LEON COETZER
STUDENT NUMBER: 2018119749

RESCRIPTING THE PERMANENCE 
OF RAMKRAAL

A SKILLS DEVELOPMENT CENTRE WITHIN THE HISTORIC RUINS OF THE RAMKRAAL PRISON 
FOR THE COMMUNITY OF BATHO.





RESCRIPTING THE PERMANENCE OF RAMKRAAL
By

LEON COETZER
2018119749

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Masters in Architecture

M.Arch(Prof.)

in the

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
FACULTY OF NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE
BLOEMFONTEIN

13 OCTOBER 2023

SUPERVISOR: Prof. Jan Smit; Ms. Petria Smit; Ms. Martie Bitzer
CO-SUPERVISOR: Dr. Hendrik Auret



DECLARATION

I, Leon Coetzer declare that the Master’s research dissertation that I herewith submit at 
the University of the Free State, is my independent work and that I have not previously 
submitted it for qualification at another institution of higher education.

Leon Coetzer    Date

I, Leon Coetzer declare that I am aware that the copyright is vested in the University of the 
Free State.

Leon Coetzer     Date

I, Leon Coetzer declare that all royalties as regards to intellectual property that was 
developed during the course of and/or in connection with the study at the University of the 
Free State, will accrue to the University.

Leon Coetzer     Date

I, Leon Coetzer declare that I am aware that the research may only be published with the 
Dean’s approval.

Leon Coetzer     Date



For Mom, Dad, and Carmen (Kiepie) Coetzer, my late 
sister (8 April 2008), who would’ve loved to have the 
opportunity to study further and never stop learning.



P
R

O
P

O
SE

D
 P

R
O

G
R

A
M

R
E

-A
N

IM
A

T
IN

G
 A

FR
IC

A
N

 H
IS

T
O

R
Y

IN
T

E
R

T
W

IN
IN

G
 N

A
R

R
A

T
IV

E
S 

T
H

R
O

U
G

H
 A

 P
E

R
FO

R
M

IN
G

 A
N

D
 

V
IS

U
A

L 
A

R
T

S 
SC

H
O

O
L.

T
H

E
O

R
E

T
IC

A
L 

IN
V

E
ST

IG
A

T
IO

N
S

C
LI

E
N

TS
A

N
IM

A
T

IO
N

o
TH

E
 A

N
IM

A
T

IO
N

 S
C

H
O

O
L

o
D

E
P

A
R

T
M

E
N

T 
O

F 
SP

O
R

T
, A

R
T

S 
A

N
D

 C
U

LT
U

R
E

P
E

R
FO

R
M

IN
G

 A
R

T
S

o
B

Y
R

O
N

 B
U

R
E

 A
C

A
D

E
M

Y
 O

F 
TH

E
A

TR
E

 A
R

T
S

o
H

E
LE

N
 O

’G
R

A
D

Y
 D

R
A

M
A

 A
C

A
D

E
M

Y
o

D
E

P
A

R
T

M
E

N
T 

O
F 

SP
O

R
T

, A
R

T
S 

A
N

D
 C

U
LT

U
R

E

V
ID

E
O

 G
A

M
E

S
o

R
A

G
E

 E
X

P
O

o
E

V
E

TE
C

H
o

D
E

P
A

R
TM

E
N

T 
O

F 
SP

O
R

T,
 A

R
TS

 A
N

D
 C

U
LT

U
R

E

A
N

IM
A

T
IO

N
o

C
LA

SS
R

O
O

M
S 

W
IT

H
 H

IG
H

-S
P

E
C

 C
O

M
P

U
T

E
R

S
o

A
N

 A
C

TI
N

G
 S

P
A

C
E

 (
G

R
E

E
N

 S
C

R
E

E
N

 W
IT

H
 M

O
-C

A
P

)
o

SO
U

N
D

 R
E

C
O

R
D

IN
G

 R
O

O
M

o
ST

U
D

Y
 A

R
E

A
 A

N
D

 C
A

N
TE

E
N

o
D

IG
IT

A
L 

LI
B

R
A

R
Y

o
SC

R
E

E
N

IN
G

 R
O

O
M

P
E

R
FO

R
M

IN
G

 A
R

T
S

o
FU

LL
Y

 E
Q

U
IP

P
E

D
 P

E
R

FO
R

M
A

N
C

E
 S

P
A

C
E

S
o

SO
U

N
D

 S
TA

G
E

S
o

V
O

IC
E

-O
V

E
R

 R
O

O
M

o
A

U
D

IT
O

R
IU

M
o

P
R

O
P

 A
N

D
 S

E
TT

IN
G

 S
TO

R
E

S 
A

LO
N

G
 W

IT
H

 L
A

R
G

E
 D

R
E

SS
IN

G
 R

O
O

M
S

V
ID

E
O

 G
A

M
E

S
o

C
O

M
B

IN
E

D
 E

X
P

O
 S

P
A

C
E

 F
O

R
 G

A
M

IN
G

 
C

O
N

TE
ST

S
o

IN
TE

R
N

E
T 

C
A

FE

o
M

U
LT

IL
A

Y
E

R
E

D
 S

P
A

C
E

S

o
C

O
N

N
E

C
T

E
D

 T
H

R
O

U
G

H
 T

E
C

H
N

O
LO

G
Y

o
A

FR
IC

A
N

 S
TO

R
Y

 T
E

LL
IN

G

o
C

O
U

N
T

E
R

A
C

T
 W

E
ST

E
R

N
 IN

FL
U

E
N

C
E

S 
A

N
D

 S
TE

R
E

O
T

Y
P

E
S

o
P

O
IN

TS
 O

F 
M

O
V

E
M

E
N

T/
C

O
N

T
A

C
T/

E
N

G
A

G
E

M
E

N
T

K
E

Y
W

O
R

D
S

R
U

IN
 

N
A

R
R

A
T

IV
E

 
LA

Y
E

R
IN

G
 

ST
O

R
Y

TE
LL

IN
G

 
C

A
R

T
O

O
N

IN
G

IM
A

G
IN

A
T

IO
N

 IS
 T

H
E

 F
A

B
R

IC
 O

F 
LI

FE

ABSTRACT
Conservation and adaptive reuse projects help to reactivate long-forgotten 
places and offer a revived space for the growth of the next generation of South 
Africans. The question is: How can a community-catalysed skills development 
centre in-between Batho and the Bloemfontein CBD be sensitively integrated 
and rescripted within a ruin – the Historic Ramkraal Prison in Bloemfontein 
– thereby inverting the established power structure by activating learning 
settings aimed at self-liberation? When confronted with culturally significant 
and heritage-protected architecture, the usual response is to encompass it in 
time and turn it into a museum rather than analysing the immediate context 
and creating a place for growth for communities and people who need it. The 
proposed design offers a place of self-liberation while both retaining the existing 
structural fabric and sensitively adjoining new structures to these, in order to 
rescript established orders and architectural character. The study focuses on 
adaptive reuse of culturally significant heritage buildings and how the new 
can creatively respond to the old. After several failed attempts to preserve the 
Prison complex — all focusing on preserving the historic physical remains of 
the ensemble — the proposed design offers a community-centred solution 
where the preservation of heritage resources as historical beacons ultimately 

depends on the vitality of surrounding communities.



P
R

O
P

O
SE

D
 P

R
O

G
R

A
M

R
E

-A
N

IM
A

T
IN

G
 A

FR
IC

A
N

 H
IS

T
O

R
Y

IN
T

E
R

T
W

IN
IN

G
 N

A
R

R
A

T
IV

E
S 

T
H

R
O

U
G

H
 A

 P
E

R
FO

R
M

IN
G

 A
N

D
 

V
IS

U
A

L 
A

R
T

S 
SC

H
O

O
L.

T
H

E
O

R
E

T
IC

A
L 

IN
V

E
ST

IG
A

T
IO

N
S

C
LI

E
N

TS
A

N
IM

A
T

IO
N

o
TH

E
 A

N
IM

A
T

IO
N

 S
C

H
O

O
L

o
D

E
P

A
R

T
M

E
N

T 
O

F 
SP

O
R

T
, A

R
T

S 
A

N
D

 C
U

LT
U

R
E

P
E

R
FO

R
M

IN
G

 A
R

T
S

o
B

Y
R

O
N

 B
U

R
E

 A
C

A
D

E
M

Y
 O

F 
TH

E
A

TR
E

 A
R

T
S

o
H

E
LE

N
 O

’G
R

A
D

Y
 D

R
A

M
A

 A
C

A
D

E
M

Y
o

D
E

P
A

R
T

M
E

N
T 

O
F 

SP
O

R
T

, A
R

T
S 

A
N

D
 C

U
LT

U
R

E

V
ID

E
O

 G
A

M
E

S
o

R
A

G
E

 E
X

P
O

o
E

V
E

TE
C

H
o

D
E

P
A

R
TM

E
N

T 
O

F 
SP

O
R

T,
 A

R
TS

 A
N

D
 C

U
LT

U
R

E

A
N

IM
A

T
IO

N
o

C
LA

SS
R

O
O

M
S 

W
IT

H
 H

IG
H

-S
P

E
C

 C
O

M
P

U
T

E
R

S
o

A
N

 A
C

TI
N

G
 S

P
A

C
E

 (
G

R
E

E
N

 S
C

R
E

E
N

 W
IT

H
 M

O
-C

A
P

)
o

SO
U

N
D

 R
E

C
O

R
D

IN
G

 R
O

O
M

o
ST

U
D

Y
 A

R
E

A
 A

N
D

 C
A

N
TE

E
N

o
D

IG
IT

A
L 

LI
B

R
A

R
Y

o
SC

R
E

E
N

IN
G

 R
O

O
M

P
E

R
FO

R
M

IN
G

 A
R

T
S

o
FU

LL
Y

 E
Q

U
IP

P
E

D
 P

E
R

FO
R

M
A

N
C

E
 S

P
A

C
E

S
o

SO
U

N
D

 S
TA

G
E

S
o

V
O

IC
E

-O
V

E
R

 R
O

O
M

o
A

U
D

IT
O

R
IU

M
o

P
R

O
P

 A
N

D
 S

E
TT

IN
G

 S
TO

R
E

S 
A

LO
N

G
 W

IT
H

 L
A

R
G

E
 D

R
E

SS
IN

G
 R

O
O

M
S

V
ID

E
O

 G
A

M
E

S
o

C
O

M
B

IN
E

D
 E

X
P

O
 S

P
A

C
E

 F
O

R
 G

A
M

IN
G

 
C

O
N

TE
ST

S
o

IN
TE

R
N

E
T 

C
A

FE

o
M

U
LT

IL
A

Y
E

R
E

D
 S

P
A

C
E

S

o
C

O
N

N
E

C
T

E
D

 T
H

R
O

U
G

H
 T

E
C

H
N

O
LO

G
Y

o
A

FR
IC

A
N

 S
TO

R
Y

 T
E

LL
IN

G

o
C

O
U

N
T

E
R

A
C

T
 W

E
ST

E
R

N
 IN

FL
U

E
N

C
E

S 
A

N
D

 S
TE

R
E

O
T

Y
P

E
S

o
P

O
IN

TS
 O

F 
M

O
V

E
M

E
N

T/
C

O
N

T
A

C
T/

E
N

G
A

G
E

M
E

N
T

K
E

Y
W

O
R

D
S

R
U

IN
 

N
A

R
R

A
T

IV
E

 
LA

Y
E

R
IN

G
 

ST
O

R
Y

TE
LL

IN
G

 
C

A
R

T
O

O
N

IN
G

IM
A

G
IN

A
T

IO
N

 IS
 T

H
E

 F
A

B
R

IC
 O

F 
LI

FE

MANIFESTO
Architecture is more than just designing floors, walls, and roofs. It is about 
creating spaces that are functional and empathetic towards people. After all, 
people are arguably the most essential factor in architecture. That is why 
ergonomics plays a crucial role in designing spaces that are comfortable and 
intuitive to use. However, it is not just about people. The climate also plays 
a significant role in architecture. Buildings must withstand the elements and 
provide a comfortable environment for people to live and work in. Think of 
architecture as a vessel for life. The floors, walls and roofs are like the biological 

systems in our bodies, working together to create a functional whole.

