landscape architect Jason King ,in his blog post Landscape and urbanism ,as the two words it consists of (King, 2011: online).
Terrain as a concept is described as expansive and having a relationship that is directly linked to the urban environment. Vague as translated from the German “Woge” or “Vaag”
in Afrikaans refers to unstable movement and fluctuation. “Vacuus” which is French, translates to emptiness. Vague according oxford dictionary means “ Not clear in a person’s
mind”.The terms describe the current state of the selected site.
With the windows and doors removed the structure seems like a skeleton in the desert with an occasional wind blowing through it as a train passes by.
Ignasi asks the question “What is to be done with these enormous voids, with their imprecise limits and vague definition?” (Sola-Morales, 1995: 110). The challenge lies in
transforming the terrain. An appropriate architectural response that is dualistic. The reminisce of the past in poetic harmony with the new.
Figure 2.1:Site panorama adapted by author (Author;2021)
9
The act of transforming terrain vague is summarised by Sola-Morales (1995 :119) as follows :
- Architecture should not become an aggressive instrument of power and abstract reason.
- The previous statement can be achieved by considering the continuity of the energy flow within the site. This energy was established through “the passing of time and
the loss of limits”
An understanding of the importance and the reason why the Terrain Vague should be reimagined is important before the reimagining occurs.
A major part on South African history is constituted by the country’s industrial heritage (Läuferts and Mavugandize,2009:1). Neglect of historical industrial structures will lead to
their destruction. These buildings are deteriorating as they are open to face natural forces along with looters.
It is necessary to recognise and conserve the importance of industrial structures, to protect the industrial history of South Africa. Post-industrial sites, such as the Train Station
form part of the urban landscape ,even though these structures and sites are strange, ambiguous places left to their demise. The station remains a remnant of the past. Using
the existing structure in the regeneration of the site, the aim is to bring life to the current Terrain Vague.
The intangible and tangible history and heritage of the site forms the narrative of the town and the hierarchical layering. The importance of the historical narrative is emphasized
by retaining the authenticity of the structures on site. Presenting and interpreting the authenticity of the train station is one of the ways in which the character of site is brought
forward.
The selection of decaying buildings on ambiguous sites led to the adaption of these buildings. This is necessary as it provides a sustainable manner of enhancing appreciation
and understanding of Terrain Vague (industrial sites). Responsive programmatic implementation combined with the potentials embedded along with the memory of the post-
industrial terrain emerge as a space that is inhabitable.
10
Inhabitable space is developed through intervention: The Burra Charter suggests a sequence of investigations,
According to Sola-Morales (1995: 120) such an decisions and actions as seen in Figure 2.2. This sequence
intervention should: will be applied throughout the design process. Applying (Chapter 3)
- Retain the existing structure and give new purpose, these steps is helped along by the application of the South
- Be a non-exhaustive system, African Heritage Resource Act 25 of 1999.
- Aim to reincorporate these places to the productive of South Africa
logic of the city.
A designer is able to work within the complex systems
of the intervention by close observation and tending.
Tending to the train station requires a strategy. This
strategy will be developed thorough the use of practice
guidelines set out by the Australia ICOMOS Charter for
places of Cultural Significance (Marquis-Kyle & Walker,
2004: 1).
2.2 The Burra Charter of 1999
The Charter was adopted in 1979 at the Australian town
of Burra. The charter was developed with a vision for
conservation of culturally significant places.
The charter states that “a deep and inspirational sense
of connection” is created where places of cultural
significance are concerned (Marquis-Kyle and Walker,
2004: 1). - Makwassie’s development
- Implementing plans for
A cautious approach is suggested by the charter. “It urban development
is necessary to care for the place and make it usable,
but otherwise change it as little as possible so that its
significance is retained” as stated in the charter (Marquis
-Kyle and Walker, 2004: 12).
Develop policy with phases
Cultural significance is a concept that aids in establishing for further expansion of the
the value of places. Places that help in “creating an project.
understanding of the past or enrich the present” are
considered as places with cultural significance (Marquis
-Kyle and Walker, 2004: 12).
Sensory experience is part of the intrinsic value of place.
This includes every sensory aspect of the site including
the sounds along with smells associated with the place.
Figure 2.2: Scan of Burra charter Process (Marquis-Kyle and Walker,
2004: 10) Figure 2.3: Diagram applying Burra Charter Process to project.
11
2.3 Heritage Resources Act
The protection of heritage resources is implemented by the Heritage Act of South Africa Act 25 of 1999. The general protection rule applies to structures that are older than 60
years. The train station built in 1910 is 111 years old. Careful consideration should be taken and every choice regarding demolition or changes to the station require justification.
According to the South African Heritage Resource Authority (SAHRA) the responsibility of the act is “to identify, conserve, protect and promote heritage resources in South
Africa.”(SAHRA, 1999: online)
The north and south façade is indicated as the station
is identified as the most significant parts of the building.
These parts should be protected while the rest of the
building requires less consideration.
2.4 Listening to the building
A study of the existing is necessary to ensure the
successful merging of the new addition to the existing
structures. The language and specific proportions of the
existing building provide solutions for the design of the
new addition.
Proportions of the train station on floor plan.
The plan (Fig 2.4) is comprised of three main rectangles
and two squares. A specific rhythm is prevalent in the
floor plan as in figure 2.4. The rhythm is created with the
placement of the rectangles and squares.
Proportions of the train station on elevation.
The north elevation is symmetrical echoing the rhythm on
floorplan. A second rhythm is introduced in the columns.
The train station is placed on a granite plinth that was
painted black. This dark line is in contrast with the rest of
the white structure emphasizing the horizontality of the
design. Large bricks are drawn into the exterior plaster
creating the illusion that large bricks where used in the
construction. This also emphasizes the horizontality of
the structure.The south elevation has a similar black
plinth. The vertical rhythm on the southern elevation
(Fig 2.5) differs from the north.
The influences on the proposal.
The rhythms and proportions on floor plan and elevation
can be echoed in the new design. Relating dimensions as
in figure can be utilised in the design of the new extension
echoing the geometries of the existing.
12
Fig 2.5:Photographs of Train Station elevations analysing rhythm. Fig 2.4: Existing Train Station floor plan analysed.
Proportions of the shed plan and elevation. Summary of lessons learned
The design of the shed follows a strict grid were x on Figure 2.6 is 5m. The grid is echoed in the elevation
of the shed. The horizontality of the shed as in Figure 2.7 is emphasized by the concrete ring beam
visible on the exterior along with the cement platform elevating the shed from natural ground level.
Fig 2.6: Drawing of Goods Shed indicating structural grid.
