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QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF MINERALS IN COAL
DEPOSITS IN THE WITBANK AND HIGHVELD COALFIELDS
AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT ON ACID MINE DRAINAGE
By
Kaydy Lavern Pinetown
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the
DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
In the Faculty of Natural Science,
University of the Free State,
Bloemfontein,
South Africa.
May 2003
Supervisor: Prof. W. A. van der Westhuizen
~nlv.r.lteit von die
I Oranje-Vrystaat
I
I ILOfMfOtHE I N
i
oj 1 9 FEB 2004
UOVS 'AtOL BI'LIOTEEK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank the following persons and institutions for their assistance with this
project:
Prof. Willem van der Westhuizen, Chairman of the Department of Geology,
University of the Free State, for his endless patience, constructive criticism and
valuable advice for the duration of my studies at UFS;
Dr. Rudy Boer, Project Leader, for his much appreciated moral support, enthusiasm,
and exceptional inspiration;
The Water Research Commission for providing this opportunity and financial
assistance;
My parents, my Creator and my family, for their continuous support, and perpetual
faith in me and my abilities;
The keen and accommodating management and employees at the mines involved in
this study, for assistance during sampling procedures;
Prof. Gerhard Beukes from the Department of Geology, University of the Free State,
for assisting me on a quest for academic excellence with great enthusiasm and for
an enriching collaboration;
All lecturers, personnel and friends at the Department of Geology, University of the
Free State, for helping me develop my interests in geology and for the memorable
time spent at UFS;
Prof. Frank Hodgson and Mr. Brent Usher from the Institute of Groundwater Studies,
University of the Free State, for their expertise and guidance in the field of
groundwater studies;
Prof. Colin Ward, Associate Professor at the School of Geology, University of New
South Wales, for information gathered at UNSWand sharing his knowledge and
wisdom regarding coal mineralogy and geochemistry;
And to the following friends, Maretha, Magdalena, Nico, SW, Alida, Annegret,
Marianne and Micheal, your encouraging and loyal friendships, especially throughout
the difficult months spent on this thesis, is greatly appreciated.
ii
ABSTRACT
A mineralogical and geochemical study on the coal and coal-bearing successions of
the Witbank and Highveld Coalfields in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa
was proposed in order to, firstly, investigate the quantitative distribution of minerals
in the lithological units, and secondly, to correlate this data with the potential of the
units to contribute to acid mine drainage conditions in the region.
X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence techniques were used to analyse the
samples from the study area. Samples from the No.1, No.2, No.4 and No.5coal
seams were collected from several mines in the Witbank Coalfield, while samples
from the No.4 and No.5coal seams were collected from borehole material obtained
from the Highveld Coalfield. The inorganic components make up approximately 8.00
to 35.00 wt% of a coal sample. Si02 concentrations varied between 0.00 and 35.00
wt% of a sample, AI203 between 0.50 and 16.00 wt%, Fe203 between 0.03 and
10.00 wt%, and S between 0.15 and 8.00 wt%. Minor concentrations of CaO (0.00 to
8.00 wt%) and MgO (0.00 to 1.00 wt%) were present. P205 occurred in
concentrations of 0.00 to 3.50 wt% and K20 was in the order of 0.00 to 1.30 wt%.
Na20 values were the lowest varying between 0.00 and 0.45 wt%. The only
difference in chemistry between Witbank and Highveld coals was a slight increase in
Na20 (0.00 to 0.51 wt%) in the Highveld coals.
These results were confirmed by the XRD investigations. The mineral components in
the XRD patterns were semi-quantitatively evaluated in terms of dominant (>40% of
the mineral fraction), major (10-40%), minor (2-10%), accessory (1-2%) and rare
« 1%) constituents. The mineral fraction in the coals was dominated by quartz and
kaolinite, with major to minor and trace amounts of calcite, dolomite and pyrite, as
well as accessory phosphates phases.
XRF and XRD results for the coal-bearing units were also in good agreement. Higher
K20 and Na20 concentrations were obtained in the sandstones in comparison to the
siltstone and carbonaceous shale samples, and were supported by the presence of
feldspars and clays such as illite in XRD interpretations. A normative program
iii
designed for Australian coals and sedimentary rocks, called Sednorm, was used to
calculate normative mineralogical compositions from the geochemical results. Good \
correlations were obtained for comparisons made between the chemical
composition, mineralogical interpretations and normative results for the coal and
sediment samples.
Acid-base accounting was used to investigate the potential of the coal and coal-
bearing units to produce acid mine drainage conditions. The acid and neutralising
potentials are largely dependant on the abundance and availability of minerals such
as pyrite and calcite respectively. According to the screening criteria proposed by
Usher et al. (2001), averages for Neutralising Potential Ratio (NPR) suggest that all
the coal and coal-bearing units, excluding the unit between No. 1 and No. 2 coal
seams, are potentially acid generating. The latter lithological unit is considered to be
inconclusive. The average Net Neutralising Potential (NNP) values suggest that the
NO.5 coal seam, NO.4 Upper coal seam, and between NO.4 and NO.2 coal seams
are potentially acid generating. This is a result of the weathering of carbonates in
these lithological units. The other units could become either acidic or neutral.
In theory it is possible to calculate the AP from the analysed S by multiplying the S
value by 31.25. Assuming that all sulphide-S is available for oxidation, then the total
S analysed could be used to predict the AP for samples on which no acid-base
determinations has been carried out. Similarly, the excellent correlation between the
NP and CaO, and between the NP and combined CaO and MgO, confirms that these
chemical components are largely responsible for NP values. It is then also possible
to predict the NP by using the CaO and MgO concentrations for samples for which
no AP or NP data is available.
The application of ABA in this study offered a major contribution to understanding the
complexities governing water-rock interactions. Results provided a preview of
situations that might arise regarding groundwater quality in a certain area, but also
offers ample time to decide on appropriate prevention or remediation programs. The
potential for these lithological units to contribute to the deterioration of groundwater
is evident.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .
ABSTRACT........... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES................ ix
LIST OF TABLES................................. xii
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xx
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 Overview....................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Location of the studyarea............................... .................................. 1-2
1.3 Geology and tectonic setting........................................................... ... 1-4
1.3.1 The Witbank Coalfield............................................................. 1-7
1.3.1.1 Origin and stratigraphy.................................................... 1-8
1.3.1.2 Descriptionof coal seams................................................ 1-9
1.3.1.3 Structure...................................................................... 1-10
1.3.2 The HighveldCoalfield............................................................ 1-11
1.3.2.1 Originandstratigraphy 1-11
1.3.2.2 Descriptionof coal seams 1-12
1.3.2.3 Structure 1-13
1.4 Palaeo-climate and vegetation............................................................ 1-13
1.5 Palaeo-topography........................................................................... 1-14
1.6 Groundwater and drainage systems.................................................... 1-15
CHAPTER 2: PREVIOUSWORK............................... 2-1
2.1 Geochemistry and mineralogyof the Ecca Group................................ ... 2-1
2.2 Review of mineral matter in coal......................................................... 2-3
2.2.1 Quartz............... 2-5
2.2.2 Clay minerals, feldspars and micas............................................ 2-6
2.2.3 Sulphides............................................................................. 2-8
2.2.4 Carbonates........................... 2-10
2.2.5 Phosphates.......................................................................... 2-10
2.2.6 Other minerals............ 2-11
2.3 Mineral matter in South African coal..................................................... 2-11
CHAPTER 3: GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF THE COAL AND
COAL-BEARING SUCCESSIONS IN THE WITBANK AND HIGHVELD
COALFIELDS........ 3-1
3.1 Experimental analytical techniques used in coal mineralogical analyses.. .... 3-1
3.1.1 Experimental proceduresfollowed during this study...................... 3-3
3.2 Distributionof mineral matter in investigated samples and possible mode of
occurrence............ 3-16
3.2.1 Chemical composition of coal and sediment samples.................... 3-16
3.2.1.1 TheWitbankCoalfield 3-16
a. NO.1 coal seam.................................................................. 3-16
b. NO.2 coal seam.................................................................. 3-23
c. NO.4 coal seam.................................................................. 3-29
d. NO.5 coal seam...... 3-31
3.2.1.2 The HighveldCoalfield................................................. 3-33
a. NO.4 coal seam.................................................................. 3-33
b. NO.5 coal seam.................................................................. 3-34
3.2.2 X-ray Diffraction Interpretation.................................................. 3-34
3.2.2.1 The Witbank Coalfield............ 3-34
vi
a. No.1 coal seam................. 3-35
b. No.2 coal seam...... 3-36
c. No.4 and No.5 coal seams................................................... 3-37
3.2.2.2 The Highveld Coalfield.............................................. ... 3-37
a. No.4 and No.5 coal seams................................................... 3-37
3.2.3 Normative mineralogical interpretation using Sednorm.................. 3-37
3.2.3.1 Coal......................................................................... 3-39
3.2.3.2 Sediments... 3-43
CHAPTER 4: GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND QUALITY OF
COLLIERY WATERS 4-1
4.1 Quality of colliery waters............................ 4-1
4.1.1 Sources of acid mine drainage (AMD)........................................ 4-3
4.1.2 The effects of AMD on colliery water quality................... 4-5
4.2 Factors influencing geochemical character of water....... 4-7
4.2.1 Electrical conductivity (EC)...................................................... 4-7
4.2.2 Salinity.. 4-7
4.2.3 pH value......... 4-8
4.2.4 Total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS)..... 4-8
4.2.5 Metals................................................................................. 4-8
4.2.6 Inorganic non-metallic constituents.. 4-9
4.2.7 Organic constituents 4-10
4.3 A model for the preliminary assessment of sources of pollution..... 4-11
CHAPTER 5: ACID-BASE ACCOUNTING...... 5-1
5.1 Acid-base determinations for the Witbank and Highveld Coalfields............ 5-1
5.1.1 The Witbank Coalfield.............. 5-3
5.1.2 The Highveld Coalfield........... 5-11
vii
CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSiONS...... 6-1
REFERENCES..................................................................................... R-1
APPENDIX 1: ANALYTICAL METHODS USED FOR ROCK AND COAL
SAMPLES A1-1
A1.1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF)..................... A1-1
A1.1.1 Sample preparation............................................................... A1-1
A1.1.2Technique A1-2
A1.1.2.1 Coal analysis.................................................................. A1-2
a. Calibration standards............................................................ A 1-2
b. Major elements A1-4
c. Trace elements................................................................... A1-5
A1.1.2.2 Rock analysis................................................................. A1-6
a. Calibration standards A1-6
b. Major elements................................................................... A1-6
c. Trace elements A1-7
A1.2 X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD)......................................................... A1-8
A1.2.1 Sample preparation.................................... ................ ..... ...... A1-8
A1.2.2 Technique........................ A1-8
APPENDIX 2: ANALYTICAL RESULTS...... A2-1
APPENDIX 3: ACID-BASE ACCOUNTING RESULTS................................... A3-1
3.1 Objective of the procedure.............................. A3-1
3.2 Acid and neutralising potential........ A3-1
APPENDIX 4: BOREHOLE LOGS A4-1
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 - The distribution of coal fields in the five relevant provinces (H -
Highveld coalfield, W - Witbank coalfield)..... 1-3
Figure 1.2 - Collieries in Mpumalanga as well as southern boundary between
Witbank and Highveld coal fields, and eastern boundary of Highveld coal field... 1-3
Figure 1.3 - Lithostratigraphic nomenclature for the Karoo Supergroup............ 1-5
Figure 1.4 - Geological map of the studyarea............................................. 1-6
Figure 1.5 - Locality of some opencast and underground mines in the Witbank
and Highveld Coalfields........................................................................... 1-7
Figure 1.6 - Stratigraphic columns for different parts of the Witbank Coalfield.... 1-8
Figure 1.7 - Stratigraphic columns for different parts of the Highveld Coalfield.... 1-11
Figure 1.8 - Surface contours of the Mpumalanga Coalfields.......................... 1-15
Figure 1.9 - Drainage map of the Mpumalanga Coalfields.............................. 1-16
Figure 3.1 - Relationship between Whole coal Fe203% and UFS Fe203% at
1050oC... 3-11
Figure 3.2 - Relationship between Whole coal Si02% and UFS Si02% at
1050oC... 3-12
Figure 3.3 - Relationship between Whole coal A1203% and UFS A1203% at
1080°C 3-12
Figure 3.4 - Relationship between Whole coal CaO% and UFS CaO% at
1080°C................................................................................................ 3-13
Figure 3.5 - Relationship between Ti02 and AI203 concentrations................... 3-19
Figure 3.6 - Relationship between K20 and Ba concentrations..................... 3-20
Figure 3.7 - Relationship between Fe203 and S concentrations......... 3-20
Figure 3.8 - Si02 distribution in the NO.2 coal seam.............................. 3-24
Figure 3.9 - Ti02 distribution in the NO.2 coal seam..... 3-24
Figure 3.10 - Ab03 distribution in the NO.2 coal seam.................................. 3-25
Figure 3.11 - Na20 distribution in the NO.2 coal seam.................................. 3-25
Figure 3.12 - K20 distribution in the NO.2 coal seam 3-26
Figure 3.13 - Fe203 distribution in the NO.2 coal seam................................. 3-27
Figure 3.14 - S distribution in the NO.2 coal seam......... 3-27
Figure 3.15 - Relationship between Fe203 and S concentrations................ 3-28
ix
Figure 3.16 - Variations in concentration of some element oxides and sulphide
in No.4 coal seam................................................................................ 3-34
Figure 3.17 - Relationship between normative Quartz and Si02 percentages in
coal samples........................................................................................ 3-39
Figure 3.18 - Relationship between normative Pyrite and Fe203 percentages in
coal samples........................................................................................ 3-40
Figure 3.19 - Relationship between normative Siderite and Fe203 percentages
in coal samples........... 3-41
Figure 3.20 - Relationship between normative Magnesite and MgO
percentages in coal samples.................................................................... 3-41
Figure 3.21 - Relationship between normative Calcite and CaO percentages in
coal samples........................................................................................ 3-42
Figure 3.22 - Relationship between normative Apatite and P20Spercentages in
coal samples........................................................................................ 3-43
Figure 3.23 - Relationship between normative K-feldspar and K20 percentages
in sediment samples............... 3-43
Figure 3.24 - Relationship between normative Kaolinite and AI203 percentages
in sediment samples.............................................................................. 3-44
Figure 3.25 - Relationship between normative Illite-Smectite and K20
percentages in sediment samples............................................................. 3-45
Figure 4.1 - Surface area dissolution rates for source minerals far from