Moreover, architecture can benefit from simplicity. By designing with a minimalist 
approach, we can create beautiful and sustainable spaces, but simplicity does 
not mean boring. Morphological simplicity uses tectonics to create moments 
and identity in architecture. By building only what is necessary, we can create 
functional and visually striking spaces. Furthermore, let us remember the context. 
Critical Regionalism helps to root architecture in its surroundings, creating an 
identity that people can recognize. This is especially important in a world where 
the International Style has led to a lack of identity and placelessness. So, when 
it comes to architecture, it is not just about designing floors, walls, and roofs. It 
is about creating spaces that are empathetic, sustainable, and rooted in their 

surroundings.



0 3 D I S C O U R S E

S I T E

C
O

N
T

E
N

T
S

0 0

0 1

0 2
2.1    INTRODUCTION      25

2.2    MACRO ANALYSIS (BLOEMFONTEIN)    26
2.2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF BLOEMFONTEIN    26
2.2.2 CLIMATIC INFLUENCES AND STUDY    27

2.3    MESO ANALYSIS (BATHO)     28
2.3.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMMUNITY OF BATHO   28
2.3.2 EXISTING COMMUNITY FACILITIES     30
2.3.3 MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IN AND AROUND THE SITE   32

2.4    MICRO ANALYSIS (RAMKRAAL)     34
2.4.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF RAMKRAAL PRISON (GAOL)    34
2.4.2 EXISTING PHYSICAL CONDITION     36
2.4.3 SITE EXPLORATION: BURNING MATRIX AND RISING FROM THE ASHES  38  

2.5    CONCLUSION      41

3.1    INTRODUCTION      45

I N T R O D U C T I O N

P R E F A C E

DECLARATION

ABSTRACT

MANIFESTO

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.1     INTRODUCTION      12

1.2     PROJECT RATIONALE     13
1.2.1 SITE OVERVIEW      13
1.2.2 CLIENT       15
1.2.3 BRIEF DEVELOPMENT AND USERS    16
1.2.4 THEORETICAL APPROACH     18
1.2.5 PROJECT AIMS      18

1.3     TOUCHSTONE: DEVIATING A MATRIX    20

3.1.1 STATING THE RESEARCH QUESTION    46

3.2    TURNING RUINED SPACES INTO COMMUNITY-CATALYSED PLACES 48
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION      48
3.2.2 RUINED SPACES      48
3.2.3 COMMUNITY-CATALYSED PLACES     48
3.2.4 TEACHING CENTRE, MOROCCO     49
3.2.5 A ‘MODEL LOCATION’      50
3.2.6 ADDRESSING BATHO’S CONCERNS    51

3.3    PLACE VS SPACE      52
3.3.1 PRODUCTION OF SPACE     52
3.3.2 INVERTED PANOPTICON     53
3.3.3 ENFILADE      54
3.3.4 LIVED MATRIX      55
3.3.5 TRANSLATING CONCEPTS INTO APPROACHES    57

3.4    RESCRIPTING THE PERMANENCE OF RAMKRAAL PRISON  58



0 5

D E S I G N

C O N C L U S I O N

0 4

3.4.1 CONSERVATION      58
3.2.1.1 THE REASON FOR CONSERVATION
3.2.1.2 NATIONAL RESOURCES ACT OF 1999
3.2.1.3 THE BURRA CHARTER

3.4.2 CONSERVING RAMKRAAL     59
3.4.2.1 IDENTIFYING THE PLACES
3.4.2.2 UNDERSTAND SIGNIFICANCE
3.4.2.3 DEVELOP POLICY
3.4.2.4 MANAGE IN ACCORDANCE WITH POLICY

3.4.3 CONCEPTUAL APPROACH AND TRADITIONAL ANALYSIS   62

3.5    DESIGN APPLICATION      63

3.6    CONCLUSION      64
4.1    INTRODUCTION      69

4.2    DESIGN DEVELOPMENT     70
4.2.1 INTRODUCTION      70
4.2.2 UNDERSTANDING THE ORDER     70
4.2.3 AIMING TO TRANSCEND BOUNDARIES    74
4.2.4 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN EXPLORATION    77
4.2.5 A SEARCH FOR RAMKRAAL PRISON’S CORE    78

4.3    DESIGN OUTCOME      80

4.4    TECHNICAL REPORT      117
4.4.1 INTRODUCTION      117
4.4.2 CONSTRUCTION TOUCHSTONE     117
4.4.3 EXTRACTING AND RETAINING THE CORE OF RAMKRAAL PRISON  118
4.4.4 IN-BETWEEN AND INTERSTITIAL SPACE    120
4.4.5 SERVICES      121
4.4.6 CONSERVING ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER    122
4.4.7 CANTILEVERING STRUCTURE     124
4.4.8 SOUTHERN ADDITION OF THE ABANDONED PRISON COMPLEX  126
      DOCUMENTATION      128

5.1    CONCLUSION      140

5.2    REFLECTION       141

5.3    REFERENCES      142



I
N

T
R

O
D

U
C

T
I

O
N

Figure 1: The existing abandoned prison can still be seen as a stronghold or fortress, with two towers denoting its 
place on the site  (van Tonder, 2023).



0 1



INTRODUCTION

12 | INTRODUCTION

1.1
“South Africa’s unemployment rate in the first quarter of 2023 
was recorded at 32,9 % and is among the highest in the world” 
(Stats SA, 2023: online). Education is fundamental to the growth 
of a person and a country; however, opportunities are scarce 
for those who need to dig themselves out of their situation. 
Training and skills centres can give people the tools to liberate 
themselves and pave the way forward as entrepreneurs, 
employees, or artisans. Ramkraal Prison (the existing 
prison complex which consists of different buildings that are 
dilapidated and abandoned will from this point on be referred 
to as Ramkraal Prison in this document) in Bloemfontein has a 
prominent contextual location, and primarily, it has historically 
been a site of oppression, segregation, and regulation. 
The prison is in a ruined state due to years of neglect and 
vandalism. It desperately needs conservation. However, 
conservation efforts often focus exclusively on the constructed 
artefact rather than considering the heritage project in terms 
of the community. This thesis proposes a community-centred 
approach able to rescript this strategically-located asset for 
generations to come. Ultimately, this proposal aims to subvert 
the historically-sedimented power structure of the situation 
and liberate the place to offer spaces for self-reflection, self-
expression, and self-liberation.

Figure 2: The existing entrance to the Ramkraal Prison solidifies its permanence and fortress-like quality (Author, 2023).



PROJECT RATIONALE

1.2.1 SITE OVERVIEW

PROJECT RATIONALE | 13

On the edge of Batho lies the site of the now abandoned Ramkraal Prison, that demands attention. 
This magnificent edifice, reaching for the heavens, is a testament to the rich tapestry of history and 
unwavering strength that defines this vibrant community. Amidst the endless commotion of daily life, 
the locals find themselves captivated by the formidable walls of the prison, an ever-present reminder 
of the difficulties that have shaped their existence. However, in its solemn atmosphere, Ramkraal 
Prison weaves itself into the very fabric of Batho’s identity, an iconic landmark that binds the community 
together and breathes life into its narrative. A community-driven design requires a layered approach to 
how each space reacts to the next. Bloemfontein is the larger context, with Batho separated across the 
railway line and Ramkraal Prison acting as an in-between node that can bridge a connection between 
the two (figure 4). A skills development centre within Ramkraal Prison is a step towards that connection.

1.2
The proposed approach prescribes community-catalysed 
adaptive reuse to pave the way for sustainable heritage 
preservation. People within the community already practise 
specific skills and have developed themselves with whatever 
knowledge or training they can find; therefore, by offering 
them facilities to practise their craft or skill and display their 
work, they can become teachers who can teach the next 
generation. The artisans or enthusiasts lend a hand in creating 
a community-driven relationship between the user and the 
proposed design. Clients are introduced to manage the centre 
and to organise these courses into a cohesive structure. The 
existing architecture has a restrictive and structured design, 
whereas the proposed program and intention are more akin 
to growth, inclusivity, and an open concept. Therefore, the 
proposed design can be addressed and analysed on different 
contextual levels to establish a unified and harmonious design 
seamlessly integrated with a conceptual framework that aligns 
with the project aims.

Figure 3: A diagram shows the segments that join to form 
the thesis proposal (Author, 2023).

Figure 4: Batho’s community is knit together by various places that aid its people. This aerial shot shows the relationship between these places (Google 
Earth, 2023: online).

BUS STATION

RAMKRAAL

PRIMARY SCHOOL

CRECHE

COMMUNITY CENTRE



However, there are clues in the existing community centres 
that can aid in the design process. By engaging with existing 
community centres (figure 4), the ingrained knowledge of the 
place and a more general ‘sense of Batho’ could be brought to 
the proposed centre. The taxi rank and bus station (figure 7) are 
located northwest of Ramkraal Prison, making it a significant 
hub for the residents of Batho. Their daily commute requires 
them to pass by Ramkraal Prison. In addition, the proposed 
design aims to achieve the secondary goal of creating a 
safe, stimulating and highly symbolic thoroughfare between 
Bloemfontein and Batho. 

14 | INTRODUCTION

Figure 5: The relationship between the prison, Batho and 
Bloemfontein. The prison acts as a boundary between 
the two (Author, 2023).

Figure 6: The site of Ramkraal Prison is highlighted in the centre (Author, 2023).

Figure 8: Dashed lines showing the railway lines dividing 
Bloemfontein and Batho (Google Earth, 2023: online).

Figure 7: The bus station and informal taxi rank (Google 
Earth, 2023: online).

Figure 9: Having a crèche nearby is an advantage be-
cause it can create a sense of community where parents 
and families can interact and build relationships (Google 
Earth, 2023: online).



PROJECT RATIONALE | 15

1.2.2 CLIENT

Establishing a client will support the proposed skills development 
centre’s facilities and accommodation requirements. The two 
main clients identified for the proposed centre are Anchor of 
Hope and POPUP (People Upliftment Programme). Other 
parties involved in the project are the Department of Sport, Arts, 
Culture and Recreation and the Free State Heritage Resources 
Agency (FSHRA). The clients will provide the necessary 
resources and expertise to teach select artistic skills, digital 
literacy skills and other essential life skills. The skills taught at 
the centre will help empower the community and allow those 
needing access to such skills to gain the knowledge and skills 
necessary to become successful.

Figure 10: The pillars of social impact (Anchor of Hope, 
[n.d.]: online).

Figure 13: Anchor of Hope and POPUP partnership in 
Hamilton, Bloemfontein, with an operational POPUP 
centre (Author, 2023).

Figure 12: The logo of POPUP (POPUP, [n.d.]: online).

Figure 11: (Top)The logo of Anchor of Hope (Anchor of 
Hope, [n.d.]: online).

Anchor of Hope
Anchor of Hope is a “non-profit umbrella organisation comprising of seven different divisions, each 
concentrating on its field in the community of Bloemfontein” (Anchor of Hope, [n.d.]: online). They focus 
on “eight pillars (figure 10) of social impact: partnerships, welfare, skills development, the environment, 
individuals with disabilities, women, education and job creation” (Anchor of Hope, [n.d.]: online). The 
proposed skills development centre focuses on skills development, the environment, women, education, 
and job creation while catering to people with disabilities. As part of Anchor of Hope’s vision, it offers 
pregnancy crisis support (which consists of teaching new mothers’ childcare), carpentry and upholstery, 
community infrastructure projects, and sewing projects. Anchor of Hope also partnered with POPUP to 
offer classes and programmes for communities.

POPUP (People Upliftment Programme)
POPUP provides proficient skills training and development. The value of skills lies in their application 
and practice. POPUP provides a platform for individuals to practice their skills. This platform helps 
individuals refine their skills and encourages them to stay motivated and committed to their learning 
journey. Their skills programmes are divided into life skills, skills and enterprise development. The 
proposed centre will only focus on a select set of skills. The Foundation for Life (life skills) programme 
is “Biblically based, Christ-centred and is compulsory for all learners before any Skills Programme at 
POPUP can be attended” (POPUP, [n.d.]: online). In the skills programme, learners explore their values, 
beliefs, and vision as they discover their God-given purpose through continuous personal restoration 
and work readiness programmes. Additionally, hospitality services and computer and office management 
are offered.