Fig 2.7:Photographs of Goods Shed analysing the rhythm of the shed.
Fig 2.8:Diagrams indicating application of lessons learned.
13
2.5 Identifying the industrial archetype 2.6 South African Railway history.
The terrain as previously stated is an industrial terrain. Before the railway line was built ox and horse
Industrial architecture evolved into a combination of traversed through the high-lying interior of
functionality and design. These buildings are constructed South Africa. Rail transport allows efficient
in exceedingly impressive manners. Both buildings on site transportation of bulk freight over long distances.
form part of the archetype. As seen in the analysis of the
two buildings the shed was built for function. Whereas the
Train Station is built to a human scale. The discovery of gold and diamonds catapulted
South Africa into economic development. There
was a demand for transportation of materials
Industrial ruins reflect the past. A sense of nostalgia is with the rapid expansion of the mining industry.
associated with ruins like the Train Station. These ruins
also represent risk and neglect. Cowie and Heathcott The Natal Line was the first to be built in 1860
(2003: 4) describe derelict landscapes as wasted cultural,
Fig 2.9: Photograph of Railway sign (Author: 2021) (Mdem, 2018: 8). The discovery of diamonds in social, and economic places. Elements of acceptance
and hope are present in decaying industrial sites. Kimberly in 1867 drew people to the geographical
center of the country. This created a need for quick
The revitalization of an industrial site requires an transportation of construction material (Mabin, 2021:
understanding of the development and characteristics online). The discovery of gold in the Witwatersrand
of the archetype. Identifying the pragmatic led to another rush in 1886. In 1905 a railway line
relationship between function and form will aid in from Cape Town to Johannesburg was laid. This
developing an understanding of industrial buildings railway line is the one that passes by Makwassie.
and how they may function as other archetypes.
Train Stations were built, becoming the link
It is necessary to provide a short history of the with the world. These Train Stations became
South African Railway to establish the relevance
of the construction of the train station and the hub of connection. The social, cultural, and
shed in conjunction with the rest of the timeline. economic activity took place at train stations.
Newspapers, mail, and the distribution of fresh
produce were delivered to and from the station.
Farmers dispatched their harvest to markets, as
is the case in Makwassie. A further description
and investigation of the relationship between the
Train Station and town are dealt with in Chapter 3.
Now that the relevance of construction of the Train
Station and shed in conjunction with the rest of the
railway history timeline has been established an
investigation of the industrial archetype is required.
Fig 2.10: Photograph of Railway track towards Leeudoringstad (Author: 2021)
14
2.7 Industrial archetype
Industrial architecture, whether a train station, factory,
storage shed, powerplant, etc., was built with two goals
in mind: safety and efficiency. From its genesis industrial
buildings “encouraged an efficient work process” as
stated by Ljiljana Jervremovic (2012: 81) in Aesthetics of
industrial architecture in the context of industrial buildings
conversion. Efficient work processes are encouraged by
creating large column-free interior spaces. These early
examples included a circulation tower. The circulation
tower is the only part of the building where ornamentation
was placed (Jervremovic, 2012: 82) as seen in figure 2.11.
Fig 2.11: Trent Mill, Chadderton, Oldham, Greater Manchester, Fig 2.14: Farm Shed constructed of locally sourced materials
England, 1882 (Jervremovic: 2012, 82) (Jorgense: 2020, online)
The AEG turbine factory in figure 2.12 by Peter Behrens
built in Germany in 1909 refers to an agricultural shed
typology (Winter, 1970: 70). The architectural shed as an
industrial building is also constructed purely for function.
The visible structure indicates the construction method.
Agricultural sheds as in figure 2.13 form part of vernacular
architecture, are usually constructed out of locally sourced
materials as seen in figure 2.14. Figures 2.15 and 2.16
are photographs of sheds in the Makwassie. All of these
examples offer design solutions relating to the choice and
use of material. The design of the shed simply aids in the
identification of proper materials to be used not stipulating Fig 2.15: Photograph of farm shed in Makwassie district
Fig 2.12: Peter Behrens’ AEG Turbine Factory Berlin, 1907
(Jervremovic: 2012, 83) guidelines for the design of an architectural solution. (Author: 2021)
Fig 2.13: Photograph of Karoo Shed constructed with local materials Fig 2.16: Photograph of farm shed in Makwassie district
(Schoeman: 2012, online) (Author: 2021)
15
“Around the early 1900s, the factory was seen as a build-
ing type deserving of architectural treatment in order to en-
hance the production of goods and dignify the workplace,
as well as forge corporate identities.” (Jevremovic, 2012:
83). Later developments included clerestories as in Al-
berts Kahn’s Chrysler Half-Ton Truck Plant building in fig-
ure 2.17. This functional cathedral interior is flooded with
light.
Industrial architecture evolved into buildings that display
the contents. Inmos Microprocessor Factory by Richard
Fig 2.17: Alberts Kahn’s Chrysler Half-Ton Truck Plant Rogers in figure 2.18 is an example of further development
(Winter: 1970, 95) in the industrial archetype. The high-tech suspending
structure is exposed and placed on the exterior to keep the
interior column-free (Crook, 2019: online)
The Proud Heritage Clothing Campus by Albert and
Partners (fig 2.19) is a contemporary example of industrial
architecture in South Africa. The material choice (fig
2.20) was informed by the production process housed Fig 2.20: Application diagram (Author: 2021)
on the interior. This design offers a diverse and sensory
experience whilst allowing unhindered, efficient production
to take place.
Industrial architecture has come a
long way. The archetype is much more
Fig 2.18: Inmos Microprocessor Factory by Richard Rogers integrated in terms of construction and
(Crook: 2019, online) design as with Proud Heritage Clothing
Campus by Albert and Partners. The
current condition of the post-industrial
site is ineffective in encouraging public
interaction. An alternative approach to
industrial architecture can provide an
appropriate solution to redefine the latent
potential within the site identified as Terrain
Vague. The alternative approach includes
lessons learned in the development of the
industrial archetype.