solubility equilibrium at oxic conditions and pH 5 and 25°C............................. 4-12
Figure 4.2 - Relationship between trends in pH with the lifetime of minerals that
produce and consume acidity................................................................... 4-13
Figure 5.1 - Initial and final pH of the samples before and after complete pyrite
oxidation and carbonate dissolution........................................................... 5-4
Figure 5.2 - Acid potential (for an open system) for the Witbank Coalfield......... 5-5
Figure 5.3 - Neutralising potential for the Witbank Coalfield....... 5-6
Figure 5.4 - Acid potential (for an open and closed system) and neutralising
potential for the Witbank Coalfield........ 5-7
Figure 5.5 - Net neutralising potential for the Witbank Coalfield.................. 5-7
Figure 5.6 - Acid potential (for an open and closed system) and net neutralising
potential (for an open and closed system) for the Witbank Coalfield.............. ... 5-8
x
Figure 5.7 - Acid potential (for an open system) and sulphur % 5-9
Figure 5.8 - Neutralising potential and CaO % 5-10
Figure A2-1 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical
interpretation........................................................................................ A2-87
Figure A2-2 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical
interpretation........................................................................................ A2-88
Figure A2-3 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical
interpretation. .............. .................... ......................... ............... ... .......... A2-89
Figure A2-4 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical
interpretation........................................................................................ A2-90
Figure A2-5 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical
interpretation............... A2-91
Figure A2-6 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical
interpretation........................................................................................ A2-92
Figure A2-7 - X-ray diffraction scans of sample LU1 heated for experimental
purposes............................................................................................. A2-93
Figure A2-8 - X-ray diffraction scans of sample LU24 heated for experimental
purposes.... A2-94
Figure A2-9 - X-ray diffraction scan of sample M20 for experimental purposes... A2-95
Figure A2-10 - X-ray diffraction scan of sample M20 ashed in LTA for
experimental purposes...................................... A2-96
Figure A2-11 - X-ray diffraction scan of sample KOR10 for experimental
purposes............................................................................................. A2-97
Figure A2-12 - X-ray diffraction scan of sample KOR10 ashed in LTA for
experimental purposes........ A2-98
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1: Results after heating for 50 hours at 350°C (units in grams)............. 3-5
Table 3-2: Results after heating for 60 hours at 250°C (units in grams). 3-6
Table 3-3: Results after heating for 70 hours at 150°C (units in grams)............. 3-6
Table 3-4: UFS XRF data -1050°C ash.............................................. 3-9
Table 3-5: UFS XRF data - 1050°C ash - normalised LOl and H20 free........ 3-9
Table 3-6: UFS XRF data -1080°C ash 3-10
Table 3-7: UFS XRF data -1080°C ash - normalised LOl and H20 free 3-10
Table 3-8: UFS XRF data - Whole coal analyses......................................... 3-11
Table 3-9: UFS XRF data - Whole coal analyses - normalised LOl, H20 and S
free... 3-11
Table 3-10: UFS XRF data - Whole coal analyses - Mixtures of samples LK1
and LU13 3-14
Table 3-11: The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of oxides
(wt%) and trace elements (ppm) in No.1 coal seam..................................... 3-17
Table 3-12: The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of oxides
(wt%) and trace elements (ppm) in siltstone floor rocks of No.1 coal seam... ..... 3-21
Table 3-13: The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of oxides
(wt%) and trace elements (ppm) in sandstone roof rocks of No.1 coal seam. ..... 3-22
Table 3.14: The minimum, m, aximum and average concentrations of oxides
(wt%) and trace elements (ppm) in sandstone floor rocks of No.2 coal seam.. ... 3-28
Table 3.15: The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of oxides
(wt%) and trace elements (ppm) in No.4 coal seam.......................... 3-31
Table 3.16: The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of oxides
(wt%) and trace elements (ppm) in No.5 coal seam................ 3-32
Table 5-1: Average NPR (NP: AP) ratio and NNP for lithological units of the
Witbank Coalfield (open system)...... 5-10
Table 5-2: Average NPR (NP: AP) ratio and NNP for lithological units of the
Highveld Coalfield (open system). 5-12
Table A1-1: Major and trace element concentrations of reference materials
used for coal analyses............................................................................ A1-3
xii
Table A1-2: Analytical conditions for determining major element concentrations
for coal analyses.................................................................................... A1-4
Table A1-3: Analytical conditions for determining trace element concentrations
for coal analyses.................................................................................... A1-5
Table A1-4: Analytical conditions for determining major element concentrations
for rock analyses................................................................................... A1-6
Table A1-5: Analytical conditions for determining trace element concentrations
for rock analyses................................................................................... A1-7
Table A2-1: Coordinates for samples collected at Arnot Colliery.... A2-1
Table A2-2: Coordinates for samples collected at Arnot-North Colliery........... A2-2
Table A2-3: Coordinates for samples collected at Bank Colliery................... A2-2
Table A2-4: Coordinates for samples collected at Bankfontein Colliery....... A2-3
Table A2-5: Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole 1.............. A2-3
Table A2-6: Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole wedge 1. A2-3
Table A2-7: Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole wedge 2. A2-3
Table A2-8: Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole wedge 3............ A2-4
Table A2-9: Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole wedge 4............ A2-4
Table A2-10: Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole wedge 5 A2-4
Table A2-11: Coordinates for samples collected at Delmas Colliery........... A2-5
Table A2-12: Coordinates for samples collected at Douglas Colliery A2-5
Table A2-13: Coordinates for samples collected at Forzando Colliery A2-6
Table A2-14: Coordinates for samples collected at Greenside Colliery..... A2-6
Table A2-15: Coordinates for samples collected at Kleinkopje Colliery A2-7
Table A2-16: Coordinates for samples collected at Khutala Colliery.............. A2-7
Table A2-17: Coordinates for samples collected at Koornfontein Colliery A2-8
Table A2-18: Coordinates for samples collected at Kromdraai Colliery A2-8
Table A2-19: Coordinates for samples collected at Lakeside Colliery...... A2-9
Table A2-20: Coordinates for samples collected at Leeufontein Colliery...... A2-9
Table A2-21: Coordinates for samples collected at Middelburg Colliery.. A2-9
Table A2-22: Coordinates for samples collected at Optimum Colliery......... A2-10
Table A2-23: Coordinates for samples collected at Rietspruit Colliery A2-10
Table A2-24: Coordinates for samples collected at South Witbank Colliery.... A2-11
Table A2-25: Coordinates for samples collected at Tavistock Colliery............... A2-11
xiii
Table A2-26: Coordinates for samples collected at Union Colliery........... ..... .... A2-11
Table A2-27: Major element oxide concentrations for Arnot Colliery................. A2-12
Table A2-28: Major element oxide concentrations for Arnot-North Colliery A2-13
Table A2-29: Major element oxide concentrations for Bank Colliery A2-14
Table A2-30: Major element oxide concentrations for Bankfontein Colliery..... A2-15
Table A2-31: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole 1...... A2-15
Table A2-32: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole wedge 1....... A2-15
Table A2-33: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole wedge 2 A2-16
Table A2-34: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole wedge 3 A2-16
Table A2-35: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole wedge 4 A2-17
Table A2-36: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole wedge 5........... A2-17
Table A2-37: Major element oxide concentrations for Delmas Colliery.............. A2-18
Table A2-38: Major element oxide concentrations for Douglas Colliery............. A2-19
Table A2-39: Major element oxide concentrations for Forzando Colliery........ A2-20
Table A2-40: Major element oxide concentrations for Greenside Colliery.... A2-21
Table A2-41: Major element oxide concentrations for Kleinkopje Colliery A2-22
Table A2-42: Major element oxide concentrations for Khutala Colliery.............. A2-22
Table A2-43: Major element oxide concentrations for Koornfontein Colliery... A2-23
Table A2-44: Major element oxide concentrations for Kromdraai Colliery....... A2-24
Table A2-45: Major element oxide concentrations for Lakeside Colliery............ A2-24
Table A2-46: Major element oxide concentrations for Leeufontein Colliery..... A2-25
Table A2-47: Major element oxide concentrations for Middelburg Colliery.. A2-26
Table A2-48: Major element oxide concentrations for Optimum Colliery... A2-27
Table A2-49: Major element oxide concentrations for Rietspruit Colliery.... A2-27
Table A2-50: Major element oxide concentrations for South Witbank Colliery. A2-28
Table A2-51: Major element oxide concentrations for Tavistock Colliery..... A2-28
Table A2-52: Major element oxide concentrations for Union Colliery A2-29
Table A2-53: Trace element concentrations for Arnot Colliery............. A2-30
Table A2-54: Trace element concentrations for Arnot-North Colliery...... A2-31
Table A2-55: Trace element concentrations for Bank Colliery... A2-32
Table A2-56: Trace element concentrations for Bankfontein Colliery......... A2-33
Table A2-57: Trace element concentrations for Borehole 1.. A2-33
Table A2-58: Trace element concentrations for Borehole wedge 1... A2-33
xiv