Anchor of Hope and POPUP already have a small centre in 
Hamilton, Bloemfontein (figure 13), that trains keen individuals. 
Therefore, offering these facilities closer to the CBD can 
broaden their reach. The combination of diverse courses allows 
individuals to pursue their passions within a single centre. 
The following part will explore contemporary, traditional, and 
transitional skills into which the mentioned skills will be divided.



GSEducationalVersion

1.2.3 BRIEF DEVELOPMENT AND USERS

16 | INTRODUCTION

Figure 14: Contemporary skills is the idea of bringing 
new knowledge in, mainly digitally (Author, 2023).

Step into the vibrant city of Bloemfontein, where development 
and growth are prominent. This bustling city stands proudly at 
the forefront of progress, driven by the unstoppable force of 
technological advancement and fuelled by a constant stream 
of contemporary (figure 14) ideas. Meanwhile, nestled on the 
edge of this dynamic city lies Batho, a place rich in tradition 
(figure 17) and community spirit. Though it may not boast the 
same infrastructure as Bloemfontein, Batho holds a timeless 
charm. Furthermore, the industrial area is a hub of conformity 
that plays a vital role in expanding cities. Here, transitional 
skills (figure 15) relate to that conformity of the industrial area 
since it is skills that are present in everyone’s daily life, guiding 
individuals through the different stages of life. So, the choice 
is between the cutting-edge allure of Bloemfontein, the rich 
heritage of Batho, or the transformative power of the industrial 
area; each offers a unique experience to explore and embrace.

The proposed skills development centre offers different fields 
of skills that could spark an interest in a new generation of 
young adults or better equip them for employment; these are 
contemporary, traditional, and transitional skills. Ramkraal 
Prison is already a physical stepping-stone between 
Bloemfontein, Batho and the industrial area. The new centre 
must also serve as a pedagogical stepping-stone for community 
members.

The contemporary skills include teaching digital skills, computer 
literacy, entrepreneurship, STEM (Science, Technology, 
Engineering and Maths) classes and marketing with a maker 
space workshop for laser cutting, 3D printing and a digital 
library with audio and visual recording studios (figures 18-21). 
The transitional skills include teaching gardening, hair styling, 
languages, cooking, home economics and baby care courses 
(figures 22-24). Lastly, traditional skills include wood carving, 
pottery, weaving, sewing, quilting, beading and wirework 
workshops. The studios open into a courtyard open to the 
public for the selling and interaction between artisans and 
the public, with a traditional library above (figures 25-29). The 
centre focuses on life skills and filling the gaps in the different 
stages of one’s life; therefore, skills that every generation 
will benefit from and could pass down to the next generation 
without changing significantly.

Figure 15: Transitional skills involve acquiring new 
knowledge that an individual previously lacked, bridging 
the gap in essential life skills education (Author, 2023).

BATHO

BL
O

EM
FO

N
TE

IN

INDUSTRIAL

Figure 16: Diagrammatic maps show the relationship between Bloemfontein, the industrial 
area and Batho (Author, 2023).

Figure 17: Traditional skills focus on spreading artistic or 
hard skills where people use their hands to create some-
thing worth marketing (Author, 2023).



PROJECT RATIONALE | 17

Figure 22: Cooking classes (Strickland, 2012: online).

Figure 25: Quilting and sewing fabrics (Lee, 2022: online).

Figure 21: Computer class and digital library (Monzon, 
2021: online).

Figure 19: Laser cutting and laser engraving workshop (Li, 
2023: online).

Figure 20: Electronics and 
robotics workshop (Ascione, 
2023: online).

C
O

N
TE

M
PO

R
A
R
Y

TR
A
N

S
IT

IO
N

A
L

TR
A
D

IT
IO

N
A
L

Figure 23: Childcare classes 
(Firstaid4u, 2023: online).

Figure 26: Weaving baskets and place mats (Obakki, 2023: 
online).

Figure 24: Understanding the basics of gardening and 
growing fruits and vegetables (Québec, 2023: online).

Figure 27: Beading jewellery 
(Boylen, 2023: online).

Figure 18: Students using 3D printers (Mashambanhaka, 
2019: online).

Figure 28: Pottery workshop 
(Platt, 2020: online).

Figure 29: Wood carving 
(Duffin, 2022: online).



1.2.4 THEORETICAL APPROACH

1.2.5 PROJECT AIMS

This proposal aims to establish an inclusive environment that 
fosters empowerment, support, and skill development for 
community members, enabling them to thrive and achieve 
personal growth, ultimately attaining self-liberation. After years 
of neglect, the Ramkraal Prison can be preserved in a way 
that draws on community-derived narratives and functions. 
Acknowledging the historical significance and involving the 
community can ensure its long-term conservation while 
fostering a sense of ownership and pride among Batho 
residents. To contribute a historically-remedial route to the 
urban fabric of Bloemfontein, creating a link or threshold 
between Bloemfontein and Batho.

The theoretical chapter lends credence to the design approach 
of focusing on community concerns as primary design drivers. 
After explaining these concerns, it will be discussed how 
established power structures (figure 30) will be rewritten and 
how they will be reflected in the proposal. By rescripting a 
heritage site, these concerns can manifest into a conceptual 
approach to facilitate self-liberation. In order to support this 
approach, a traditional heritage analysis must be conducted 
regarding the heritage site. Only then can a community-
catalysed approach be understood as to how it would support 
traditional heritage assumptions and motivate places where 
the proposal deviates from what is expected. It will shed light 
on areas where the proposal may deviate from the norm, 
offering insights into how these deviations can be motivated 
and justified. By combining this heritage analysis with the 
community’s active involvement, the true potential of the design 
can be unlocked. This collaborative approach will honour the 
site’s history and empower the community to shape its future. 
Together, they can create an approach that respects tradition 
and embraces innovation and progress.

18 | INTRODUCTION

Figure 30: Ramkraal Prison is isolated from the surrounding areas, and the existing power structure still lives on within the ruined spaces and fortress like 
characteristics. These characteristics must be rescripted to make way for community-catalysed places, thereby transforming the ruined spaces (Author, 
2023).

Figure 31: Ruined spaces with potential (Author, 2023).

RESEARCH 
QUESTION

COMMUNITY-
CATALYSED

CONCEPTUAL 
APPROACH

HERITAGE 
ASSESSMENT



PROJECT RATIONALE | 19

B
LO

EM
FO

N
TE

IN

RAMKRAAL

BATHO

Figure 32: The site’s rich history and contextual geography offer a unique chance to unleash creativity and express innovative ideas. Batho and Ramkraal 
Prison’s intertwined historical significance creates a perfect platform to explore new perspectives. This approach slowly bridges a connection between 
Batho and Bloemfontein through Ramkraal Prison (Author, 2023).



The initial concept of the touchstone at the project’s inception 
was to serve as the guiding principle, and as the design 
progressed, the plaster could be linked to the community, 
and the Ramkraal prison (the touchstone’s structure) served 
as a host for the community-catalysed places to come. The 
touchstone’s structure (figure 34) establishes a matrix carefully 
organised in a strict grid. However, the plaster (figure 35) boldly 
challenges the established power structure within this space. It 
boldly attempts to create its unique identity while honouring the 
existing elements. As a result, a remarkable sense of seamless 
continuity and fluidity is created within this space. Therefore, 
to achieve sustainable preservation, community preservation 
is a non-negotiable part of the process; otherwise, nothing 
changes. The next chapter analyses the context and site to 
understand the historical background and existing conditions.

WHAT WAS (THE EXISTING)
The touchstone before the plaster is casted is 

the abandoned Ramkraal Prison

TOUCHSTONE: DEVIATING A MATRIX1.3

20 | INTRODUCTION

Figure 33: In Latin, a matrix can be translated to a womb; in essence, it is something within or 
from which something else originates, develops, or takes form. Using a cartesian grid when 
designing architecture implements a matrix that shapes the end product. The grid creates an 
architectural mould that shapes a deep impression on its inhabitants (Author, 2023).

Figure 34: The touchstone (Author, 2023).



TOUCHSTONE | 21

WHAT WILL BE (THE INTEGRATION)
Once the plaster is cast, the existing structure of the touchstone guides the movement of the 
plaster. What the plaster does is use the existing elements to shape its existence. The plaster 
creates an unpredictable shape, creating a new identity for the existing touchstone structure. 

IM
A

G
IN

A
TI

O
N

 I
S

 T
H

E 
FA

B
R

IC
 O

F 
LI

FE

Figure 35: The touchstone after the plaster has been poured on top to allow it to flow down (Author, 2023).



S
I

T
E

Figure 36: Ramkraal Prisons South courtyard on the right, equipped with 3 watch towers that look into the courtyard 
with a central water feature (van Tonder, 2023).



0 2



24 | SITE

S
I

T
E 2.1    INTRODUCTION

2.2    MACRO ANALYSIS (BLOEMFONTEIN)
2.2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF BLOEMFONTEIN
2.2.2 CLIMATIC INFLUENCES AND STUDY

2.3    MESO ANALYSIS (BATHO)
2.3.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMMUNITY OF BATHO
2.3.2 EXISTING COMMUNITY FACILITIES
2.3.3 MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IN AND AROUND THE SITE

2.4    MICRO ANALYSIS (RAMKRAAL)
2.4.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF RAMKRAAL PRISON (GAOL)
2.4.2 EXISTING PHYSICAL CONDITION
2.4.3 SITE EXPLORATION: BURNING MATRIX AND RISING FROM 
THE ASHES  

2.5    CONCLUSION



INTRODUCTION | 25

2.1
Bloemfontein’s establishment in 1846 set in motion events 
that significantly shaped the city’s contextual landscape in 
which people live today. Chapter 2 of this report focuses on 
the proposed design’s macro, meso, and micro-level context 
to understand the factors impacting the outcome of the skills 
development centre. The historical significance of Bloemfontein 
is explored, particularly its effect on Batho and Ramkraal 
Prison. Additionally, the area’s climate is analysed, as it will 
play an essential role in resolving aspects such as orientation, 
sun control, shading, rainfall control, and material use.

For a design appropriate to the present-day urban fabric and 
existing nodes, new entrances must be provided to invite 
people from the main road (Fort Street) into the proposed Skills 
Development Centre. The proposed Centre is intended to 
serve the people of Batho, and as such, its history and existing 
community centres must be considered in the design process. 
The location of Ramkraal Prison, with its unique history and 
position, makes it an ideal candidate for redevelopment into a 
beneficial aid to a community in need.

The site has existing pathways that can provide valuable 
clues for developing the centre’s entrances and the landscape 
design. The Centre can create a meandering journey between 
Bloemfontein and Batho, ultimately linking and bringing 
people together while fostering community. Therefore, the site 
exploration confidently showcases a design approach where 
materiality is vital in transcending boundaries. It offers valuable 
insights into expressing this idea. Overall, the proposed design 
must embrace modern forms of transportation and be designed 
with the local community’s needs in mind.

INTRODUCTION



26 | SITE

MACRO ANALYSIS (BLOEMFONTEIN)

2.2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF BLOEMFONTEIN

In 1846, the town of Bloemfontein was established as “a fort by 
British army Major Henry Douglas Warden” (UFS, [n.d.]: online). 
Different groups of people have occupied Bloemfontein, and 
it went through different phases, namely, “the Orange River 
Sovereignty (1848- 1854), the Orange Free State Republic 
(1854-1902), Bloemfontein was the capital of the Orange 
River Colony (1902–1910) and it became the capital of the 
Free State, one of the provinces of the Union of South Africa in 
1910” (UFS, [n.d.]: online).