Fig 2.19: Proud Heritage Clothing Campus by Albert and Fig 2.21: Proud Heritage Clothing Campus in Durban,South Africa by Albert and Partners
Partners (2007: online) (2007: online)
16
2.8 Glossary of terms
“The difference between refurbishment and conversion,
According to Adaptive Reuse : Architecture Documenta- however, is that refurbishment does not involve any
tion and Analysis by Dafna Fisher-Gewirtzman adaptive major changes to the loadbearing structure or interior
re-use includes different terms. Some of these terms layout. It therefore lies exactly between maintenance and
include the following: conversion, but the extent of refurbishment works can
vary enormously.” (Wong, 2016: 21)
Alteration
“Work intended to change the function or appearance of
a place.” (Wong, 2016: 13) Rehabilitation
“Rehabilitation is defined as the act or process of
Conversion making possible a compatible use for a property through
“Conversions always affect the structure of a building. repair, alteration, and additions while preserving those
They extend the concept of refurbishment to interventions portions or features which convey its historical cultural or
in the loadbearing members and/or the interior layout.” architectural values.” (Wong, 2016: 21)
(Wong, 2016: 15)
Retrofitting
Preservation “The redesign and reconstruction of an existing facility or
“Standards for Preservation: subsystem to incorporate new technology, to meet new
1. a property will be used as it was historically or be given requirements or to otherwise provide performance not
a new use that maximizes the retention of distinctive foreseen in the original design. In other words, retrofitting
materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships.” is the replacement of building components with new
(Wong, 2016: 18) components that were not available at the time of the
original construction.” (Wong, 2016: 27)
“Preservation is no longer a retroactive activity but
becomes a prospective activity.” (Wong, 2016: 19) Al the terms stated above describe the way in which the
intervention will be approached. Some of them will apply
Re- Use to the project, others are simply used as guide in the
The intervention should consider all experiences of the development of the design.
Station and surrounding structures. The approach should
be applied in a sensitive manner. The approach can be
identified as adaptive re-use.
Refurbishment
“Modernizing or overhauling a building and bringing it up
to current acceptable functional conditions (Watt, 1999).
It is usually restricted to major improvements primarily of
a non-structural nature to commercial or public buildings.
However, some refurbishment schemes may involve an
extension.” (Wong, 2016: 21)
17
Fig 2.22: Collage of traintracks on site
18
Chapter three
Analysis
3.1. History and development of Makwassie
3.2. Macro Analysis
3.3. Micro Analysis
3.4.Urban Issue
19
3
20
Makwassie ward.
(Prinsloo, 2014: 85).
(Prinsloo, 2014: 35.).
(Prinsloo, 2014: 18).
led
(Prinsloo, 2014: 35.). (Prinsloo, 2014: 86).
River
(Prinsloo, 2014: 23).
21
(Prinsloo, 2014: 260).
*
(Prinsloo, 2014: 255).
* S.A.V.F. -Suid-Afrikaanse Vroue Federasie
22
Figure 3.13: Diagram of SouthAfrica (Author,2021)
3.2 Macro Analysis
Makwassie is located in North-West province in South
Africa. It was proclaimed as town in 1910 by Charles Lacy
Strattin Cherry. The town is located at the convergence
of the R505 and R502 next to the Makwassie spruit.
The town has a population of 919 individuals, the
neighbouring settlement Lebaleng has 12 433 residents
(Mabin, 2021: online).
Figure 3.15: Diagram of North West (Author,2021)
Reasons why settlement was founded in this
location.
In 1905 a railway from Cape Town to Johannesburg Makwassie is a small farming and digging community
via Kimberley is laid forming the Southern boundary of located along the Makwassie-spruit. The region has a
present-day Makwassie. In 1906 Mr Charles Cherry built semi dry climate and is characterized, and forms part of
a supply store and house to oversee the construction of the hot semi-arid steppe with 530mm rainfall per year.
the railway line at Klipkuil (a farm froming part of present The climate and natural resources allow for a strong
day Makwassie. Railway station on the farm Oersonskraal agricultural presence.
and Klipkuil led to settlements of wooden buildings that
lead to permanent settlement and the declaration of the
town in 1909.
Figure 3.14: Climate diagram of South Africa according to Climate data.org.
redrawn by Author.
23
SITE WITH DISTANCE RADII INDICATED
Figure 3.16:Google Earth image adapted by author
24
The proposed site is located acro
REC
REC
Figure 3.17:Diagram of town density and built form (Author,2021) Figure 3.19:Diagram of town grid (Author,2021)
Figure 3.18:Diagram of town organisation (Author,2021) Figure 3.20:Diagram of landuse in town (Author,2021)
25
ARIAL VIEW OF SITE WITH IMMEDIATE CONTEXT
Figure 3.21: Drone image of site, analysing the terrain (Author: 2021)
26
KEY TO NINE SPECIFIC PLACES IN MAKWASSIE
9. 8.
7.
7.
6.
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
Fig 3.22 :Birds eye view of Makwassie indicating specific locations (Author: 2021)
27
1. 2. 3.
Fig 3.23: Image of Potgieter Street (Author: 2021) Fig 3.24:Photograph of Potgieter Street(Author: 2021) Fig 3.25:Photograph of context (Author: 2021)
4. 55. 6.
Fig 3.26:Photograph of McMillan Street(Author: 2021) Fig 3.27:Mack’s Petroleuim gas station (Author: Fig3.28 :Suidwes Cooperation (Author: 2021)
2021)
4 5 6
7. 88. 99.
Fig 3.29:Makwassie Clinic (Author: 2021) Fig 3.30:Makwassie Post Office (Author: 2021) Fig 3.31:Plaasmark in Makwassie (Author: 2021)
28
3.3 Micro Analysis
Fig 3.32: Photoshop collage of railway lines (Author: 2021)
29
Existing Built Fabric
This part of the site analysis focuses on the ex-
isting built fabric. The site currently has three
large structures. These three structures in-
clude:
1.Train station
2.Goods shed
3.Bridge.
The photo analysis takes an in-depth look at the
existing conditions of the isolated structures.
1.Train Station
2. Goods Shed
3.Bridge
Fig 3.33: Site analysis diagram (Author; 2021)
30
Materiality of existing structures
Train Station
Roof: Gable, hip and Dutch pitched roofs are present in
the construction of the station. Timber trusses are used
with corrugated iron roof sheeting as in figure 3.34.
Wall: The walls of the station are 220 mm thick load-
bearing walls with a granite plinth (Fig 3.44) forming part
of exterior walls. Concrete columns (250 x 380 mm) with
brick infill are used on the north and south facades.
Floor: The station is constructed with dolerite /ironstone
foundations (Fig 3.36). The western section had hard-
wood floors, where the eastern section has a cement
screed as floor. There are granite thresholds at the exter-
nal entrances as in figure 3.44. The building is elevated
with two steps up to finished floor level.
Fig 3.34: Image of interior of train station. Fig 3.35: Image of interior of train station.
Fig 3.36: Photograph of ironstone foundation. Fig 3.37: Timber window frame still visible in current Fig 3.38: Photograph of stone mantlepiece
structure
31
Fig 3.39: Image of interior of train station. Fig 3.40: Image of interior of train station. Fig 3.41: Image of hallway of train station.