Table A2-59: Trace element concentrations for Borehole wedge 2................... A2-34
Table A2-60: Trace element concentrations for Borehole wedge 3................... A2-34
Table A2-61: Trace element concentrations for Borehole wedge 4................... A2-35
Table A2-62: Trace element concentrations for Borehole wedge 5................... A2-35
Table A2-63: Trace element concentrations for Delmas Colliery................... A2-36
Table A2-64: Trace element concentrations for Douglas Colliery............... A2-37
Table A2-65: Trace element concentrations for Forzando Colliery A2-38
Table A2-66: Trace element concentrations for Greenside Colliery.... A2-39
Table A2-67: Trace element concentrations for Kleinkopje Colliery.................. A2-40
Table A2-68: Trace element concentrations for Khutala Colliery...................... A2-40
Table A2-69: Trace element concentrations for Koornfontein Colliery............... A2-41
Table A2-70: Trace element concentrations for Kromdraai Colliery.... A2-42
Table A2-71: Trace element concentrations for Lakeside Colliery............... A2-42
Table A2-72: Trace element concentrations for Leeufontein Colliery A2-43
Table A2-73: Trace element concentrations for Middelburg Colliery A2-44
Table A2-74: Trace element concentrations for Optimum Colliery......... A2-45
Table A2-75: Trace element concentrations for Rietspruit Colliery..... A2-45
Table A2-76: Trace element concentrations for South Witbank Colliery A2-46
Table A2-77: Trace element concentrations for Tavistock Colliery............ A2-46
Table A2-78: Trace element oxide concentrations for Union Colliery................ A2-47
Table A2-79: Mineral composition of samples for Arnot Colliery as determined
by normative calculation using SEDNORM A2-48
Table A2-80: Mineral composition of samples for Arnot-North Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-49
Table A2-81: Mineral composition of samples for Bank Colliery as determined
by normative calculation using SEDNORM A2-50
Table A2-82: Mineral composition of samples for Bankfontein Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM... A2-51
Table A2-83: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole 1 as determined by
normative calculation using SEDNORM......... A2-52
Table A2-84: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 1 as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-52
xv
Table A2-85: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 2 as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-53
Table A2-86: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 3 as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM.... A2-53
Table A2-87: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 4 as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM... A2-54
Table A2-88: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 5 as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM... A2-55
Table A2-89: Mineral composition of samples for Delmas Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-55
Table A2-90: Mineral composition of samples for Douglas Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-56
Table A2-91: Mineral composition of samples for Forzando Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM... A2-58
Table A2-92: Mineral composition of samples for Greenside Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM... A2-58
Table A2-93: Mineral composition of samples for Kleinkopje Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM... A2-60
Table A2-94: Mineral composition of samples for Khutala Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-60
Table A2-95: Mineral composition of samples for Koornfontein Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-61
Table A2-96: Mineral composition of samples for Kromdraai Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-62
Table A2-97: Mineral composition of samples for Lakeside Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-63
Table A2-98: Mineral composition of samples for Leeufontein Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-63
Table A2-99: Mineral composition of samples for Middelburg Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-64
Table A2-100: Mineral composition of samples for Optimum Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM................................. A2-65
xvi
Table A2-101: Mineral composition of samples for Rietspruit Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM.... A2-66
Table A2-102: Mineral composition of samples for South Witbank Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM... A2-67
Table A2-103: Mineral composition of samples for Tavistock Colliery as
determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM..... A2-67
Table A2-104: Mineral composition of samples for Union Colliery as determined
by normative calculation using SEDNORM A2-68
Table A2-105: Mineral composition of samples for Arnot Colliery as interpreted
from XRD scans.................................................................................... A2-69
Table A2-106: Mineral composition of samples for Arnot-North Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans.................................................. A2-70
Table A2-107: Mineral composition of samples for Bank Colliery as interpreted
from XRD scans........................... A2-71
Table A2-108: Mineral composition of samples for Bankfontein Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans...... A2-72
Table A2-109: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole 1 as interpreted
from XRD scans...... A2-72
Table A2-110: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 1 as
interpreted from XRD scans.... A2-72
Table A2-111: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 2 as
interpreted from XRD scans.... A2-73
Table A2-112: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 3 as
interpreted from XRD scans.. A2-73
Table A2-113: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 4 as
interpreted from XRD scans....... A2-74
Table A2-114: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 5 as
interpreted from XRD scans. A2-74
Table A2-115: Mineral composition of samples for Delmas Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans....... A2-75
Table A2-116: Mineral composition of samples for Douglas Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans........... A2-76
xvii
Table A2-117: Mineral composition of samples for Forzando Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans.................... A2-77
Table A2-118: Mineral composition of samples for Greenside Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans..................................................................... A2-78
Table A2-119: Mineral composition of samples for Kleinkopje Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans.... A2-79
Table A2-120: Mineral composition of samples for Khutala Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans..................................................................... A2-79
Table A2-121: Mineral composition of samples for Koornfontein Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans..................................................................... A2-80
Table A2-122: Mineral composition of samples for Kromdraai Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans....................... A2-81
Table A2-123: Mineral composition of samples for Lakeside Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans.......................... A2-81
Table A2-124: Mineral composition of samples for Leeufontein Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans........................ A2-81
Table A2-125: Mineral composition of samples for Middelburg Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans..................................................................... A2-83
Table A2-126: Mineral composition of samples for Optimum Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans..................................................................... A2-83
Table A2-127: Mineral composition of samples for Rietspruit Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans..................................................................... A2-84
Table A2-128: Mineral composition of samples for South Witbank Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans..................................................................... A2-85
Table A2-129: Mineral composition of samples for Tavistock Colliery as
interpreted from XRD scans..................................................................... A2-85
Table A2-130: Mineral composition of samples for Union Colliery as interpreted
from XRD scans.................................................................. A2-86
Table A3-1: Acid-base determinations for some coal and rock samples from the
Witbank Coalfield................................................................................... A3-2
Table A3-2: Average acid-base potential results for the different lithologies of
the Witbank Coalfield..... A3-4
xviii
Table A3-3: Acid-base determinations for some coal and rock samples from the
Highveld Coalfield.................................................................................. A3-4
Table A3-4: Average acid-base potential results for the different lithologies of
the Highveld Coalfield............................................................................. A3-4
xix
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
• ABA Acid-base Accounting
• AMD Acid Mine Drainage
• AP Acid Potential
• BOC Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
• EC Electrical Conductivity
• g/kg Grams per Kilogram
• LOl Loss on Ignition
• LTA Low-temperature Ashing
• mg/L Milligram per Litre
• mol S-1 Moles per Second
• mS/m Millisiemens per meter
• MO Megaohm
• NAG Net Acid Generating Test
• NNP Net Neutralising Potential
• NP Neutralising Potential
• NPR Neutralising Potential Ratio
• 0 Ohm
• TOS Total Dissolved Solids
• TOC Total Organic Carbon
• TSS Total Suspended Solids
• XRD X-ray Diffraction
• XRF X-ray Fluorescence
xx
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
The combustion of organic material in coal by power stations is probably one of the
main activities by which the coal mining and manufacturing industry produces
pollutants. These pollutants affect different areas in our environment. Underground
and opencast mining activities take place together with excessive use of water. After
being extracted the coal is then processed to form synthetic fuels, gases, and
numerous by-products which prove to make human existence simpler.