Bloemfontein, a former independent Boer Republic from 1854 to 
1902, witnessed significant developments. In 1890, introducing 
the railway (figure 38) system connecting Cape Town and 
Bloemfontein marked a notable milestone. Concurrently, the 
construction of the Ramkraal Prison commenced in 1895. 
Shortly after that, in 1899, the Bloemfontein Conference took 
place at the railway station. Regrettably, despite the gathering’s 
intent to reconcile the differences between the British Empire 
and the South African Republic (the Transvaal Republic or 
ZAR), it failed to achieve a resolution. Consequently, a conflict 
erupted between the Boer Republics (the Transvaal Republic 
and Orange Free State) and Britain.

The war concluded in 1902, leading to South Africa’s 
establishment as a union in 1910. Over time, the National Party 
assumed governance in 1948, initiating and implementing 
the policy commonly referred to as Apartheid. The era of 
Apartheid eventually came to an end in 1994, marked by the 
first democratic elections in South Africa. Furthermore, in 2001, 
the region (Bloemfontein and surrounding towns in the Free 
State) “underwent an official renaming, with the Demarcation 
Board amalgamating the area into a unified local authority, now 
recognised as Mangaung” (Marais, 2021: 119).

2.2

Figure 37: Bloemfontein’s cityscape (Local Pros, 2021: online).

Figure 38: The Bloemfontein railway station circa 1890 
(Atom, 2023: online).



GSEducationalVersionGSEducationalVersion

GSEducationalVersion

MACRO ANALYSIS (BLOEMFONTEIN) | 27

Climatic factors have a significant impact on our environment and design. They shape our surroundings 
and greatly influence design outcomes. Understanding these factors has many benefits and can be 
utilised effectively. Bloemfontein, located in South Africa’s interior plateau, has a semi-arid climate. 
This type of climate means the region has low precipitation levels and distinct seasons. In the summer, 
afternoon showers provide some relief from the heat. However, the rainfall is not abundant, and the 
region remains relatively dry. Winters in Bloemfontein are cold and dry, with frequent frosts. The lack of 
rain during this season contributes to the area’s dryness. The prevailing wind direction in Bloemfontein 
is from the northwest. These winds can affect the climate and weather patterns in the region. They can 
bring cooler air from the interior, affecting the temperature and creating a breeze. The north-westerly 
winds also influence cloud movement and rainfall distribution. In the southern hemisphere, Bloemfontein 
experiences different sunlight patterns throughout the year. North-facing walls receive more sunlight 
during winter, providing warmth and natural light. On the other hand, western walls are exposed to harsh 
sunlight throughout the year. 

2.2.2 CLIMATIC INFLUENCES AND STUDY

Figure 39: Sun study of the site (Author, 2023). Figure 41: Existing vegetation that can help shape the 
pathways on site (Author, 2023).

Figure 40: A section and axonometric showing the slope of the site (Author, 2023).

Site slopes down (Southwest to Northeast)

GSEducationalVersion

Important factors
• North orientation (using vertical 

louvres on West facades to 
capitalise on northern sunlight).

• The site’s slope (about eight 
metres from the Southwest corner 
to the northeast corner) (figure 
40).

• Wind (cross ventilation).



28 | SITE

Figure 42: 1936 map of Bloemfontein with the Cape Stands highlighted (Auret, 2023: image).

MESO ANALYSIS (BATHO)

2.3.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMMUNITY OF BATHO

Batho was “established in 1918” (Du Bruyn, Oelofse, 2019: 47), and the main reasons for Batho’s 
founding and Waaihoek’s demolition were: “i) prejudiced and troubled race relations and racial attitudes; 
ii) Waaihoek’s proximity to white Bloemfontein; iii) the growing urbanisation of black and coloured 
people; iv) the Spanish Influenza epidemic; and v) the building of a new power station for Bloemfontein” 
(Du Bruyn et al., 2019: 47). The railway became the line separating Black and White communities in 
Bloemfontein.

But Batho was also an essential location for the South African Native National Congress (present-day 
National African Congress or ANC) gatherings and meetings and a haven for activists who needed to 
hide or hold secret discussions. In addition to facilities like a town hall, clinic, library, swimming pool, 
and recreational areas, the plan included large land areas for bigger plots. These plots were intended to 
accommodate larger houses, gardens, and backyards. Batho was referred to as a “model location” (Du 
Bruyn et al., 2019: 49). This term does not celebrate Batho, but rather, it should be understood within the 
“framework of the racist and discriminatory segregationist policies implemented by South African local 
authorities in the 1920s and 1930s” (Du Bruyn et al., 2019: 49).

2.3

1893 1903 1923 1933 1943

1910 - Union of 
South Africa.

1918 - Establishment 
of Batho

1920 - The Native 
(Urban Areas) Act

1913 - Native Land 
Act

1899 to 1902 - South African 
War or Anglo-Boer War.

1913

1948 - Apartheid 
is implemented

1947 - The royal visit 
takes place (figure 44)

1950 - Group 
Areas Act

1936 - Aerial photograph of the Cape 
Stands, later known as Batho (figure 42) 

with a strict layout.

1953



MESO ANALYSIS (BATHO) | 29

1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2013 2023

Figure 43: A typical pre-approved floor plan for the 
houses in Batho (Du Bruyn, 2021: 8).

Figure 44: King George VI, Queen Elizabeth, Princess Margaret and Princess Elizabeth in 1947 
during their visit to Bloemfontein (Du Bruyn, 2021: 89).

Figure 45: A Batho street with houses that share some characteristics like ‘stoeps’, metal sheeting roofs, face-brick or turquoise painted and plastered 
walls and some form of vegetation in the front garden (Du Bruyn, 2021).

Figure 46: A typical house in Batho (Du Bruyn, 2021: 32).



30 | SITE

The proposed design aims to harmoniously integrate a skills development centre within the local 
community and an existing culturally significant site. Bordering the Ramkraal Prison site are the old 
Academy of Excellence School (relocated to Raceway Park in 2023), CRC Phetoho Community Centre 
(figures 47 & 51), Phahamisang Primary School, and Phahamisang Foundation Phase School. The 
proposed skills development centre can connect with these neighbouring facilities using landscaping 
and pathways. Additionally, the CRC Phetoho Community Centre has the potential to be linked to the 
proposed design, serving as an extension of the Proposed Centre.

2.3.2 EXISTING COMMUNITY FACILITIES

There are several facilities in Batho, such as the Batho 
Community Hall (figure 49) and Court, the Caleb Motshabi 
Centre, and the CRC Phetoho Community Centre. The court 
and community hall are close to a soccer, rugby, and cricket 
field (figure 50). There is also the Mangaung Primary School 
and the Sehunelo Secondary School.

The Batho Community Hall and Court is used for community 
events, meetings, and gatherings. It can accommodate many 
people and has hosted political debates and events. The Caleb 
Caleb Motshabi Center is primarily a sports centre that offers 
indoor spaces to practice karate, dance, and yoga and host 
events. It also has tennis and netball courts. The CRC Phetoho 
Community Centre supports and assists vulnerable groups, 
such as orphans, older adults, and people with disabilities, by 
providing food, clothing, blankets, and toys.

The soccer, rugby, and cricket field near the court and community 
hall is also open for recreational activities. Mangaung Primary 
School is a public school that educates children from the 
surrounding areas. Sehunelo Secondary School is a high 
school that offers a comprehensive curriculum to its students. 
Overall, Batho has a range of facilities and services that cater 
to the needs of its residents. These facilities are essential in 
promoting community development and enhancing the quality 
of life for people living in the area.

Figure 47: Aerial photo of Ramkraal Prison with Batho in the background (Dlangamandla, 
Green, Nortier & Thom, 2021: online).

Figure 48: Susanna Ollemans Crèche (Du Bruyn, 2021: 
43).

Figure 49: Batho Community Hall (Du Bruyn, 2021: 21).

Figure 50: Masenkeng Sports Grounds circa 1968 or 
1969(soccer, cricket and rugby Field) (Du Bruyn, 2021: 
23).

CRC community centre Railway



MESO ANALYSIS (BATHO) | 31

Bus station and taxi rank.

Railway tracks that border 
the site.

Ramkraal Prison site

CRC Phetoho Community 
Centre
Phahamisang Primary 
School and Foundation 
Phase School
Legea Day Care.

Caleb Motshabi Centre

Sehunelo Secondary 
School

Batho Community Hall and 
Court

Mangaung Primary School

Masenkeng Sports 
Grounds (soccer, cricket 
and rugby Field)

Susanna Ollemans Crèche 
(figure 48) 

Academy of Excellence 
School

Figure 51: (Author, 2023)



32 | SITE

To the northwest of Ramkraal Prison lies a taxi rank and bus 
station, frequented mainly by taxis. Taxis are the primary mode 
of transportation for Batho residents, who rely on them for daily 
commuting to work or other destinations. Therefore, people 
travel through the area between the railway and Ramkraal 
Prison. Nevertheless, the residents of the Batho community 
still have access to the facilities in the heart of Batho that they 
can use. Because there are different modes of transportation, 
vehicles must be considered at the Ramkraal prison site. 
Currently, there are no roads except for the entrance on the 
North (figures 53 & 55) edge, which can be accessed from 
Fort Street. Vehicular entries on the South and East sides will 
also be added to improve access. The new East entrance will 
primarily serve the Primary school, and a parking area will be 
created for the school and its events near the proposed soccer 
field, tennis courts, and netball courts on the outskirts of the 
Ramkraal Prisons site.

The outskirts of Ramkraal Prison boast a network of natural 
pathways (figure 57) that have organically formed over time, 
courtesy of the countless footsteps that have traversed them day 
after day. These well-trodden trails, etched into the landscape 
by the constant movement of people, present a unique 
opportunity to transform the area into a vibrant public space 
for the residents of Batho. By repurposing these pathways, the 
community can benefit from a safe and accessible environment 
that encourages walking, exploration, and social interaction. 
Creating a public space in this location would provide a 
much-needed recreational area and symbolise revitalisation 
and transformation for the entire neighbourhood. Imagine a 
picturesque setting where families, friends, and neighbours 
can stroll, enjoying the beauty of nature and the fresh air—
the pathways, meandering through lush greenery and perhaps 
even incorporating small gardens or seating areas.

Moreover, this public space could become a hub for community 
gatherings and events. With ample room to assemble, it would 
serve as a natural gathering point for festivals, markets, or 
cultural celebrations. The pathways could be equipped with 
exercise stations or fitness equipment, enabling individuals 
to incorporate exercise into their daily routines. Furthermore, 
transforming the outskirts of Ramkraal Prison into a public 
space would contribute to the overall beautification and 
revitalisation of the area.

2.3.3 MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IN AND AROUND THE SITE

Figure 54: The area in front of the entrance towers with 
no trace of the old gardens (Author, 2023).

Figure 52: Aerial photo of Ramkraal Prison in 1936 
(Auret, 2023: image).

Figure 53: The present day western edge (Author, 2023).



Figure 55: The important edge between the railway and 
Ramkraal Prison (Google Earth, 2023: online).

Figure 56: Between the railway and Ramkraal Prison is where most of the locals move 
through the site. The east edge borders the old academy of excellence school. The south 
edge borders the CRC community centre (Author, 2023).

GSEducationalVersion Figure 57: Diagram of natural pathways created by people crossing the site (Author, 2023).

MESO ANALYSIS (BATHO) | 33



MICRO ANALYSIS (RAMKRAAL)2.4
In 1890, the railway lines in Bloemfontein were up and running, leading to increased crime rates. The 
existing prison on “St. George Street” (Botes, 2015: online) could not hold all the new prisoners. Due to 
the increase in crime and the terrible conditions in the existing prison, there was a desire to build a new 
jail on the eastern side of the railway, away from the city centre. The construction of Ramkraal Prison 
started in 1893 and finished in 1895. However, further improvements and expansions were made to the 
prison during the 1900s.

1910 - Union of 
South Africa.

2.4.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF RAMKRAAL PRISON (GAOL)

34 | SITE

Figure 58: A 1936 map of Bloemfontein. Highlighted is the grounds of Ramkraal Prison, notice the gardens around the prison (Auret, 2023: image).

1893 1903 1923 1933 1943 1953

1895 - Construction 
for Ramkraal Prison is 
completed (figure 60).

1899 to 1902 - 
South African War 
or Anglo-Boer War.