Fig 3.42: Exterior of train station. Fig 3.43: Photograph of the roof. Fig 3.44: Photograph of threshold indicating granite
threshold and plinth.
32
The Goods Shed
Floor: The ground floor level of the Goods Shed is
1000 mm from natural ground level.
Wall: Concrete columns with a concrete ring beam form
the loadbearing structure with brick infill. Additional brick
buttresses are on the interior of the building.
Roof: A gable pitched roof with steel trusses and corru-
gated iron roof sheeting.
Fig 3.45: West Elevation of shed.
Fig 3.46: Interior of the shed. Fig 3.47: Interior of shed with close up image of sliding
door.
33
The Bridge
The bridge is a utilitarian structure used by pedestrians
in the event of a train passing. Cross braced steel beams
are supported with concrete bases. Pre-cast concrete
elements are used to create the stairs and floor of the
bridge. Steel plates bolted together form the balustrade
of the bridge
Fig 3.49: Image of the bridge walkway.
Fig 3.50: View from the top of the bridge towards train- Fig 3.51: Image of the bridge. Fig 3.52: Image indicating power box underneath the
station. bridge.
34
3.4 Urban Issue
The site analysis identified strengths, weaknesses, Public infrastructure is an opportunity for urban
opportunities, and threats of the site. Detachment intervention. Neighborhoods according to Steyn
from the town is one of the most substantial should be walkable, self-sufficient regarding the
issues regarding the site. The disassociation economy and mixed-use streets (2005: online).
between the town and site (specifically the Train
Station) as urban issue takes place on five levels. The concept for a design solution regarding urban
issues is to provide a framework and allow the
1. The first level is the relationship of the site within community to develop their neighborhoods. The
the larger agricultural context of the region. The development of urban vitality will be approached
design question at this level is: How is the architecture through the application of urban principles.
specific to the agricultural region it is located in?
Urban vitality can be created by creating urban
2. The second level is the urban link with the town. magnets. “Urban magnets are spaces, activities or
Design questions include: What is the relationship objects that attract people “(White, 2020: online).
between the site and the larger town? Where is
the central business district in relation to the site? The authors of Urban Magnets (Haden, 2020: 12)
identified six urban magnets which attract people:
3. The third level is the physical urban link
between the Train Station and the town. 1. Activity Subcultures: Activities that attract cultural
groups within larger cultures.
4. The design exchange between the existing
infrastructure and new additions is the fourth level. 2. Specialty Retail: These form part of activity
How does the Train Station, Goods Shed, Bridge, and subcultures. Galleries, bookstores, etc. that attract
the new addition form an architectural relationship? subcultures.
5. The fifth level is the new landscaping to be designed. 3. Visible Production: Workshops or studios
How will the physical landscaping weave through displaying creative and creation processes.
the site redefining the latent potential of the site?
4. Educational/Learning: Art schools, drama schools,
The solution to most of the questions stated etc.
can be resolved through the creation of public
spaces. Spaces for exchange placed throughout 5. Programming Events: Weekly or daily events.
the town will extend the site into the town. Farmers markets, daily vendors.
6. Unique Urban Form: Public art, performing arts
centres, galleries.
Fig 3.52: Levels of interaction (Author: 2021)
35
These urban magnets can be placed
throughout the town forming the
important urban link required to
establish a relationship between the
site and the larger town. The numbers
on figure 3.35 indicate historic sites
along with churches.
The urban vision for Makwassie will be
developed by connecting these sites.
The railway bridge over the spruit at
number 8 was built during the same
time as the Goods Shed therefore it
has a significant connection to the Train
Station.
The walkway over the bridge offers
views over the spruit and Makwassie
landscape. The bridge is 1,2 km away
from the site. A cycling/hiking route is
introduced moving through the town
visiting significant sites starting at the
Train Station. The route moves through
town along the spruit and Makwassie
dam, moving over the bridge.
Fig 3.53: Routes indicated through town with specific locations identified as places to visit along the cycling route.
36
Infrastructure, such as public buildings which
are already in town, can be incorporated
into the final design of the skills centre. This
creates opportunities where students from
the skills development center can utilize
existing infrastructure. For example, the
town library can form part of an extended
program for the centre.
Small urban community gardens can be
placed throughout the town especially
moving towards Lebaleng extending the
program into the town. The students of the
skills development centre can teach the
permaculture skills, they were taught at the
centre, to the community.
The Old Town Hall can form part of the
development in a later phase becoming
a gallery or other specialty retail magnet.
The strengthening of existing networks
and upgrade of existing infrastructure is
important to urban intervention.
The images in figure 3.55 show collages
of proposals for the urban vision. The
objective is to create spaces which the
community can utilize.
Fig 3.54: Important Locations indicated in relation to the site.
37
Fig 3.55:Urban intervention proposals.
38
Chapter four
Techné
4.1. Techné concept and Intentions
4.2. Techné precedents
39
4
40
4. Technical chapter
This chapter investigates the technical concept and
intentions of the design. Precedents relating to site,
program and restoration are investigated and related
to the structural concepts and intentions.
4.1. Techne concept and intention
Construction Touchstone
The construction touchstone describes the manner
in which the construction of floor, wall and roof will be
approached. The development of the touchstone started
with the combination of the two strongest design concepts,
Interpose and Ruin.
The concept of Interpose provides suggestions relevant to
the manner in which the new addition reacts and attaches
to the ruin. Interpose means to place in-between, the
intervention is placed in-between the ruin.
The concept of bridge informs the selection of materials Fig 4.1: Image of construction touch-
by revering to the silo. The silo offers architectural inspira- stone indicating concept of bridge
tion with its industrial characteristics along with good shed.
Other inspiration in the choice of materiality is taken from
materials used in the construction of the Train Station.
Fig 4.2: Image of construction touchstone indicating heirarchy.
41
Inspiration is derived from the train infrastructure. By
examining the structure one can identify different ways
in which the structural systems can be approached. The
deconstruction of the structure led to investigations for the
design of the new trusses.
The model indicates the manner in which the concept of
bridge is applied by extending the existing by attaching the
new to the old from the train station towards the goods
shed.
The development of the tower behind the gable started by
re-appropriating the pitched roof of the train station. Light
can enter into the building by splitting the pitched roof. The
tower rises above the gable, extending towards the sky,
becoming a beacon in the town.
The concept of bridge is applied in the model by changing
the western gable into a tower, creating a new form of
hierarchy in the design.
Fig 4.3: Image of construction touchstone indicating heirarchy.