Yet the sacrifice we make in order to reach this stage of supremacy over what is at
our disposal, is not always justifiable. If one considers the repercussions of activities
such as mining, the deleterious effects are wide-spread.
The mining of coal exposes this resource to ideal conditions for unfavourable
reactions to take place. Acid mine drainage (AMD) conditions are primarily caused
by the oxidation of the sulphide minerals. However, in coal mines, the minerals
pyrite (FeS2) and marcasite (FeS2) are largely responsible for an AMD problem. The
use of water during coal mining provides a suitable medium and supplies sufficient
oxygen for pyrite oxidation to occur. The rate of oxidation is dependant on
temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, chemical composition of the pore water and
microbial population (Azzie, 1999). Waters affected by these reactions are often
strongly acidic, and often accumulate in underground workings and aquifers.
However, attaining these conditions is more complex than just the oxidation of
sulphide minerals. Various reactions between many other mineral phases give rise to
a complex combination of constituents with numerous adverse effects on the
surrounding environment. It is this interaction between minerals and the immediate
environment, especially the surrounding groundwater, which creates the real
problem associated with coal mining.
1-1
In order to specify the cause and find a solution to this problem it is necessary to
investigate, firstly, exactly what is being dealt with in terms of the nature of coal (i.e.
minerals, macerals, fixed carbon, moisture, etc.) and secondly, attempt to quantify
the extent to which interaction has taken place or could take place between the coal
and the environment.
Thus, the objective of this study is to provide a basic mineralogical database for
coals in the Witbank and Highveld coal fields, and to investigate the potential of
these rocks to produce acidic or alkaline conditions. The investigation aims at
constructing a practical representation of the distribution of minerals. Thus,
predicting future AMD occurrences might be possible.
Although most of the mines in the region has been active for the last century
(Snyman, 1998; Smith and Whittaker, 1986a), only recently has the problem of acid
mine drainage been addressed. Certain areas in the Witbank and Highveld coal
fields are characterised by lush, green surfaces covering previously exploited
underground operations, which could and often do collapse at any instance, while
voids in these workings often contain acidic water.
However, most mining companies today have made a concerted effort to ensure that
similar situations do not arise in future once mining has ceased. Therefore, to be
able to proceed with mining and rehabilitation in such way to ensure that the same
scenario does not occur, the results from an investigation such as this would be
exceptionally useful.
1.2 Location of the study area
The Witbank coal field is situated east of Johannesburg. The southern boundary of
the coal field is considered to extend from approximately 5 km south of Delmas
Colliery in an east-northeast direction to about 5 km south of South Witbank Colliery.
From this point eastwards, for about 60 km, a natural boundary is formed by a series
of inliers of Rooiberg Group felsite, known as the Smithfield ridge.
1-2
Figure 1.1 - The distribution of the coal fields in the five relevant provinces (H - Highveld coalfield, W
- Witbank coalfield)
to Groblersdal
...- -_ -- Komatipoort.
JJ ( to Ver9ne
to Pr9tooa ~~hOrs 25
_..... spruit
SWAZILAND
_ Ogiesdyke
•••••••• Boundary between
coal fields
! -- RoadsStanderton •••••••". .._ •..... Major railways (schematic)
N x 52 o 10 20 30 kmMAJUBA to Wakkerstroom
Figure 1.2 - Collieries in Mpumalanga as well as southern boundary between Witbank and Highveld
coal fields, and eastern boundary of Highveld coal field (after Snyman, 1998)
1-3
The Highveld Coalfield is situated south of the Witbank Coalfield. Its eastern
boundary is formed by a straight line through Hendrina, Davel and Morgenzon
(Snyman, 1998) (Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2).
1.3 Geology and tectonic setting
After the Pan-African tectonothermal event which brought about the assembly of
Gondwana, the southern edge of this super-continent experienced a prolonged
period of sedimentation. The Cape Supergroup was deposited from the Ordovician
to the upper Devonian as beach, deltaic and shallow marine clastic sediments on a
broad, relatively stable platform. The Cape Fold Belt was part of the more extensive
Pan Gondwanian Mobile Belt generated through compression, collision and terrain
accretion along the southern margin of Gondwana. The associated foreland basin
fragmented as a result of Gondwana break-up, and is preserved today in South
America (Parana Basin), southern Africa (Karoo Basin), Antarctica (Beacon Basin)
and Australia (Bowen Basin) (Catuneanu et aI., 199B).
The Karoo Basin is a retroarc foreland basin developed in the front of the Cape Fold
Belt, in relationship to the Late Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic subduction episode of the
palaeo-Pacific plate underneath the Gondwana plate. The maximum megasequence
of the Karoo sedimentary succession exceeds 6km and reflects changing
environments from glacial to deep marine, deltaic, fluvial and aeolian (Catuneanu et
aI., 1998).
A period of glacial sedimentation during the Permian-Carboniferous marks the
beginning of numerous phases giving rise to the formation of the Karoo Supergroup
in which most of the coal deposits of southern Africa are deposited (Thomas et aI.,
1993). Diamictites and associated fluvio-glacial sediments of the Dwyka Group were
deposited by both grounded and floating ice (Catuneanu et aI., 1998). After
glaciation a shallow sea remained, fed by large volumes of meltwater (Smith et aI.,
1993). Black clays and muds accumulated on the submerged platform under cold
climatic conditions to form the Lower Ecca Group, while deltas prograded and
eventually combined to form broad alluvial plains constituting the Upper Ecca Group.
1-4
The distribution and the thickness of the lower seams are controlled mainly by
glacial, pre-Karoo valleys and pre-Karoo topographic highs, while the upper seams
were controlled by the basinward extent of delta progradation and by pre-Karoo
topographical highs around the basin margin (Smith and Whittaker, 1986a).
Towards the end of the Upper Permian (Figure 1.3) the deposits of the Beaufort
Group formed on semi-arid alluvial plains mainly as a result of floodplain
aggradation. With increased aridification debris fans prograded into the central parts
of the basin (Molteno Formation) and these fans were later drained by meandering
belts (Elliot Formation). The periodic floods together with aeolian sand dune deposits
were preserved as the Clarens Formation which marks the end of Karoo
sedimentation. The wide range of structural and sedimentary settings, together with
various ages, climates, and plant communities are the reasons for the difference in
organic and inorganic material and the degree of maturity or rank of the coals of the
region (Falcon, 1986). This will be discussed in further detail in the next section.
SUPERGROUP AGE (Ma) GROUP FORMATION
140 Drakensberg
Jurassic
195 Drakensberg Clarens
225 Triassic Elliot
0
0 230 Upper Permian Beaufort Adelaide Subgroupcr:
;2 Volksrust
Middle Permian Ecca Vryheid
260 Pietermaritzbu rg
300 Lower Permian Dwyka
Figure 1.3 - Lithostratigraphic nomenclature for the Karoo Supergroup (after Azzie, 2002)
1-5
Geology of the study area
GEOLOGICAL LEGEND- g- =
~ Q.
~ E
.~~J~:Ii~:DEcca Group g ~
D Dwyk. Group ~ §
D Diabase; dyke il
.Waterberg Supergroup ~
_ lobowa Granito Suito L___ ~
~ Rustonburg layered Sults] _ CO g-
t=:I Rooiborg Group } !!