1936 - Aerial photograph of Ramkraal 
Prison (figure 58) with lavish gardens 

surrounding the prison.

1948 - Apartheid is 
implemented

1893 - Construction 
of Ramkraal Prison 

is commenced.

1913



MICRO ANALYSIS (RAMKRAAL) | 35

1963 1973 1983 2003 2013 2023

Figure 59: Ramkraal Prison before the 
towers and perimeter walls were built circa 
1894 (Botes, 2015: online).

Figure 60: Ramkraal Prison after the perimeter walls and towers were built, around 1896 (Botes, 2015: 
online).

1994 - Grootvlei Prison opens 
and Ramkraal Prison closes. 
First democratic elections and 

the end of Apartheid. 

1990 - Ramkraal Prison 
registered as immovable 
property and deemed as 

conservation-worthy

2012 - To make way for the new 
legislature court (figure 61), 

Mangaung’s municipality conducted 
evictions and demolitions. 

1993

Figure 61: The proposal for the new legislature court, however the money put aside went missing (Fourie, 2014: 11).



36 | SITE

2.4.2 EXISTING PHYSICAL CONDITION

Ramkraal Prison underwent improvements and expansions during its active years. However, after its 
closure in 1994, most of the structure and its components were looted, destroyed, burned, or deteriorated 
due to weather conditions. Ramkraal Prison has thick, tall walls (figures 62-64) to prevent prisoners 
from escaping. Unfortunately, the original doors and window frames were taken away. The walls have 
suffered significant damage (figures 65-67), mainly in areas where there used to be openings. Without 
lintels or supports, these weakened sections of the walls are at risk of collapsing. The roofs (figures 68-
70) of Ramkraal Prison were made of metal sheets and wooden trusses, making them susceptible to 
theft. As a result, the prison no longer has any roof structures except for concrete slabs above the cells 
in the main building. The main building (figures 72-74) retains most of its original cells and the octagonal 
centre. Over time, vegetation has grown uncontrollably, causing cracks in the walls and floor. What 
remains are mostly the sandstone, brick, and plastered walls (figures 75-77) that were used to confine 
prisoners.

W
A
LL

S
R
O

O
F 

S
TR

U
C
TU

R
E

D
A
M

A
G

E

Figure 62: (Author, 2023) Figure 63: (Author, 2023)

Figure 68: (Author, 2023)

Figure 64: (Author, 2023)

Figure 65: (Author, 2023)

Figure 69: (Author, 2023)

Figure 66: (Author, 2023) Figure 67: (Author, 2023)

Figure 70: (Author, 2023)



MICRO ANALYSIS (RAMKRAAL) | 37

M
AT

ER
IA

LI
TY

PR
IS

O
N

 I
N

TE
R
IO

R
EX

IS
TI

N
G

 L
AY

O
U

T 
A
X
O

N
O

M
ET

R
IC

Figure 71: Numbers on axonometric corresponds to figures with the same numbers (Author, 2023).

Figure 75: (Author, 2023)

Figure 73: (Author, 2023)

Figure 76: (Author, 2023)

Figure 74: (Author, 2023)

Figure 77: (Author, 2023)

Figure 72: (Author, 2023). 

62
63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

76

72

73 74



The imprints left by fire and soot (figures 78 & 79) on the walls 
found at Ramkraal Prison reveal a hidden narrative, a story of 
transformation and rebirth. The act of burning transcends the 
physical boundaries of the prison, breaking down the walls that 
were once confining and restricting. It is a powerful symbol of 
liberation and liberation from the past.

The site exploration investigate the essence of being and 
non-being, exploring the profound impact of burning on the 
materiality of its surroundings. The controlled fire becomes a 
catalyst for change, a medium through which new meanings 
can be created and expressed. It is a process of destruction 
and creation, where flames consume the old, and the new 
emerges from the ashes.

The objects (figure 84) used in the site exploration become 
vessels for this transformative process. They witness the 
dialogue between fire and man-made objects, capturing the 
essence of their interaction. The longer the objects are exposed 
to the fire, the more they decay and transform, revealing the 
beauty of ruins and the mark of soot and fire. The architect 
becomes a guide for change in this space between being and 
non-being. They navigate the boundaries of what already exists, 
pushing the limits of creativity and allowing a new response to 
appear. The destruction of the prison becomes an opportunity 
for reinvention, a chance to create something authentic and 
meaningful.

2.4.3 SITE EXPLORATION: BURNING MATRIX AND RISING FROM THE
ASHES

Figure 78: The homeless make fires that create the soot on the walls (Author, 2023). Figure 79: (Author, 2023).

Figure 80: (Author, 2023).

38 | SITE



Figure 81: The fireplace using exiting bricks 
on site (Author, 2023).

Figure 82: The grass was first placed on the 
medium, but no imprint was left since fire 
rises (Author, 2023).

Figure 83: (Author, 2023). Figure 84: So the medium was placed on to 
capture the imprint from the fire and grass 
(Author, 2023).

Figure 85: Capturing the stroke of the fire (Author, 2023).

Figure 86: (Author, 2023).

MICRO ANALYSIS (RAMKRAAL) | 39



40 | SITE

Figure 87: Plastic sheets were heated and placed on ex-
isting bricks on site to capture an imprint (Author, 2023).

Upon reflection of the site exploration, it becomes evident that 
it served as a foundational starting point for the conceptual 
approach. This endeavour introduced key concepts, namely 
enfilade, inverted panopticon, and lived matrix, each representing 
a distinct layer of exploration. An inverted panopticon involves 
utilising preexisting bricks to construct a fireplace or a secure 
space for the fire to thrive. Conversely, enfilade incorporates 
natural elements such as plants strategically positioned 
between the old and new, serving as a conduit or transition 
from the fire to the medium. Lastly, the lived matrix refers to 
the medium itself, be it plastic or chipboard, which captures 
the impressions left by the fire and plants, thus creating a new 
space that draws inspiration from the old. The concepts will be 
explored further in Chapter 3.

The imprints left by the fire and soot on the objects at Ramkraal 
Prison are physical marks and symbolic representations of 
the hidden in-between. They speak of the liminal space where 
boundaries are blurred, and new possibilities arise. It is a 
space of transformation and exploration, where the old is left 
behind, and the unknown is embraced. It is a reminder that 
despite defeat, there is always the potential for renewal and 
growth. The imprints of the fire and soot tell a story of resilience 
and transformation, a story of leaving something behind and 
embracing the unknown.



CONCLUSION | 41

CONCLUSION2.5

Figure 88: The joining of old and new (Author, 2023).

Studying climatic patterns and trends is crucial for understanding 
the environmental conditions that shape the context and impact 
its inhabitants. By examining factors such as temperature, 
rainfall, and wind patterns, there can be a better understanding 
of the challenges and opportunities of the site’s climate.

Moving on to the meso analysis of Batho, the community’s history 
has provided valuable insights into the area’s development. 
These insights can aid in identifying activity and potential growth 
areas by studying influential urban nodes, such as community 
centres or transportation hubs. Additionally, understanding the 
existing community facilities, such as schools, halls, historical 
locations, and recreational spaces, is crucial for assessing the 
residents’ quality of life and well-being. Furthermore, analysing 
the movement of people in and around the site can reveal 
patterns, transportation infrastructure, and social dynamics that 
shape the community.

The micro analysis of Ramkraal has focused on the physical 
attributes of the heritage site and the exploration of its potential 
for development. Examining the site’s existing features, such 
as walls, damage, materiality, roofs, vegetation, and existing 
orders, can assess the area’s suitability for a skills development 
centre. The site exploration lastly introduces the conceptual 
approach of enfilade, inverted panopticon, and the lived matrix.

Therefore, this chapter provides valuable insights into the 
development and potential of Ramkraal Prison. By understanding 
the macro, meso, and micro context, informed decisions and 
strategies that promote sustainable development, enhance the 
quality of life, and harness the site’s unique characteristics and 
opportunities can be implemented in the design process.



D
I

S
C

O
U

R
S

E

Figure 89: A sketch of the inverted panopticon that create a focal point to which everything culminates (Author, 2023).



0 3



44 | DISCOURSE

D
I

S
C

O
U

R
S

E 3.1    INTRODUCTION
3.1.1 STATING THE RESEARCH QUESTION

3.2    TURNING RUINED SPACES INTO COMMUNITY
CATALYSED PLACES
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2.2 RUINED SPACES
3.2.3 COMMUNITY-CATALYSED PLACES
3.2.4 TEACHING CENTRE, MOROCCO
3.2.5 A ‘MODEL LOCATION’
3.2.6 ADDRESSING BATHO’S CONCERNS

3.3    PLACE VS SPACE
3.3.1 PRODUCTION OF SPACE
3.3.2 INVERTED PANOPTICON
3.3.3 ENFILADE
3.3.4 LIVED MATRIX
3.3.5 TRANSLATING CONCEPTS INTO APPROACHES

3.4    RESCRIPTING THE PERMANENCE OF RAMKRAAL
PRISON
3.4.1 CONSERVATION

3.2.1.1 THE REASON FOR CONSERVATION
3.2.1.2 NATIONAL RESOURCES ACT OF 1999
3.2.1.3 THE BURRA CHARTER

3.4.2 CONSERVING RAMKRAAL
3.4.2.1 IDENTIFYING THE PLACES
3.4.2.2 UNDERSTAND SIGNIFICANCE
3.4.2.3 DEVELOP POLICY
3.4.2.4 MANAGE IN ACCORDANCE WITH POLICY

3.4.3 CONCEPTUAL APPROACH AND TRADITIONAL ANALYSIS

3.5    DESIGN APPLICATION

3.6    CONCLUSION



INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION | 45

3.1
A new prison was needed—a prison with a strict layout or 
cartesian grid to enforce the regulation of inmates. The reason 
for a new prison was because the new “railway in Bloemfontein 
created an increase in crime” (Botes, 2015: online).  This strict 
order left minimal freedom for creativity, development, or self-
expression.

In order to prioritise community concerns as the main drivers 
of the design, it is crucial to understand and address the 
established power structures that currently exist within Batho 
and the Ramkraal Prison. The proposal can create a more 
inclusive and equitable environment by redefining these 
power structures. The production of space and the conceptual 
approach can create a framework for rescripting the Ramkraal 
Prison. Therefore, reimagining a heritage site allows one to 
address these concerns and promote self-liberation within 
the community. By incorporating the community’s values, 
aspirations, and needs into the design, the proposal can 
empower individuals and groups to take ownership of their 
heritage and shape their future, aiding in conserving the 
Ramkraal Prison.

Using different conservation charters and precedent studies 
can aid in formulating a framework to conserve as much as 
possible but create a significant enough change that brings new 
life into the complex that was once a prison. A comprehensive 
analysis of the heritage site is necessary to validate this 
community-catalysed approach. This analysis will examine the 
site’s historical, cultural, and social significance, as well as its 
current condition and potential.

Understanding the site’s context and significance makes it 
possible to identify areas where the community-catalysed 
places can be introduced. This analysis will also shed light 
on deviations from traditional heritage assumptions and 
provide insights into how these deviations can be justified and 
motivated. Ensuring that the proposed design respects and 
preserves the site’s heritage while addressing the community’s 
concerns and aspirations is crucial. Combining a heritage 
analysis with community involvement can create a design that 
respects tradition while embracing innovation and progress.



46 | DISCOURSE

3.1.1 STATING THE RESEARCH QUESTION

How can a community-catalysed skills development centre in-between Batho and the 
Bloemfontein CBD be sensitively integrated and rescripted within a ruin – the Historic Ramkraal 
Prison in Bloemfontein – thereby inverting the established power structure by activating learning 
settings aimed at self-liberation?

Figure 90: (Author, 2023)

WHAT?
FOR?

HOW?

WHERE?
MANNER?

BY?
WHY?

│Community-catalysed skills development centre.
│For the community of Batho.
│By sensitively integrating and rescripting, in a way that primarily draws on the concerns of the 
community.
│Within the historic Ramkraal Prison in Bloemfontein.
│Inverting the established power structure on various levels.
│Activating learning settings.
│In order to facilitate self-liberation.