42
4.2. Techne Precedents
4.2.1 Rangeland Laboratory Facility
Client: Chadron State College
Architect: BVH Architects
Location: Chadron, United States
Year: 2015
Contribution: -Floor plan development
-Program and functions
-Investigation of vernacular
architecture
43
Introduction
The Rangeland Laboratory is located in the south-
east of Chadron, United States. The building functions
as a laboratory, instructional and office facilities for
the Rangeland Agricultural Wildlife Program. The
investigation of this precedent will inform the design
development along with the theoretical approach to the
tectonic resolution of the proposed design.
Structure
Type and System details
A loadbearing box forms the structure of the lower
level and south wing of the design. These loadbearing
structures consist of in-situ cast walls (Fig 4.4).The rest
of the design consists of timber frames stretching from
the lower level trough the upper level to the roof. Curtain
walls along with freestanding walls form the envelope of
the building.(Fig 4.6)
Finishes
Some of the walls are cladded with metal taking inspiration
from the corrugated metal used in the construction of
existing barns. The wood and corn-crib siding also relates
to the vernacular materials and ways of construction. Fig 4.4: Diagram of Rangeland lab structure.
Fig 4.5: East facade showing curtain walls (Crosby, 2021: online)
44
The architect explains that:” Board-formed concrete and the
rhythm of the exposed wood structure lend life and cultural
context to the facility’s roots in the ranching and agricultural
tradition.” (Crosby, 2015: online).
VISUAL CONNECTION TO THE PRAIRIE
Fig 4.7: Upper level lobby (Crosby, 2021: online)
PINE USED ON THE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR
CORRUGATED IRON CLADDING
Fig 4.8: Downstairs lobby (Crosby, 2015: online) Fig 4.10: Diagram of Rangeland lab site and connection
VISUAL
RED COMMONLY USED WITH BARNS- RELATING CONNECTION
TO THE VERNACULAR TO THE PRAIRIE
CORN-CRIB SIDING
Fig 4.6: Barn exterior cladding (Crosby, 2015: online) Fig 4.9: Entrance hall (Crosby, 2015: online) Fig 4.11: Barn exterior indicating materials (Crosby, 2015: online)
45
Site accessibility & material availability Red wall (service box)
The building is an addition to an already existing agri-
cultural learning facility. This means that access to the Services
site has already been established. Material availability Vertical circulation
will not be a problem as they are ordinary construction Horizontal circulation
materials. The pine frames and siding is often used in Curtain Walls
the construction of buildings in this region, making the Solid Walls
material readily available. Connection to the landscape
Climate and service requirement
The structure is aligned along two axes forming a natural
windbreak (Archdaily, 2015: online) as in figure 4.13. The
curtain walls are placed in positions to take advantage of
the seasonal sun. The corncrib siding filters some of the
harsher sunlight into the building.
The building services are placed in zones where they
proficiently serve the served spaces. The freezer, cooler
and laundry room is placed in-between the soils lab and
animals lab with access from both. The mechanical room
is located on the lower level of the design containing the Horizontal circulation moves along a corridor into the
building services such as the HVAC System. An elongat- grand hall and back to the next corridor. A red wall forms
ed red box structure hides the service pipes of the labs the circulation axis. This red wall axis moves from the
along with other building services systems. Other servic- existing live animal facility on site.The circulation aids in
es such as restrooms are placed on the upper floor and connecting the labs to the landscape allowing the expe-
lower floor. rience to change along with the prairie.
Circulation N
Vertical circulation is located in the centre of the design
at the intersection of the two wings and the northern most
point of the design leading into the prairie. The vertical
circulation consists of stairwells that could function as fire Fig 4.12: Floor plan adapted by author
escapes. (Crosby, 2015: online)
Fig 4.13: West facade indicating windbreakung walls (Crosby, 2015: online)
46
User requirements This provides the observer of an awareness of place
The clients required an instructional facility which is by being blatant in the execution of the concept. Look!
classified as A3 in the SANS 10400. Thus it can be said Witness the cows grazing in the veld, or see how the
that there should be 5m2 per person according to the NBR church bell tolls and the children in front of the corner
(in table 2 in the NBR). shop.
This instructional facility has very specific requirements as it The combination of loadbearing boxes (applied to the VISUAL
forms part of the Agriculture and Wildlife program facilities. design in the train station) and frames ( applied to the C O N N E C T I O N design as new intervention) forms a dialogue between TO THE VELDLaboratories, classrooms and office spaces where required
in the program. The user requirements are much more than the structures. The intervention should be in constant
this practical statement. The user required a space where connection with the town. This removes the station from
they can be taught or tested whilst observing the natural its far away pedestal reintroducing it to the town’s fabric.
landscape in which the information learnt will be applied. The precedent prompts the investigation in to vernacu-
Application of observations lar agricultural structures as to select materials for the construction of the new skills centre. Concrete,Brick
This precedent is applicable to the design as it has the same and corrugated iron are some of the materials. The
program. However the difference is that the intended design farmstead is usually constructed with loadbearing brick
will include more classrooms and practical workshops. The walls, some are steel braced frames with corrugated
precedent has a constant connection with the landscape iron.
framing multiple views as one moves through the building. Fig 4.16: Image of firts floor windows in existing
This is another useful lesson learnt. Circulation axis moving train station indicating the current connection
through the intervention should have constant references with the veld.
back to the town or open veld behind the train station.
This application of the precedent informs the theoretical con-
cept of creating a didactic landscape. It informs the dweller
of the place, teaching them.
Fig 4.15: Drawing indicating a constant connection with the context with diagram showing the way in which the site can
Fig 4.14: Drawing indicating a constant connection with the context be connected
47
Fig 4.17 : Diagramatic plan.
48
4.2.2 Main Building , University of the Free State
Client: University of the Free State
Architect: Bannie Brits Architects
Location: University of the Free State,
Bloemfontein,South-Africa
Contribution: - Restoration
- Relationship between existing
and new
Fig 4.20: Image of UFS main building towers (Herholdt, 2014: 274)
49
This precedent is located on the University of the Free
State Campus in South Africa. The Main Building was
constructed in 1905 and was designed by architect
P. Taylor (Herholdt, 2014: 274). The nature of the inter-
vention done is identified as rehabilitation or adaptive
re-use.
The conceptual approach was to let light into the build-
ing whilst opening up the interior. All of this had to be
done without causing changes to the exterior of the
building. The new plan resulted in “large open spaces”
with “individual offices with glass frontages” as stated
by Roodt, in Herholdt (2014: 274).