• Dullstroom Fm., Pretoria Group ~
D Houtonbok Fm., Protoria Group g-
DSliverton Fm., Pretoria Group ~
_ Daspoort Fm., Pretoria Group ~
D Malmani Fm., Chunlespoort Group ~
_ Ventersdorp Supergroup ~
D Witwatersrand Supergroup
_Vaaldam
5~0 ~-0-~~50~~~10-0 Kilom-eters --~s
*Geologk.llegend Keonling to the Geologic .. m.p of the Republic of SOfAhArrie•• nd the
Kingdom. or Le.otho and Swaziland,1nl
Figure 1.4 - Geological map of the study area
The regional geology of the study area is illustrated in Figure 1.4. The area is
characterised by numerous post-Karoo age dolerite sills and dykes, while rocks of
the Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group covers most of the surface area. Five
separate bituminous coal seams are preserved in the Vryheid Formation
(Cairneross, 2001), and were deposited under cool, wet climatic conditions. To the
north the Transvaal Supergroup and the Ventersdorp Supergroup can be observed,
as well as several tillite and diamictite of the Dwyka Group outcrops (Figure 1.4).
1-6
1.3.1 The Witbank Coalfield
The Witbank coalfield, also previously known as the Springs-Witbank Coalfield, is
currently the most important coalfield in the country, and extends over a distance of
some 180km from Brakpan and Springs areas in the west, to Belfast in the east and
about 40km in a north-south direction. The mines in this coalfield are situated
primarily within the Olifants River Catchment (Figure 1.5) (Smith and Whittaker,
1986b).
-2830000+---------'--
BELFAST
MIDDELBURG
~t..WITBANK .,_ t
-2860000 Komati Catchment
WI .....
t '. .
•>
.0- .., t LEGEND
I .6Seam
-2890000 .4Seam
HENORINA ,,' .2Seam
iIl'l.Ji.. .1SeamOlifants ~Catchment I Catchments
~i - Rivers
-Roads
-2920000 BETHAL
/,~""'"
ERMELO
-2950000 Vaal Catchment <
OrooldrMl "....,
0- ~
-----~~~~ -~". -~r----
90000 120000
Figure 1.5 - Locality map of same opencast and underground mines in the Witbank and Highveld
Coalfields
1-7
1.3.1.1 Origin and stratigraphy
The strata of the Vryheid Formation and the Dwyka Group of the Karoo Supergroup
in the study area consist primarily of sandstone, carbonaceous shale, siltstone,
minor conglomerate and several coal seams (Cairneross, 2001). Stratigraphic
columns from different parts of the coalfield are illustrated in Figure 1.6. This wide
range of sedimentary and structural settings within which the coal seams were
deposited, combined with the range in age, climate and plant communities give rise
to the numerous differences in terms of organic and inorganic matter and the degree
of maturity of the coal seams (Falcon, 1986).
<D VISCHKUIL @ ® @ ® cr> ® ® (@)
SPRINGS COLLIERY LESLIE OGIES LANDAU 3 SPRINGBOK GOEDEHOOP BANK ARNOT BELFAST
AREA AREA AREA AREA COLLIERY COWERY AREA COLLIERY COLLIERY AREA
bj Sooi
PO !IilllCIay
IT
ft.j ~ ShaIe.grey to block20
:..:,. ~Sholecndsondslone intetbe<lded
,""r-
~",:.'.
..:"»~.;~ B SiltStone With bi::ltutah:n
1lO
~t· ruScrdstono .rine-l1'Iined to gritty
<0 _ Cool with seam number
~ CorqIomarote - reworked d5órnKhtt
00
. ~ ()wyke ~miclit.
60 ~OoI.rit e, posI-Koroo
i
~ Pre-Koroc -.t
1'0 -- ...,...
roo
00
90 Middle
...,...
100
110
120
Figure 1.6 - Stratigraphic columns for different parts of the Witbank Coalfield (Smith and Whittaker,
1986b)
The sediments of the Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group of the Karoo Supergroup
were deposited on an undulating floor which influenced the distribution and thickness
of the sedimentary successions as well as the quality of coal seams. Although post-
1-8
Karoo erosion has removed substantial volumes of sediments a maximum of 180m
of Karoo Supergroup strata has been preserved. Several major glacial valleys are
preserved in the area in which Dwyka Group sediments are the thickest. Numerous
ridges, mainly of pre-Karoo igneous rocks are present of which the Smithfield Ridge
forms the southern boundary of the coalfield. Five coal seams are contained within a
70m succession and parting thickness between the seams is constant across the
field (Smith and Whittaker, 1986b).
1.3.1 .2 Description of coal seams
Four of the five seams in the coalfield are developed over a strike length of
approximately 180km. The NO.2 seam is economically the most important, but Nos.
5, 4 and 1 seams are mined in areas where locally the coal quality is high and the
thickness is suitable for mining purposes. The least economically important seam,
NO.1 seam, is better developed in the northern and eastern part of the field where it
is approximately 1.5 to 2m thick. It consists mainly of lustrous to dull coal with local
shale and sandstone parting and a competent sandstone or grit roof, especially in
the Arnot area (Snyman, 1998).
The No. 2 seam constitutes approximately 69% of the resources of the Highveld
Coalfield. An average natural thickness of 6.5m is found in the central part and
increases to about 8.5m in the south-west where the upper part is shaly and not
economic. In the east it is about 3m thick. A consistent sandstone parting separates
the seams into a NO.2 and NO.2 Upper seam. Mining conditions are generally
favourable where sandstone constitutes the roof. There are areas where shale is
present in the roof (Smith and Whittaker, 1986b). The No. 3 coal seam is
discontinuous throughout the coalfield and not of economic importance.
In addition to the NO.4 seam (or 4 Lower), this coal zone generally contains a NO.4
Upper and a No. 4A seams (Figure 1.6) both of which are too thin to be economically
exploitable. The main NO.4 seam consists of dull to dull lustrous coal with a natural
thickness varying between 2.5m in the central part of the field to 6.5m elsewhere.
The roof of the No. 4 Lower seam comprises shale which presents poor stability
1-9
conditions. The No. S seam, which is approximately 1.8m thick in most areas,
consists mainly of bright coal with thin shale partings and a weak laminated
sandstone roof. The seam has been eroded and it's distribution is controlled mainly
by present-day topography (Snyman, 1998).
1.3.1.3 Structure
The distribution of the seams is controlled by the pre-Karoo topography, but the
seams are mainly flat and dip only slightly in a southerly direction. Steeper dips are
encountered in the lower seams while seams Nos. 4 and S have a rather regular
disposition. The NO.4 seam is also greatly influenced by the erosional effects of the
overlying sandstone. The strata of the Karoo are generally undeformed with
abundant small faults (Smith and Whittaker, 1986b).
Dolerite dykes and sills affected most of the areas of the coalfield. Large sections of
the coal seams have been devolatilised and are rendered useless for mining
purposes. North, north-east and east trends are noticed in the case of the dykes
while the most prominent dyke, the Ogies Dyke strikes west-east for approximately
100km. To the north of the Ogies Dyke smaller dykes are less common than in the
south and vary considerably in thickness from O.Sm to 1m in the north to Sm thick in
the south (Smith and Whittaker, 1986b).
The extent to which areas of coal seams in 'the immediate vicinity of such intrusions
are burnt or devolatilised depends not only on the thickness of the intrusion, but the
temperature, period of molten flow and attitude of the intrusion, and the intrusions
are classified into porphyritic and non-porphyritic groups. The amount of
displacement caused by dolerite sills is equivalent to the thickness of the sill.
However, the associated devolatilisation presents a more serious problem to mining
and coal resources estimation (Smith and Whittaker, 1986b).
1-10
1.3.2 The Highveld Coalfield
The Highveld Coalfield covers an area of approximately 7000km2 and extends over a
distance of some 95km from Nigel and Greylingstad in the west to Davel in the east,
and 90km in a north-south direction (Jordaan, 1986). As seen from the distribution of
mines in Figure 1.5, the coalfield is situated in Vaal River Catchment area.