One possible way to integrate a community-driven skills 
development centre between Batho and the Bloemfontein CBD 
to the Historic Ramkraal Prison in Bloemfontein is by initiating a 
dialogue and relationships between the new skills development 
centre and the old buildings within the prison complex.

The next step would be to develop a comprehensive plan for 
connecting the two locations. This plan could include physical 
infrastructure, such as establishing designated pathways 
between Batho, the CBD, and the prison. Additionally, the skills 
development centre could offer vocational training programs 
for the people in the community. The training programs could 
include courses in various trades, such as carpentry, sewing, 
pottery, or computer skills. By providing people with practical 
skills and knowledge, the centre would empower them to gain 
employment opportunities.

Furthermore, the skills development centre could also offer 
educational programs focused on personal development, 
entrepreneurship, and social skills. These programs could 
help them to build resilience, self-confidence, and a sense of 
agency. By equipping individuals with the tools and knowledge 
necessary to navigate the job market and pursue their 
entrepreneurial ventures, the centre would contribute to their 
empowerment and self-liberation.

Connecting a community-driven skills development centre 
between Batho and the Bloemfontein CBD to the Historic 
Ramkraal Prison can transform the existing power dynamics 
and create educational spaces that empower individuals to 
liberate themselves. This collaborative effort would benefit the 
community by providing valuable skills and knowledge.

RESEARCH 
QUESTION

COMMUNITY-
CATALYSED

CONCEPTUAL 
APPROACH

HERITAGE 
ASSESSMENT



INTRODUCTION | 47



TURNING RUINED SPACES INTO COMMUNITY-
CATALYSED PLACES

48 | DISCOURSE

3.2
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2.3 COMMUNITY-CATALYSED PLACES

3.2.2 RUINED SPACES

Since The Ramkraal Prison is in disrepair, it can be regarded as 
a ruin. Its current condition resembles an old fortress that a great 
battle has torn apart—a liberation struggle. “Ruins are profoundly 
ambiguous” since they are “complex and multifaceted, bringing 
their own form of time-space compression with them” (Dale & 
Burrell, 2011: 113). The Ramkraal Prisons’ strict order hinders 
the sense of freedom, and its original function is no longer 
relevant. Therefore, change is inevitable. This change should 
coincide with the existing circumstances and be influenced 
by contextual insights. The scarring and damage left on The 
Ramkraal Prison symbolise its downfall and, ultimately, the fall 
of a suppressive government. The idea is not about rebuilding 
Ramkraal Prison but conserving the physical remnants of the 
past, designing for the community, and creating community-
driven or community-catalysed places.

There is a good chance the spaces will be destroyed when 
dealing with an existing institution, particularly one that has 
been deserted for 29 years (since 1994). Due to the surviving 
remnants and scars left behind by neglect, the spaces within can 
be considered ruined. Redesigning ruined spaces (figure 91) is 
essential to accommodate a new program. The new program 
mainly targets the Batho community, so the spaces should 
be community-catalysed. Therefore, it is necessary to define 
the term community-catalysed, and studying a precedent that 
focuses on the community could provide a strategy for making 
these places. As a community, Batho has concerns that can be 
addressed through this strategy.

An empowered community starts with empowered individuals. Therefore, adaptive reuse architecture 
can act as a catalyst for community empowerment, and community engagement can act as a catalyst for 
community-catalysed places. Approaching the design like this can promote a sense of community identity, 
ownership and pride and provide economic, social, and environmental benefits. The redevelopment of 
Ramkraal Prison can provide a platform for creativity and innovation. So, “community-catalysed means 
a building that, if remediated, would provoke more economic growth or reinvestment in the community. 
Economic growth may include the creation of additional jobs, growth of new or existing businesses, 
development of new housing units, increased property values, or potential population growth” (United 
States of America. Government Gazette, 2023: 1). A community-catalysed project will be expected to 
have a notable effect on the community.

Figure 91: Ruined spaces within the Ramkraal Prison 
(Author, 2023).



TURNING RUINED SPACES INTO COMMUNITY-CATALYSED PLACES | 49

3.2.4 TEACHING CENTRE, MOROCCO

Anna Heringer (1977) is a German architect advocating sustainable architecture and positioned her 
emphasis on community projects such as the METI Handmade School in Rudrapur, Bangladesh. Another 
precedent designed by Anna Heringer is the Teaching and Training Centre for Sustainability in Morocco 
(figures 92-96) , which “aims to transform natural, immediate available resources on the lowest possible 
level of entropy, with maximum benefit for the local population, into beautiful architecture with a strong 
local identity” (Heringer, 2011). The centre has a prominent “garden, an exhibition hall, a cafe, a library 
and an auditorium” (Heringer, 2011) that the public can use. This project is not adaptive reuse; instead, 
using local materials relates to using existing architecture. Because Ramkraal Prison has stood for so 
long, it can be regarded as an urban artefact and local material that can be reused. This adaption offers 
a unique insight into the social and cultural history of Ramkraal Prison and its inhabitants, while being 
rescripted for modern uses can help conserve cultural heritage and create economic opportunities. So, 
what principles can be acquired from Morocco’s Teaching and Training Centre related to community-
catalysed places?

• “A dynamic architectural sculpture that surrenders patios and gardens plays with sun and shades, 
static massiveness and rhythmics, rough surfaces, and refined shining renderings” (Heringer, 
2011). 

• “The building opens up for patios with intimate niches for contemplation or communicative 
exchange” (Heringer, 2011). 

• There is a balance between outdoor and indoor places.
• The combination of public spaces provides a large variety of atmospheres (figure 95). 
• There are outside areas for practical work.

Figure 92: (Heringer, 2011). Figure 93: (Heringer, 2011) Figure 94: (Heringer, 2011).

Figure 95: A plan of the teaching centre (Heringer, 2011).



50 | DISCOURSE

3.2.5 A ‘MODEL LOCATION’

As stated in the previous chapter, Batho was referred to as a ‘model location’ after being established 
by the then Bloemfontein municipality. Referring to Batho as a ‘model location’ may sound like a 
compliment or recognition of the community’s achievements. However, it is necessary to dive deeper 
into the meaning of this label. In this context, the term ‘model’ does not refer to the community’s inherent 
qualities or strengths but rather to the expectation that they conform to someone else’s agenda or 
standards.

By labelling Batho as a ‘model location,’ the municipality essentially imposed a set of predetermined 
criteria or expectations on the community. This can be seen as an attempt to mould Batho into a specific 
image or ideal that aligns with the interests or preferences of those in power. In doing so, the unique 
identity and individuality of the community would be erased or overshadowed.

A ‘model’ implies a standard or template that should be followed, often disregarding the diverse needs, 
values, and aspirations of the individuals or community to which it is applied. It suggests that there is a 
singular, ideal way of being or functioning that should be emulated without considering the rich tapestry 
of experiences and perspectives that make each community unique. However, British urban planning 
trends influenced Bloemfontein’s city planning, influencing municipal orderliness, such as strict grids. So 
Batho homeowners had to “choose a design from a selection of house plans drawn up by a municipal 
architect” (Du Bruyn, 2021: 28) instead of designing their own homes. Even though they were restricted 
in terms of designing their homes, their gardens they could make their own. The residents of Batho 
developed a passion for gardening, and they embraced it in their daily lives.

Figure 96: A interior place of the teaching centre that offers spaces for social interaction (Heringer, 2011).

Figure 97: Sir Ebenezer Howard founded the second Garden City in 1920, designed by Louis De Soissons and many of Bloemfonteins gardens and green 
spaces were inspired by British gardens like this (Garden Cities Institute, [n.d.]: online).



TURNING RUINED SPACES INTO COMMUNITY-CATALYSED PLACES | 51

3.2.6 ADDRESSING BATHO’S CONCERNS

In Batho, gardening was a way for people to show their uniqueness by growing various plants, flowers, 
topiaries, fruit trees, or vegetable patches. However, Emily Mogaecho’s (figure 99) garden had a unique 
role beyond being her beloved hobby. Her tall garden hedges hid a ‘stoepkamer’ (figure 100), a safe 
place for activists fighting against injustice to gather secretly or find shelter. The hedges created a soft 
edge while providing privacy and a place for self-liberation. Adding garden walls and new boundaries 
to create a gentler atmosphere involves integrating natural elements and physical barriers to create a 
serene and peaceful ambience. The proposed centre can create a tranquil environment that promotes 
relaxation, reflection, and a connection with nature by incorporating garden walls, green spaces, and 
landscaping features. New edges then go hand in hand with community-catalysed places since the 
ruined spaces within the Ramkraal Prison need to be rescripted to breathe life into the abandoned 
institution.

The Ramkraal Prison is returned to the community, and its historical significance is protected. This 
approach pays homage to a location’s history and culture and creates a unique and visually appealing 
environment. The adaptive reuse of an existing prison involves transforming the order and seeks to 
transform these spaces into vibrant hubs catering to the locals’ needs and desires. It can involve the 
creation of parks, community gardens, recreational facilities, and gathering spaces that encourage 
social interaction.

This approach can shape natural and social spaces, creating a layered approach to how people interact 
on the edges or from space to place. This produces different spaces, translating into a conceptual 
approach that will be explored in the next part and aid the design process in the next chapter.

Figure 98: A neatly trimmed topiary garden in Batho (Du Bruyn, 2021: 51). Figure 99: Emily Mogaecho (Du Bruyn, 2021: 53).

Figure 100: The ‘stoepkamer’ where the activists took shelter was hidden by a large hedge (Du Bruyn, 2021: 55).



PLACE VS SPACE

52 | DISCOURSE

3.3
3.3.1 PRODUCTION OF SPACE

Figure 101: (Author, 2023)

Considering space can be viewed through various lenses, some 
clarification is needed to understand how community-catalysed 
places could be created. According to the French philosopher 
Henri Lefebvre (1901-1991), there are different modes of 
production of space within the natural and social space. He 
refers to them as conceived, practised and lived space. These 
three levels of manifestations of social space can be explained 
as follows: “Space is simultaneously a spatial practice (an 
externalised, material environment), a representation of 
space (a conceptual model used to direct practice), and a 
space of representation (the lived social relation of users to 
the environment)” (Gottdiener, 1993: 131). Therefore, it is 
the space itself or physical space (conceived), the space as 
represented or discursive space (practised) and the space as 
experienced or representational space (lived).

Section 2.4.3 briefly mentioned the Inverted Panopticon, 
Enfilade, and Lived Matrix (figure 101) as a conceptual 
approach, but how is this associated with the production of 
space theory? Each concept can be linked to a specific aspect 
of the site on a Macro, Meso, and Micro level or in terms of 
practised, lived, and conceived space. Each of the three 
concepts’ meanings will be discussed, as well as their relation 
to the production of space theory and how it could transform 
ruined spaces into community-catalysed places.

INVERTED PANOPTICON ENFILADE LIVED MATRIX



PLACE VS SPACE | 53

Figure 103: The model expresses the idea of altering spatial qualities by permitting viewing of all parts or elements and creating a sense of privacy for 
the inhabitants (Author, 2023).

To fully understand an Inverted Panopticon, it is essential to 
understand what it means clearly. The panopticon (figure 
102) idea was originated by the English philosopher Jeremy 
Bentham (1748-1832); a panopticon is a distinct architectural 
concept integrating a surveillance and regulation system within 
institutional structures. With a central surveillance area, prison 
cells encircling the centre, and powerful light, prisoners’ main 
threat is light; it disorients their vision and makes them feel 
watched constantly. Therefore, their freedom lies in darkness, 
and visibility is a trap. Bentham proposed this architecture to 
control people’s behaviour by making them constantly aware 
of being watched. It was designed to be a tool for social control 
and has since been adopted by many governments. The 
inverse of this idea would then be self-liberation instead of self-
regulation.

So, regarding the production of space, the Inverted Panopticon 
refers to the space itself, or physical space (conceived space), 
which is constructed by various people, such as architects, 
and these spaces have a specifically designed intention. The 
panopticon solidified fear and order and established power. 
In a panopticon, humans are the object of control; therefore, 
space becomes the object of control when inverting the idea of 
a panopticon. Therefore, spaces become socially active places 
which can join cultural narratives between inhabitants. Figure 102: A panopticon in a prison (Simpson, 2013:  

online).