Fig 4.22: Section of UFS main building adapted by Author (Herholdt, 2014: 274)
OPEN AREAS CREATED
Fig 4.21: UFS main building ground floor corridor (Herholdt, 2014: 274) Fig 4.23: Ground floor plan adapted by Author (Herholdt, 2014: 274)
50
Light is drawn into the building to the ground floor by an oculus covered in safety glass located on first floor.The preservation of the original building adds to the success of this
project. The architect identified the historical essence of the building by keeping the granite and plaster facades, along with the tower at the centre and corner trusses.
51
Fig 4.24: Image of skylight and staircase edited by author
(Herholdt, 2014: 275)
Fig 4.25: Photograph of entrance with light flooding into the interior,
adapted by author (Herholdt, 2014: 275).
Fig 4.26: Image of skylight from first floor adapted by authror
(Herholdt, 2014: 275)
Fig 4.27: Image of Skylight flooding interior with light adapted by author
(Herholdt, 2014: 275)
4.2.3 The Steel Yard
Client: Providence Steel
Architect: Klopfer Martin Design Group
Location: Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
Year: 2009
Contribution: - Site organisation/layout
- Industrial design
The Steel Yard is a regenerative design of an industrial
complex. The project entails the adaptive re-use of a
disused steel fabricating facility. The facility is located
near the centre of the town. The Steel yard houses a non-
profit focusing on the fabrication of the arts. The design
houses “artist studio space, facilitating instruction in
metal, ceramic, and glass arts, and providing job training
to young people in welding in addition to a robust set of
public-welcome programs and events throughout the
year” according to Phillips (2010: online).
The design and over all layout embraces the industrial
structures on site by incorporating them in the landscape
design.
Fig 4.33: Site plan by KDMG architects (Phillips, 2010: online)
The site is organised around a paved square with various
accommodations leading from the central square.
The application of this precedent will be in the organisation
of the site of the propsed design. Separate elements on site
can be linked by identifying and designing a central square.
The Train Station, bridge and shed are large separate
elements on site that need to be connected in order to
create a coherent design.
Fig 4.35: Image of steel yard landscaping (Phillips, 2010: online)
Fig 4.34: Drone image of steel yard complex (Philips, 2010: online)
52
4.2.4 Saxum Vineyard Equipment Barn
Client: SAXUM VINEYARD Designed as a modern barn, the reclaimed oil field drill stem pipe structure’s
Architect: Clayton Korte primary objectives are to provide an armature for a photovoltaic roof system that offsets more than 100% of power demands on the winery and to provide
Location: Paso Robles, California covered open-air storage for farming vehicles and their implements, workshop
Year: 2018 and maintenance space, and storage for livestock supplies.
Contribution: - Construction
- Designing for animals It was designed to harness the local climate to maximize cross ventilation,
-Construction detailing daylight and solar energy. Laminated glass solar modules, serving as both the solar system and the roofing, are supported on wood and WT steel flitch purlins
-Designing for sustainability welded to the pipe trusses.
This precedent serves as an example of how to design
seemingly ordinary structures in ways that celebrate the construction.
Fig 4.36: Photograph indicating perforated
screen (Dunn, 2018: online)
Fig 4.37: North entrance to barn , image adapted by Author (Dunn, 2018:online)
Livestock
Fig 4.38:South entrance to the barn, image adapted by author (Dunn, 2018:online)
53
4.2.5 Duduza Resource Centre
Client: Duduza Resource Trust
Architect: Noero Wolff Architects
Location: Duduza ,Gauteng
Year: 1990
Contribution: -Construction.
-Structure and material use.
The centre was designed to provide services and aid for the people who live in townships. The
construction was funded by NGO’s. Organisation of activities, including educational and community
services, were placed along a linear route reflecting the liniarity of a street. Fig 4.40: Photograph of trading stall (Laura,1990: online)
An open courtyard becomes the spatial focus of the scheme, providing opportunity for expansion. The
covered walkway is a response to the South African climate. This design layout articulates the main
access route and circulation.
Fig 4.36: Photograph indicating perforated Courtyard
screen (Dunn, 2018: online)
Walkway and circulation
Fig 4.41: Photograph of trading stall (Laura,1990: online)
Fig 4.37: North entrance to barn , image adapted by Author (Dunn, 2018:online)
Fig 4.39: Floorplan of Duduza Resource Centre, indicating courtyard and articulated routes. Fig 4.42: Photograph of Duduza Resourse centre (Laura,1990: online)
54
Chapter five
Design development
5.1. Design vision, Intent and Touchstone
5.2. Concepts
5.3. Application of Concepts
5.5. Insertion of New Structure
5.6 Design Development
55
5
56
57 Fig 5.1: Design informants diagram illustrating the process followed to develop the final solution
5.1. Design vision, intent and touchstone
The design development chapter is a response to the information
gathered in the previous chapters. This response will then lead
to the final design solution in Chapter 7 The design concepts are
developed in response to the following:
• The Site and Context
• Theoretical investigation
• Precedent Studies
The chapter will discuss the unfolding of the design process in order
to create a better understanding of the final design solution. The
objective of the project was to investigate the existing site as an
object. This lead to the formulation of concepts which were used as
vehicle for architectural explorations of the site.The application of the
concepts are examined in the four exploration models. Thereafter
the design evolved, moving through many iterations.
Fig 5.2: Photograph of vehicular bridge over railway tracks.
58
Touchstone
The abandoned and overgrown site is left to its own devices
at the edge of town. This counter-space is identified as
Terrain Vague containing fragmented and shared history.
The cement cylinder represents the site, the Train Station
to be specific. The site is static, eroding and becoming
detached from society.
The essence is to create a space as catalyst for connection
through the development of skills in different trades. The
intervention should be extended and reach back towards
the town, re-activating the site, by utilising the transition
between the vacant site and the town which may bring back
the character of place.
Fig 5.3: Photograph of design touchstone
59
5.2 Concepts
FUSE
INSTALLATION, COMBINATION, LAYER, SEQUENCE, MODULATE, ADJUST
The site contains a multitude of systems,
mostly process driven. The train along, with a big part of the
program contains mechanical characteristics. This concept
visualizes the idea of taking existing built elements, history
and any other influencing factor related to the site and
identifying each as an individual element. These elements
combined create the understanding of the site. The model
indicates how the process of education and skill training
on site will take the unskilled worker and bring them out
of the process driven system to a place where they can
use their talents to acquire a job.In the drawing (Fig 5.4)
the designer tries to illustrate how this can be translated
in architectural terms. The working systems are identified
and the connected. The idea would be to move up and
down with these working systems.
The user would move through the building using various
routes set out through the design, creating, various
intermediate spaces proposing a means of spatial
development.