1.3.2.1 Origin and stratigraphy
Similar to the sedimentation in the Witbank coalfield, the rocks of the Karoo
Supergroup in the Highveld coalfield were deposited on undulating pre-Karoo
surfaces. However, post-Karoo erosion removed large volumes of coal along the
northern margin of the field. Glacial diamictite, siltstone and mudstone deposits are
overlain by clastic sediments and coal measures. The sediments were deposited in
fluvio-deltaic environments while the coal accumulated as peat in swamps and
marshes (Jordaan, 1986).
I 2 3 4 6
LESLIE KRIEL ELDERS VAL NEW DENMARK
AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA GSotI
(Ms"" ..
f!J Stde and IOtIdstonct jnlet"'bedded
~ Silt,tOM with worm burrows
CJ Sondttone, fine-QfOi..-.d to gritty
100 ~ Coot with Mom "umber
ol:::3 0.)'110 tillit.Ool,ritl, post-Karoo
'!lO ~ Pr. -xeree rock,
2!1O
Figure 1.7 - Stratigraphic columns for different parts of the Highveld Coalfield (Jordaan, 1986)
1-11
Three phases of sedimentation took place, the first delta-dominated phase giving
rise to upward coarsening cycles of dark grey, micaceous siltstone, fine-grained
sandstone with abundant carbonaceous material, and coarse-grained sandstone,
while widespread bioturbation is found in these rocks. The fluvially dominated coal-
bearing horizon is about 75m thick in which five coal seams have been recognized in
the northern and western parts, but the lower two seams are absent in the southern
and eastern parts. Above Nos. 4 and 5 coal seams glauconitic sandstones are
indicative of marine transgression periods. Micaceous shale, siltstone and sandstone
of the upper deltaic succession overlie the coal measure (Jordaan, 1986).
1.3.2.2 Description of coal seams
As seen from Figure 1.7, there are five seams developed in the coalfield, namely,
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The NO.4 seam is further subdivided into Nos. 4 Upper, 4A
and 4 coal seams. Nos. 2, 4, 4 Upper and 5 seams are economically important. The
Nos. 1, 3 and 4A coal seams are thin and discontinuous. The thickness of NO.2 coal
seam varies from 1.5 to 4m, but can reach 8m in the west and north-east. Irregularly
distributed shale partings are present in the seam, and due to the variability of the
coal, only the upper 2 to 3m, or the basal 2 to 3m forms the mineable horizon. It
consists of bituminous coal with roof rocks ranging from fine-grained sandstone,
intercalated sandstone, siltstone and shale (Jordaan, 1986).
The No. 4 seam consists mainly of dull coal with shale intercalations in the upper
part of the seam. It's thickness varies from 1 to 12m but averages 4m (Snyman,
1998). The roof is variable and consists of grit, coarse- to fine-grained sandstone,
intercalated sandstone and siltstone or shale, while the generally competent floor
consists of sandstone and siltstone. The No.4 Upper seam comprises low grade
bituminous coal and can only be mined where the in-seam parting is thick enough to
provide competent roof conditions. It is characterised by a strong, coarse-grained
sandstone floor and a weak interlaminated sandstone and siltstone roof (Jordaan,
1986).
1-12
The NO.5 coal seam consists mainly of bright coal. It is present across the majority
of the coalfield but only reaches a mineable thickness in the northern and western
parts (Snyman, 1998). The natural thickness varies between 1 and 2m. The roof of
the NO.5 seam comprises a fine-grained sandstone and siltstone (Jordaan, 1986).
1.3.2.3 Structure
The seams are generally flat, but the intrusion of dolerite sills caused significant
displacement in the strata. Dolerite dykes and sills, which might be of the same age
as the Drakensberg Formation, are present mainly along north-south, north-east and
north-west trends. The dykes had a destructive effect on the coal seams in most
areas of the coalfield and devolatilised zones range from 1 to 30m. The sills are
present over large parts of the coalfield, but considerable portions of these sills has
been removed due to post-Karoo erosion. These sills are porphyritic and non-
porphyritic in character (Jordaan, 1986).
1.4 Palaeo-climate and vegetation
The most important factors influencing the formation of coal in the early stages of
plant accumulation and degradation are (i) tectonic control and sedimentary
environments, (ii) plant communities, (iii) prevailing climatic conditions, and, (vi)
conditions such as water level, Eh and pH, and salinity. This section will therefore
briefly discuss the vegetation and climatic conditions present during the formation of
the above-mentioned coal seams.
Cold to cool temperate conditions where present during the existence of the Permian
swamps of the basins of Gondwana. The coal-bearing successions accumulated on
relatively stable continental depressions in the form of different types of basins, the
Karoo retroarc foreland basin being one of them. Different plant species contribute
different forms of decaying humic matter which will therefore influence the product of
accumulation and degradation. So too does changes in climate provide different
temperatures, humidity, and rainfall which affects the rate and type of decay of the
plant matter (Falcon, 1986).
1-13
Major floral and climatic changes brought about by continental drift may have
effected the migration of vegetational belts, which is especially evident during Karoo
sedimentation. The most significant feature with regard to climate changes during
Karoo times is the early Dwyka glaciation. With this phase drawing to a close, rapid
glacial advances and retreats from local ice cap centres took place, and the
continent passed through numerous distinct vegetational phases starting during Late
Carboniferous and Early Permian times. Climatic changes vary from Permian-
Carboniferous arctic to subarctic, cold temperate to temperate, and finally into hot,
arid desert conditions during Triassic times and finally during Jurassic times, ending
in volcanism.
The earliest pre-Karoo floras have been described to occur during the Lower-
Carboniferous age, which was followed by Dwyka glaciation. At the end of the
Dwyka new plant assemblages began to flourish, and mixed Glossopteris-
Gangamopteris flora was resident in the swamps of the Mid-Ecca Group. The Upper
Ecca and Beaufort Group was characterised by Glossopteris with swampy flats and
abundant reed-like horsetails. The Molteno sediments of the Upper Triassic yielded
fern-like flora called Dicroidium which died out during the deposition of the semi-arid
Clarens Formation towards the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic (Falcon, 1986; Smith, et
aI., 1993).
1.5 Topography
The topography of the study area is characterised by gently undulating surfaces, as
seen from the topographic map in Figure 1.8, with several local streams, larger rivers
and pans shaping the landscape. Average surface elevations are around
1540mamsl, but sandstone plateaus such as those in the north reaches 1600 mamsl
(Azzie, 1999).
1-14
;tJ
I\ulllali (U"'IIIJ!';.1
," .. II 2Q2S
~ :_:_r;"~~, 12000
- 1,875v. L_\ t.r-'"~' ;-.
,I ..... " I .::~
r180017SO1700"SO.1600.55-0.500
r:..:30025:0
....... 0 -", .200
"1
\ I1SO'''2000 1100
\ aal Ctl~l'IlIl1enl ..i.,.....,.r - ~~ ~~
~~ - I
~ 0 J
·2872000 '-- __ --'--_ _J
,2S000 sooo 3SOOO 6SOOO esooo 12SOOO ."""'"
Figure 1.8 - Surface contours of the Mpumalanga Coalfields
1.6 Groundwater and drainage systems
Three catchment areas, namely the Komati Catchment, the Olifants Catchment, and
the Vaal Catchment situated in the north-eastern, central and south-western parts of
the coalfields serves as the main drainage systems. Surface water quality of the
Loskop Dam, Witbank Dam, Middelburg Dam, Nooitgedacht Dam, the Grootdraai
Dam and other smaller rivers (Figure 1.9) and streams can be obtained in
Grobbelaar (2001). The Olifants River and Steenkoolspruit are the major drainage
valleys in the Witbank Dam catchment, while the Klein Olifants River is the primary
drainage valley in the Middelburg Dam catchment (Chelin, 2000).