3.3.2 INVERTED PANOPTICON



54 | DISCOURSE

3.3.3 ENFILADE

In Kim Dovey’s book ‘Becoming Places’ (2010), he explains that 
the building plan can be translated into a structural diagram of 
how life is framed and divided into three main structures.

“Each displays a differing level of spatial control and freedom: the line (or 
enfilade) controls the choice of the pathway; the fan (or branching) structure 
controls access to several segments from a single segment; and the net 
is a ringy or permeable network with multiple choices of pathways. The 
three may seem limited, but all spatial structures can be understood by their 
combinations and additions”.

(Dovey, 2010: 106).

Our environment’s structures are crucial in shaping our 
experiences and interactions. Linear, looped, and fanned 
structures (figure 104) are the main ways Dovey expresses 
his idea, each with its unique impact. However, he linked 
the linear structure to the French term “enfilade,” meaning to 
pierce from end to end. This piercing quality creates a sense 
of continuity and direction, guiding people through a string 
of spaces. However, the linear structure is more than just a 
physical pathway. It represents the discursive space, which 
is mentally constructed by how the space is discussed and 
represented. This broad representation can exist without a 
physical presence, highlighting the importance of context and 
perception in shaping our understanding of a place. There is 
a particular significance to the site because of its context. It 
acts as a boundary between Bloemfontein and the community 
of Batho, creating an opportunity to bridge a connection by 
piercing from end to end and knitting together contradicting 
narratives. Therefore, a new thoroughfare can be created and 
subvert established power structures.

Figure 104: (Dataurbanism, 2012: online).

Figure 105: The conceptual model seamlessly knits together the edges and borders, creating a cohesive, immersive experience across spaces (Author, 
2023).



PLACE VS SPACE | 55

Ramkraal Prison’s no longer existing power structures are 
layered with history and experiences, and it is this space within 
which the proposed design will develop, creating a new identity. 
Transforming the ruined spaces will create a new space, which 
is the space as experienced or representational space (lived) 
that is socially constructed by the lived experience of the 
people who will use it. The skills development centre will create 
an environment more conducive to learning and socialising 
by transforming the existing spaces with new places. This 
transformation will create a space that transcends the current 
power structures and reflects the experiences of the local 
people.

The concept focuses on spatial narratives and piecing together 
new elements (figure 106) that can be lived in and experienced 
since it is not necessarily how the interior or architecture 
looks but how the users perceive the spaces. If a community 
associates a place with something significant, the locals will 
take pride and ownership of said place. Therefore, a community 
that wants to preserve a building is a non-negotiable part of any 
sustainable preservation project.

Figure 106: The layering of the in-between (Author, 
2023).

3.3.4 LIVED MATRIX

Figure 107: The conceptual model centres on the prison and its spatial narratives. So, the model reconnects historical narratives by assembling elements 
and crafting a new impression. This impression draws from the past and offers a fitting response that adds to the current narrative. (Author, 2023).



56 | DISCOURSE

Figure 108: Courtyards can create a point of gathering (Author, 2023).

Figure 109: The Ramkraal Prison should be reintegrated into the urban fabric by creating new links between spaces (Author, 2023).

Figure 110: The lived experiences creeping their way into the site the more the locals engage with Ramkraal Prison (Author, 2023).



PLACE VS SPACE | 57

3.3.5 TRANSLATING CONCEPTS INTO APPROACHES

In order to turn conceptual ideas into a strategy or principles, 
it is essential first to understand the critical elements of 
community-catalysed places. The space should be accessible 
to all community members, regardless of age, ability, or 
socioeconomic status. The design should prioritise sustainability 
and environmental responsibility, using materials and practices 
that minimise environmental impact. The space should be 
designed to accommodate a variety of activities and uses, 
allowing for maximum flexibility and adaptability. The design 
should prioritise safety and security, creating a welcoming and 
comfortable space for all community members.

However, by delving deeper into specific design principles, the 
three concepts must be combined to work together. Therefore, 
layering different spaces, such as outside, liminal, interstitial, 
and inside, allows for comfortable movement between them. 
One way to achieve this layering is through courtyards and 
Batho garden-inspired edges. These courtyards, which were 
once private and extroverted, have now been transformed into 
public spaces and integrated with the skills development centre 
functions. Similarly, the landscape surrounding Ramkraal 
Prison becomes a thoroughfare between Batho, Bloemfontein, 
and the prison itself. A new order is formed by removing or 
demolishing specific structures within the prison complex, 
turning the ruined spaces into community-catalysed places. This 
piercing of space allows for unrestricted movement in-between 
spaces. With the remaining remnants of Ramkraal Prison there 
is an opportunity to insert new roofs that fold and connect with 
the courtyards, creating a thoroughfare between spaces and 
bridging the old and the new. However, new additions must 
stand independently to liberate the prison further while keeping 
their roots within it. This new addition aims to transcend 
boundaries by cantilevering over the wall and contrasting the 
heavy stereotomic architecture of Ramkraal Prison.

To determine if the strategies and principles will be effective, 
a traditional heritage analysis must be done to understand 
the importance of the Ramkraal Prison. Therefore, it involves 
studying different heritage charters and laws to analyse 
the different spaces within the heritage site. This approach 
provides insight into protecting heritage sites and determines if 
the proposed design approach is suitable and justifiable, even 
if it deviates from traditional heritage design.

Figure 111: How the concepts can inform in-between spaces and edges (Author, 2023). Figure 112:  A prisoner’s only view of the outside world 
(Author, 2023).



GSEducationalVersion

58 | DISCOURSE

RESCRIPTING THE PERMANENCE OF RAMKRAAL 
PRISON3.4
3.4.1.1 THE REASON FOR CONSERVATION

3.4.1 CONSERVATION

3.4.1.3 THE BURRA CHARTER

People protect and maintain history to learn from past mistakes.. When conserving old buildings, it 
is necessary to be sensitive and decide whether to adaptively reuse them or keep them as they are, 
depending on their historical and cultural importance. Buildings often take up a lot of space, finding 
new uses for them can be an excellent way to preserve them and give them a purpose. Following 
guidelines like South Africa’s National Resources Act and The Burra Charter can better understand how 
to conserve these buildings and what should be done to them.

“The Burra Charter was first adopted in 1979 at the historic South Australian mining town of Burra” 
(Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 2013). The Burra Charter, in essence, is an international guideline 
and is ‘primarily concerned with the philosophy, terminology, methodology and techniques of cultural 
heritage conservation” (Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 2013). For an adaptive reuse project, the 
following principles should be considered:

• “Demolition of the significant fabric of a place is generally unacceptable. However, in some cases, minor demolition 
may be appropriate as part of conservation” (Burra Charter, 2013: 6).

• “Adaptation is acceptable only where the adaptation has minimal impact on the cultural significance of the place” 
(Burra Charter, 2013: 7).

• “New work such as additions or other changes to the place may be acceptable where it respects and does not distort 
or obscure the cultural significance of the place, or detract from its interpretation and appreciation” (Burra Charter, 
2013: 7).

• “Change may be necessary to retain cultural significance, but is undesirable where it reduces cultural significance. The 
amount of change to a place and its use should be guided by the cultural significance of the place and its appropriate 
interpretation” (Burra Charter, 2013: 6).

3.4.1.2 NATIONAL RESOURCES ACT OF 1999
South Africa’s National Heritage Act of 1999 outlines the management, principles, identification, 
assessment, standards, and protection of conservation-worthy places within the Republic of South Africa 
(South Africa. National Resources Act 1999: 2). The Ramkraal Prison was declared a conservation-
worthy immovable property in 1990 under the National Monuments Act of 1969, and its formal gazette 
status is “Heritage Register” (SAHRIS, 2012: online). Heritage Register is the lowest grade, grade III, 
meaning it is a local heritage resource, and it is subdivided into IIIA, IIIB and IIIC, where the Ramkraal 
Prison falls under IIIA. The grading IIIA “is applied to buildings and sites with sufficient intrinsic significance 
to be regarded as local heritage resources and are significant enough to warrant any alteration being 
regulated” (Heritage Western Cape, 2012: online). The Heritage Act states that “heritage resources 
can promote reconciliation, understanding and respect, and contribute to the development of a unifying 
South African identity” (South Africa. National Resources Act 1999: 16). This leads to the notion that if 
the Ramkraal Prison is to be repurposed, it should be impactful in a positive way for South Africans today. 
However, it is also not ‘so precious’ that it needs to be conserved for its own sake. A skills development 
centre can positively affect the people of Batho by teaching them a skill that influences the economy.

Figure 114: Numbers on plan corresponds to figures with the same numbers (Author, 2023).
115

116

117

118

119

121

120

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129
Figure 113: Ramkraal Prison octagonal centre after the 
prison was built in 1894, before the towers and perimeter 
walls were built (Botes, 2015: online).



RESCRIPTING THE PERMANENCE OF RAMKRAAL PRISON | 59

3.4.2 CONSERVING RAMKRAAL

APPLICATION OF THE BURRA CHARTER TO THE RAMKRAAL PRISON

3.4.2.1 IDENTIFYING THE PLACES

THE PRISON, 
PERIMETER WALLS 

AND TOWERS.

KITCHEN AND 
PRISON CELLS 

FOR WHITE 
FEMALES

PRISON WING 
TO THE SOUTH

ADMIN BLOCK SHATIMA 
FURNITURE 

MANUFACTURE

3.4.2.2 UNDERSTAND SIGNIFICANCE
Understand the place

1895 Pre - 1936 Pre  - 1936 Post - 1936 Post - 1936

The prison with the cells and 
octagonal centre was the 

first to be built, and then two 
watch towers that solidified 

the entrance. The prison also 
needed tall, thick perimeter 
walls that sealed it off from 
the town, contributing to its 
fortress-like appearance.

The kitchen is 
South of the central 
prison and on the 
linear axis, with a 
‘stoomketel’ room, 
a yard, store rooms 

and three prison 
cells.

The two wings added 
to the South double 
storey, with a watch 
tower on either side 
and a water feature 
in the courtyard’s 

centre.

The admin buildings 
in the original 

reception yard are 
absent in plans or 
images pre-1936.

On the Southwest 
corner are two 
structures with 

no clarity on what 
they were besides 
signage that says 
Shatima Furniture. 

Assess cultural significance
The prison, kitchen and southern wing are all pre-1936. The prison operated 

before and during Apartheid, and some political prisoners were possibly 
incarcerated, such as “Gen. CR de Wet (during the 1914-1915 Rebellion), as 
well as a number of struggle activists, such as Charlotte Maxeke and Caleb 

Motshabi” (Botes, 2015: online).

The admin buildings and the structures to the 
southwest play a minor role in The Ramkraal 
Prison’s cultural significance and do not add 
anything to the core of the site’s character.

Figure 115: (Author, 2023) Figure 116: (Author, 2023) Figure 117: (Author, 2023) Figure 118: (Author, 2023) Figure 119: (Author, 2023)

Figure 120: (Author, 2023) Figure 121: (Author, 2023) Figure 122: (Author, 2023) Figure 123: (Author, 2023) Figure 124: (Author, 2023)

Figure 125: (Author, 2023) Figure 126: (Author, 2023) Figure 127: (Author, 2023) Figure 128: (Author, 2023) Figure 129: (Author, 2023)



3.4.2.3 DEVELOP POLICY
Identify all factors and issues

The Ramkraal Prison is a ruin. The doors, windows, roof sheeting, furniture and any movable property have been plundered 
and looted. The floor is overun by vegetation growing in every nook and cranny. Graffiti artists have left their mark on the walls 

around the site. 

The original prison and cells 
are mostly still intact but 

have no roofs apart from the 
concrete above the cells. The 
cells have been occupied by 

the homeless since 2012.

The kitchen still has 
its existing walls, but 

the three original 
cells are no longer 

present. The kitchen 
seems to have been 
made larger to spill 

into the western 
courtyard.

The West Wing 
has taken the most 
damage, with most 
load-bearing walls 

collapsing into piles 
of rubble.