Fig 5.5: Three dimensional expression of the concept fuse
Fig 5.4: A diagram illustrating the design concept of fuse
60
INTERPOSE
IN-BETWEEN, CONTRAST, INTERVENTION
To interpose means to insert or place between one thing
and another. This concept takes the existing structure on
site and starts creating a dialogue with the ruin. The railway
lines, Station and Goods Shed create horizontal lines which
are parallel to the town .The bridge connecting the town
with the station are perpendicular to the horizontal lines.
The sketch and model illustrate how the grid is broken by
inserting elements in between. This breaking of the grid
draws attention back to the existing structures.
Fig 5.6: Three dimensional expression of the concept interpose
61
BRIDGE
TRANSITION, TRANSFORM, BEACON
The concept is derived from the north façade of the Train
Station. The western gable of the station lines up with the
main road from Makwassie towards Wolmaransstad as
well as the main street. Just as the silos and church’s bell
towers are beacons that symbolise something important ;
the centre is to become a beacon or symbol of knowledge.
The intervention becomes a fixed point where people go
to on a regular basis. This concept then starts to focus
on ways in which the different dialects, cultures and social
groups can come together and function through the use of
one building.
Fig 5.6: Three dimensional expression of the concept bridge.
62
5.3. Application of concepts
This part of the document follows the design process
starting off with explorations on a small scale. These
explorations indicate how the concepts will be applied to
the site. Throughout this chapter the specific response to
context, site, heritage, function, programme, and material/
technology will be discussed. All these responses are
related and make reference to the specific theory stated in
Chapter 2 as well as the application of the concepts. The
chapter will conclude with the final design solution that is
discussed in chapter 6.
Fig 5.7: North elevation of Train Station
63
Exploration 1
This exploration offers an experience relating to the
concept of interpose. The datum moving through the site
binds and stiches everything together. Strict grids created
by existing elements on site is broken by the intervention
creating a dialect between the intervention and the
existing.
The agricultural crop testing in-between the building
offers links with the outside throughout the design as
access has to be provided to these small fields.
The datum created moves over the train tracks that are
still in use. The design excludes the Goods Shed.
Exploration 2
Exploration 2 introduces changes in patterns and volumes
by reinterpreting the rhythms on site this brings variation
to the site. The main entrance is moved to the transition
between the station and the shed. This strengthens the
connection between the two and extends the design back
towards the town.
The implications of moving the entrance away from the
existing approach to the site hold negative and positive
implications. Moving away from the existing underutilizes
that which is already there, however the rest of the street
is activated by moving the entrance towards the east.
The rhythm of the shed is enhanced by extracting it
upward and re-interpreting it on the new addition
Fig 5.8: Images and diagrams of exploration 1 Fig 5.9: Images and diagrams of exploration 2
64
Exploration 3
Exploration 3 places platforms for agricultural testing on
the unused concrete slab in front of the Train Station.
The circular elements in this model mimic the silo
drawing on the concept of bridge.
This exploration also uses the bridge as the way to
enter the building relating to the concept of bridge by
using the physical one on site as part of the design.
Another bridge extends over the railroad track towards
the Goods Shed connecting it with the train station. This
exploration uses the way in which the silo connects with
the corrugated iron shed structure. The combination of
geometries create challenging connections.
Exploration 4
Exploration 4 offers a combination of the other
explorations. The intervention emphasizes the tower
relating to the concept of bridge. The bridge becomes
more than a form of circulation with food stalls along it.
Livestock is kept in a kraal across the goods shed.
The circular shape mimics the shape of a silo. The
idea is derived from exploration 3. The circulation cuts
through the station relating to the concept of interpose.
Fig 5.10: Images and diagrams of exploration 3 Fig 5.11: Images and diagrams of exploration 4
65
5.4 Insertion of new structure
Interpose as concept is applied to the construction of the new addition to the Train Station. A new structure
is placed in between the north and south façade. Therefore a discussion of facadism is necessary in the
explanation of the design development.
Facadism according to Evangelia Kyriazi (2019 :185) in her article Facadism, Building Renovation and the
Boundaries of Authenticity says “facadism lies in the grey area building conservation and development”.
Facadism is a source of conflict as the retention of only a façade creates an irrational design. In extreme
cases of facadism the elevation has no relation to the interior.
The authenticity of buildings are questioned when they are
preserved as “historical-looking masks” according to Robert Bargery
(2005: online) in his article The Ethics of Facadism.
Facadism enables the protection of historic elements of familiarity
whilst changing the interior of the building to fit its new program.
Facadism forms a type of compromise. It is however important to
maintain the integrity of the building.
The facades of buildings (along with their interiors) narrate the story
of the town.“Cities are living organisms, in which communities,
values, and ways of living change constantly” (Kyriazi, 2019: 188).
It is important to promote a high standard of preservation staying
true to the historical value of the building. Facadism when
approached incorrectly can become inauthentic. The Train Station in
its current condition serves no purpose to the town. The intervention
should allow for creative use along with respecting the heritage and
authenticity of the site.Therefore, the challenge is to understand the
existing and apply the new insertion with the lessons learned in the
analysis.
Fig 5.11: Images and diagrams of exploration 4 Fig 5.12: Inserting new structure inbetween two facades
66
5.5 Design Development
Tower development
The design of the tower is an important part of the design as this will act as a beacon in the town, becoming a fixed point where people go to on a
regular basis. This design of the tower stands separate from the gable placing a walkway on first floor level between the gables and the rest of the
building. This walkway becomes a public viewing platform linked to the tower offering views towards the town which is north of the design. Adding a
first story offers the opportunity to design a new roof over the train station.
1. 2. 3.
Fig 5.13: Tower design development
67
Bridge development
The design went through many design options. The first option was to design shops on the bridge. The
second option was to replace the shops with classrooms for the centre. The structure of the classrooms will
be attached to the bridge with the bridge forming the circulation to and through the structures. In the end the
dimensions of the bridge made it difficult to design on top of the bridge as the 3m wide bridge stretches 70m.
The final decision is to leave the bridge as is. The decision to design a market square beneath it was made
at a later stage in the design process.
Fig 5.14: Bridge design development
68
The design diagram started with the allocation of the program to the
site, merging the three concepts. The first diagram focused on design
spaces that connect the existing structures on site. The placement
of greenhouses in between the labs (Fig. 5.16 ) mimics the rhythm
of the Train Station. At this stage the list of accommodations was still
developing. Walkways toward the Goods Shed formed a connection
to the Train Station and new addition. The design was still isolated
from the town not achieving the objective of reaching back towards
the town.
Fig 5.15: Design development diagram
Fig 5.16: Proposed Floor Plan
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DIAGRAM 1
External 1
Exploration 4 determined the model built for external 1. The design of shops on
the bridge is used as a magnet to connect the Train Station with the town. The
Goods Shed is connected to the Train Station by designing structures over the
railway track. The expansion of the list of accommodations as strategy for con-
necting the existing structure is implemented in this development.
Fig 5.17: Model of design proposal
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External review 2 The following stage in the development of the design was an exploration in ways of creating
urban magnets. The design of a tower behind the gable as “unique urban form” (White, 2020:
online) creates a visual “bridge” linking with the town. The classrooms are magnets of education
and learning, drawing people up and over the bridge.
Fig 5.18: Model of design proposal with classrooms built on the bridge.
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Fig 5.19: Model of design proposal with classrooms built on the bridge.
72
Existing Building to be kept
GROUND FLOOR PLAN DURING EXTERNAL REVIEW 2
73
74
In this phase the design was adapted to form a
courtyard or square in front of the Train Station. New
workshops are placed parallel to the Train Station
and classroom building. These new workshops
mimic the rhythm of the Train Station. The rhythm
is present on floor plan and elevation. The design
of an open market square next to the bridge allows
for social and economic opportunities. The design
is built on a larger scale in figure 5.20. This stage of
the design is developing towards the final design.
Fig 5.20: Design development models
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Fig 5.21: Scale 1:200 Models of design
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Chapter six
Final Design iteration
6.1. Final Design iteration
77
6
78
Fig 6.1:Site and Roof Plan
79
6.1 Final Design Resolution
Pedestrians enter the site from Potgieter Street. A market square stretches towards the gable
of the Train Station. A tower rises above the gable, beckoning the observer towards the station.
The Train Station now functions as the admin building. Classes are attended in the building
next to the Train Station. A library and computer labs are situated on first floor level. Mechanical
workshops are placed in the Goods Shed. Joinery workshops are placed parallel to the Train Station
across the Goods Shed. The joinery workshops become urban magnets of visible production.
The market square and permaculture gardens are placed as activities creating urban magnets.
Fig 6.2: Perspective of design ,view from town
80
81
Fig 6.3: Floor Plan (Author,2021)
82
83
84
North Elevation of Goods Shed and Joiners Workshop
North Elevation of Animal enclosures and Train Station
85
Fig 6.4.1:Elevations
86
87
Fig 6.4.2:Elevations (Author,2021)
88
89
Fig 6.5: Sections(Author,2021)
90
Section i-i
91
Fig 6.6: Sections
92
Fig 6.7 : Interior of Train Station (Author , 2021) Fig 6.8 : Interior of Train Station (Author , 2021) Fig 6.9 : Interior of Goods Shed(Author , 2021)
Fig 6.10 :Perspective from bridge towards the town (Author , 2021)
93
Fig 6.11 :Perspective from bridge towards the Train Station(Author ,2021)
94
Fig 6.12 :Perspective from Train Station towards the bridge (Author ,2021)
95
Fig 6.13 :Towards the Train Station from the animal enclosures (Author ,2021)
Fig 6.14 :Amphitheatre seating next to the animal enclosures
(Author ,2021)
Fig 6.15: Perspective of new Joiner Workshops (Author ,2021)
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6.2 Final Construction Resolution
Makwassie
North-West
South-Africa
EXISTING RETAIL
ERF 49
ERF RE/51 ERF 2/51
Locality plan
(Not to scale)
POTGIETER STREET POTGIETER STREET
SITE BOUNDARY VEHICLE ENTRANCE TO
VEHICLE ENTRANCE TO SITE
SITE
A BOUNDARY LINE 229 400 m B
Existing gravel road to be used for material deliveries
Existing concreteslad to be demolished as
specified
27 600
1
22
2
21
45o
3
20
New proposed structure Existing Shed with alterations
+1.150 +1.150
19 4
Existing
bridge
5.4m above
5
18 ground
level.
6
17
7
16
15 8
14
9
13
12
Existing
concreteslad to
be demolished +0.6
11 as specified
New proposed structure
Existing Train Station with Existing tree
alterations to be kept
+0.6
+0.6
MH
Site Plan
Scale 1:500
BOUNDARY LINE 229 400 m
C
D
IMPORTANT BUILDING NO. DATE AMENDMENT / NOTES Agri Skills Training Centre
INFORMATION: New development at Potgieter Street, discipline date
ERF NUMBER Makwassie North West ,2650 approved by APRILEugenie Rheeder
drawing title 2020ERF SIZE
stage
B9UI7LDING OCCUPANCY
2016006666
Locality and Site plan
PROPOSED COVERAGE
#Contact Phone Number date approved
PROPOSED ROOF AREA scale designed file no. drawing no. revision no.
NEIGHBOURING ERVEN /PLOTS 1:500 E.RHEEDER #Contact E-mail
NX 01 N 01
checked drawn
E.RHEEDER signature
GSEducationalVersion
BOUNDARY LINE 78 000 m
1313 m
3500
CHERRY AVENUE
7400
1314 m
1313 m
BOUNDARY LINE 78 000 m
5 m
131
m
131
4
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
Chapter seven
Conclusion
7.1. Conclusion
7.2. Reflection
7.3. References
113
7
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7.1. Conclusion
Conclusion
“The industrial landscape is an outstanding historical resource to be re-used, regenerating communities,
offering real richness and opportunity, reinforcing cultural identity and creating new commercial prospect”
(Cossons, 2012: 14).
The revitalization of Terrain Vague can be achieved by exploring the latent potential within the site. Further
design solutions are enabled through an investigation of the industrial archetype of the site. The objective
of extending the intervention towards the town is achieved by the urban connection with the town. The
design reaches back towards Makwassie by utilising the transitions between the vacant site and the town.
Terrain Vague is reimagined as a space acting as catalyst for connection through the development of skills
in different trades.
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7.2. Reflection
Reflection
Reflecting on the design and research of this project forms an integral part in concluding the design
process. Makwassie is my hometown, we used to drive past the Train Station each morning. I remember
watching the building decay over time and asking the question: Why is no-one doing anything to utilize the
existing infrastructure? The selection of a site was made without hesitation.
The realisation that the problem to be solved is at an urban level came too late in the design process. My
personal reluctance to make a decision and stay with it caused a lot of confusion. Every decision made in
the process affects the end result.
The design will serve its purpose and the objective is achieved. There will always be room for improvement.
The building will aid in empowering the unskilled worker and uplifting the community by providing a space
acting as catalyst for connection and the exchange of knowledge.
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