The admin structure 
is standard 220mm 
walls with trees and 
rubble that make it 

challenging to move 
around inside.

There is little 
information on the 
exact purpose of 
the original prison 
scheme. It might 

have been a garage 
for the maintenance 
and transporting of 

prisoners.

Develop policy
Once the prison was closed in 1994, it was unoccupied for some time before being turned into Setshabelo Arts and Crafts 

Centre, which was short-lived. In 2010, the Free State Government “initiated a project to turn this dilapidated building into a 
multi-million rand heritage site” and “house the Free State legislature” (Moeti, 2018: online). The R120 million set aside for the 

project went missing shortly after that. No other plans have been made, and the prison has just gone deeper into disrepair. 
The site needs to be conserved, and a new function that can benefit disadvantaged South Africans can be a positive for the 

community and the preservation of The Ramkraal Prison. 

Prepare management plan
The octagonal centre, 

prison cells, and towers 
are considered the most 
significant and should be 
preserved in their original 
form as much as possible. 

Some changes that could be 
made include repainting the 
walls, repairing the floors, 
and creating openings in 
prison cell walls to make 

the space more open. 
Additionally, a new roof 

structure should be added to 
protect the interior. However, 
the perimeter wall could be 
slightly altered to make the 
prison more extroverted.

The central kitchen 
walls are not 

structurally sound 
due to the cracks and 
openings in the walls. 
So, it will not be able 
to support the new 
roof structure. The 

prison cells linked to 
the kitchen are also 
no longer present. 

Therefore, the 
kitchen walls could 
be broken down, 

and a new structure 
could occur since 

this is the centre of 
the prison where all 
the entrances would 

lead.

Since the southern 
additions are in 
a much worse 

condition than the 
main prison building, 
they can be slightly 
altered since they 

were just extensions 
for more prison cells. 

However, the two 
buildings create a 

courtyard, so working 
with whatever walls 

are left and designing 
a new structure 

around the walls can 
create an exciting 

relationship between 
old and new.

The admin building 
was just an office 

space without cultural 
significance and 

could be demolished. 
Another reason for its 
demolition would be 
so that there is more 
emphasis placed on 
the towers and the 

exiting prison.

The two small 
buildings on the 
southwest seem 
very out of place, 

and there is no clear 
indication of their 
original purpose 
besides maybe a 

garage. They could 
be demolished, and 
the area could be 
developed as the 

south entrance with 
garden spaces.

60 | DISCOURSE

Figure 130: Original drawn north elevation of the Ramkraal Prison, but it is undated as too when it was drawn (Fourie, 2014: 94).



3.4.2.4 MANAGE IN ACCORDANCE WITH POLICY
Implement the management plan

The main prison building 
will be fixed to create office 

spaces, exhibition areas 
for the history of Batho, 

Ramkraal Prison, and local 
artists, a multi-functional 

venue, and facilities for staff. 
The two towers will stay, but 
some parts of the perimeter 
wall will be removed to make 

space for a new open and 
green edge.

A shop in the central 
area of the prison, 
where the kitchen 
is located, will sell 
products from the 
centre and provide 
information about 
available courses. 

A ramp is also 
accessible here for 
wheelchairs leading 

to the first floor.

The south wings 
would accommodate 

the centre’s 
traditional skills 

(carpentry, textile 
workshop, beading, 
pottery, and culinary 
school) and library.

In the place of the 
admin walls, there 
will be a courtyard 
between the two 

towers and the north 
entrance of the 

prison.

This area will 
accommodate green 
spaces, a southern 
courtyard, a new 
entrance and the 
computer room 

that will cantilever 
over the southern 

perimeter wall.

The perimeter walls will be integrated with gardens and raised beds, creating a more aesthetically pleasing boundary. The 
courtyards will be interconnected to form a communal ground floor area, offering shade and a welcoming environment. The 
Ramkraal prison site will also provide recreational facilities such as a soccer field, tennis courts, netball courts, and a skate 
park. Furthermore, designated space will be allocated for the potential future development of community gardens. Adequate 

parking facilities should be implemented to accommodate the increased capacity and activities of the site.

Adapted from the Burra Charter (Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 2013: 10) and applied to The Ramkraal Prison.

RESCRIPTING THE PERMANENCE OF RAMKRAAL PRISON | 61

Figure 131: Original drawn plan of the Ramkraal Prison, but it is undated as too when it was drawn. Numbers on plan correlates to the figure numbers 
on the previous page 59 (Fourie, 2014: 94).

115

116
121

120

123

125

126

128



The analysis of Ramkraal Prison’s heritage focused on its significance and how to adaptively reuse it. 
Regarding heritage, Ramkraal Prison is not as important as other sites like the House Mapikela, the 
Wesleyan Church Museum, or the Twin Spire Church. Therefore, the renovation of Ramkraal Prison is 
justified if the new design respects the existing context and contributes to the site’s preservation. The 
towers and octagonal centre should then be kept as an urban artefact, a physical connection between 
the past and present. The remaining structures represent human agency in past narratives and can be 
used for dialogue and interactions in the present. The new structure’s height, the combination of old and 
new, and the preservation of the site’s identity are all important factors to consider.

However, the centre still needs community-catalysed places, and Hollmén Reuter Sandman Architects 
could offer some insight. Since they exclusively work with communities, their architecture can be 
classified as community-catalysed. All three projects below have something very prominent in common: 
courtyards. A courtyard provides shelter, protection, a place to gather, and a place to teach, learn, work, 
and grow. The Women’s Centre (figures 133 & 134) is an example of layering, where there is a layered 
relationship of outside, in-between, interstitial and inside spaces. The TunaHaki Orphanage (figures 135 
& 136) is an example of adjoining, where courtyards and interstitial spaces of different sizes are joined 
together with pathways. Lastly, the Hostels for Girls (figures 137 & 138) is an example of conserving 
space, and what is meant by that is that the courtyard has become an essential place for the girls; 
therefore, they play an important role in the preservation of the building.

62 | DISCOURSE

3.4.3 CONCEPTUAL APPROACH AND TRADITIONAL ANALYSIS

Figure 132: (Author, 2023)

Figure 133: Links to layering of space (Hollmén Reuter Sandman Architects, 1995:  online).

Figure 138: Links to conserving space (Hollmén Reuter 
Sandman Architects, 2009:  online).

Figure 134: Links to layering of space (Hollmén Reuter 
Sandman Architects, 1995:  online).

Figure 135: Links to adjoining of space (Hollmén Reuter Sandman Architects, 2022:  online). Figure 136: Links to adjoining of space (Hollmén Reuter 
Sandman Architects, 2022:  online).

Figure 137: Links to conserving space (Hollmén Reuter 
Sandman Architects, 2009:  online).

CONSERVE

ADJOIN
LAYERING



DESIGN APPLICATION | 63

Each idea (conserve) relates to a type of skill (self-management) that forms a skillset (transitional skills) which has a specific 
goal (self-liberation) that links back to an area (Ramkraal), which aided in the conceptual approach of how the space (physical 
space) would be designed conceptually (inverted panopticon).

There are three ways to approach the design of the skills development centre within the Ramkraal 
Prison:
• Designing in a sensitive place, where it would be kept as is with minimal intervention (figure 139).
• Using the existing structure and designing the new in-between elements can be altered since it is 

not as sensitive (figure 140).
• A new structure that stands independently but links back to the prison using the courtyards and 

existing perimeter walls (figure 141).

Figure 139: (Author, 2023). Figure 141: (Author, 2023)

Figure 142: How the concepts can inform in-between spaces and edges (Author, 2023).

DESIGN APPLICATION3.5

ADJOIN

TYPES OF SKILLS

KNOWLEDGES

CONTEMPORARY SKILLS

SELF-REFLECTION

BLOEMFONTEIN

CONCEPTS

SPACE PRODUCTION

DISCURSIVE SPACE

ENFILADE

LAYERING

TRANSFERABLE 
KNOWLEDGES

TRADITIONAL SKILLS

SELF-EXPRESSION

BATHO

REPRESENTATIONAL 
SPACE

LIVED MATRIX

CONSERVE

SELF-MANAGEMENT 

TRANSITIONAL SKILLS

SELF-LIBERATION

RAMKRAAL

PHYSICAL SPACE

INVERTED PANOPTICON

Figure 140: (Author, 2023).



CONCLUSION

64 | DISCOURSE

3.6
In conclusion, the research question – How can a community-
catalysed skills development centre in-between Batho and the 
Bloemfontein CBD be sensitively integrated and rescripted 
within a ruin – the Historic Ramkraal Prison in Bloemfontein – 
thereby inverting the established power structure by activating 
learning settings aimed at self-liberation? – has been examined 
through the case study of the teaching centre in Morocco. 
The study has delved into the various concerns linked to 
Batho and has shed light on the importance of distinguishing 
between place and space. It has also explored the production 
of space through concepts such as the inverted panopticon, 
enfilade, and lived matrix. The study has further delved into 
the conservation of Ramkraal prison, emphasising the need 
to identify and understand the significance of places and the 
different heritage charters that could affect how much can be 
altered. 

The study has provided a comprehensive understanding of 
transforming ruined spaces into community-catalysed places 
by applying a conceptual approach and traditional analysis to 
design. Overall, this research has provided valuable insights 
into revitalising spaces and creating meaningful places for 
communities. It has emphasised the importance of considering 
a place’s historical and cultural context, as well as the needs 
and desires of the community. By addressing concerns linked 
to Batho and exploring various concepts and approaches, 
this research has contributed to the body of knowledge on 
transforming ruined spaces into vibrant community spaces, 
aiding the design process and outcome in the next chapter.

Figure 143: There is always light that can be harnessed and the possibility to create a new 
start (Author, 2023).



CONCLUSION | 65

Figure 144: (Author, 2023)



D
E

S
I

G
N

Figure 145: A spatial exploration trying to understand the existing order and a new order that will be integrated into 
the Ramkraal Prison (Author, 2023).



0 4



68 | DESIGN

D
E

S
I

G
N 4.1    INTRODUCTION

4.2    DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
4.2.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2.2 UNDERSTANDING THE ORDER
4.2.3 AIMING TO TRANSCEND BOUNDARIES
4.2.4 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN EXPLORATION
4.2.5 A SEARCH FOR RAMKRAAL PRISON’S CORE

4.3    DESIGN OUTCOME

4.4    TECHNICAL REPORT
4.4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.4.2 CONSTRUCTION TOUCHSTONE
4.4.3 EXTRACTING AND RETAINING THE CORE OF RAMKRAAL PRISON
4.4.4 IN-BETWEEN AND INTERSTITIAL SPACE
4.4.5 SERVICES
4.4.6 CONSERVING ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
4.4.7 CANTILEVERING STRUCTURE
4.4.8 SOUTHERN ADDITION OF THE ABANDONED PRISON COMPLEX
      DOCUMENTATION



INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION | 69

4.1
This chapter is about the design process that leads to a proposal. 
It also includes a technical section that explains the structural 
elements of the design. The design development section 
shows the design process before each external review and 
briefly discusses an alternative approach between the second 
and third reviews. The design proposal is then shown through 
plans, elevations, renders, sections, and models. Finally, the 
technical section presents solutions for services, connecting 
new structures to old ones and technical resolutions. An 
existing structure model (figure 146) was created as a first step.

Figure 146: The first model showing the existing condition of Ramkraal Prison and the first plan sketch of the cantilevering structure (Author, 2023).



DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

70 | DESIGN

4.2
The design development section follows the process of getting to a design proposal. This section 
reflects on observations, mistakes, resolutions, opinions, and suggestions that aided in designing 
a skills development centre within the Ramkraal Prison. Reflecting on the process creates a better 
understanding of how the project unfolded through process work, sketches, diagrams, renders and 
models.

At the start of the design process, one of the first decisions was determining the new centre’s spatial 
order (figure 148 & 152). The question was whether the new centre should follow a different order that 
opposes the existing one or stick to the existing order. Therefore, all the existing structures were included 
in the design at this stage. Additionally, since Ramkraal has three different beacons - the two towers 
and the central octagon - the idea was to introduce a new beacon that would contrast the existing o