1-15
..I ..:lDEUlU"Q,wrraANK .~.o->~.=
I '7~ -j -
·2090000
I'
Olifants Catchment
·moooo
L
ERMelO
·2050000 \ aal Catchment (
I
.,..ooooL _ (~t.:f~--v- I
·30000 :tOOOO 0<>000 00000 '20000 "0000
Figure 1.9 - Drainage map of the Mpumalanga Coalfields
According to Azzie (1999) and Grobbelaar (2001) two groundwater systems are
present, namely, the weathered and unweathered Ecca Group\Vryheid Formation
aquifers. The first lies between depths of 5 and 12m below surface and occurs at the
interface of soil and bedrock. Rainfall infiltrating into the weathered rock reaches
impermeable layers of sediments below the weathered zone. Groundwater flow
patterns usually follow the topography. The aquifer within the weathered zone is
generally low-yielded (range 100 - 2000 Uhour) because of it's insignificant
thickness (Hodgson and Krantz, 1998).
The lower system occurring in the unweathered Vryheid Formation consists of
sandstones, siltstones, shales and coal. Groundwater within these sediments will be
contained within fractures, joints and bedding planes. The Ogies Dyke is
impermeable over much of it's length and thus compartmentalizes the groundwater.
The coal seams have the highest hydraulic conductivity of all lithological units in the
Ecca Group (Grobbelaar, 2001).
The depth of the water table is between 1 and 8m below surface, and water levels
have been recorded to be within 5 to 15m of the ground surface. Pre-Karoo aquifers
1-16
are not tapped often due to their great depths and low-yielding character
(Grobbelaar, 2001).
1-17
CHAPTER 2
PREVIOUS WORK
2.1 Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Ecca Group
Various factors affect the major and trace element distributions in sedimentary rocks.
These would include variables such as source rock compositions, intensity of
weathering, sedimentation rates, depositional environments, and diagenesis.
Depending on the depositional history and the above-mentioned factors, different
mineral assemblages are observed in different lithologies.
The Ecca Group becomes more shaly in a southerly direction and is composed
almost entirely of shale south of a line through Bloemfontein and Harding. The
Vryheid Formation can be divided into several cycles of sedimentation in which a
succession of depositional environments can be recognized (Van Vuuren and Cole,
1979). Coarse, fluviodeltaic sandstones make up the proximal facies of this gently
subsiding shelf platform, and wedges out into siltstone and mudstone facies
(Pietermaritzburg and Volksrust Formations) in the south (Snyman, 1998). The
formation is composed mainly of coarse-grained arkose, conglomerate, micaceous
siltstone, carbonaceous shale, coal seams and thin layers of limestone (Stratten,
1986).
Although numerous references are available with regard to the structural,
environmental and depositional conditions of the Karoo Basin, limited literature is
available on the mineralogy and geochemistry of these sediments. Furthermore,
increasing interest in the latter fields has not been prominent. The section of this
study concerning the chemical investigation of the coal-bearing successions in the
Karoo Supergroup is therefore a generous contribution to the knowledge on the
topic.
Previous work in this regard involved a brief petrological study on the coal-bearing
strata of the Ecca sediments by BLihmann and BLihmann (1988) as part of a
research project. Coal and rock samples were collected from core drilled in the
2 -1
Witbank Coalfield, Eastern Transvaal Coalfield and Vryheid Coalfield and analysed
by means of X-ray diffraction in order to evaluate minerlogical variables as indicators
of fluctuating palaeoenvironment conditions during the formation of the coal deposits.
Clay assemblages dominate the mineralogical components of samples amongst the
coals, and are even more abundant amongst the sediments in most cases. These
assemblages display variations from kaolinite-free to kaolinite-dominated with
subordinate mica and chlorite as well as minor traces of illite\smectite
interstratification in the Witbank Coalfield. A similar distribution pattern is displayed in
the Eastern Transvaal Coalfield, however, chlorite dominance in certain sections of
the sequence is commonly associated with the carbonate minerals, and the
illite\smectite interstratification contains up to 80% illite in some cases. The clay
fraction in the Vryheid Coalfield is dominated by chlorite and mica with a low amount
of illite\smectite interstratification (Buhrnann and Buhrnann, 1988).
The relationship between clay and non-clay fractions was examined in terms of the
presence and absence of kaolinite. K-feldspar is more abundant in kaolinite
dominant samples while plagioclase proportions are higher in kaolinite-free samples.
Siderite is more prevalent in kaolinitic samples. Apatite is associated with 2:1 layer
silicates which are indicative of marine environments while crandallite is restricted to
kaolinite dominant samples.
There is no direct association between pyrite and any clay minerals; however the
presence of pyrite does suggest marine influence or a reducing environment. Mica
and chlorite are both regarded as detrital components which were formed under
conditions of low chemical weathering resulting in the absence of kaolinite where a
marine water environment was present. The presence of freshwater aids the
transformation of illite, chlorite and smectite to kaolinite (Buhrnann and Buhmann,
1988). As shown by Buhrnann and Buhrnann the use of prevailing mineral
assemblages could serve as a dependable indicator as to what depositional
conditions were.
2 -2
Another study that provides reasonable information on the mineralogy and
geochemistry of the Karoo sediments was conducted by Azzie (2002) using both
XRF and XRD techniques. It was found that the sediments consist predominantly of
the two oxides Si02 and A1203. The sandstones (including the glauconitic layers)
have between 41 and 87 wt% Si02, while the shales and siltstones have between 27
and 61 wt% Si02. AI203 was highest in the siltstones and shales (9 - 23 wt%)
followed by the sandstones (5 - 24 wt%). Fe203, CaO, MgO, Na20 and K20 are
present in smaller concentrations than Si02 and A1203,while P205, MnO and Cl were
barely present in any of the rocks. From XRD interpretations Azzie deduced that
kaolinite and quartz are the main mineral constituents in all rock samples, while
feldspars occur in major to minor proportions. Illite and siderite were present in major
to minor amounts while pyrite, calcite and dolomite were present in minor to trace
proportions in the shales and siltstones.
A comparison of available data on the Karoo coal-bearing successions with other
coal-bearing successions in Australia and U. S. A. show that the sandstones, shales
and siltstones in the Karoo Supergroup are reasonably similar in composition to
those in other countries, despite differences in age and depositional environment.
Documented information on the geochemistry of coal-bearing strata is published by
Nicholls (1968), and Styan and Bustin (1984), and includes a range of varying
conditions under which coal-bearing strata have been deposited. However, extensive
mineralogical information on the Karoo strata is still necessary and substantial
information could be provided in this study.
2.2 Review of mineral matter in coal
Extensive research studies and projects have been conducted on coal universally,
and even more so on the complexity of it's constituents. Such detailed studies on the
mineralogy and geochemistry of coal have been carried out in abundance in
countries such as Australia, Canada, India, Pakistan and USA, amongst others.
However, the same is not true for the numerous deposits located in South Africa. On
very few occasions has coal mineralogy and geochemistry been investigated in
further detail by well known researchers in the field. Thus, aspects characterising
2 -3
coal minerals in other deposits of different age, depositional environment and source
areas has relevance to understanding minerals in South African coal deposits.
Although much is gained from petrographical or chemical studies of the organic
constituents, the mineral matter in coal also provides information on the depositional
conditions and geological history of the coal-bearing sequences and individual coal
beds (Ward, 2002).
The composition of can could be divided into organic constituents, inorganic
constituents, and fluid constituents in the organic and inorganic matter. Non-
crystalline organic matter consists of lithotypes and macerals, and amorphous
phases, while crystalline organic matter such as the hartite-evenkite group is also
present. Crystalline or mineral inorganic matter comprises of crystals, grains and
aggregates of different minerals, and, metamict and gel minerals. Volcanic and
cosmic materials would form part of the amorphous or non-crystalline inorganic
matter. Liquid and gas phases occur in minerals together with fluid inclusions to form
the fluid constituents of coal (Vassilev and Vassileva, 1996).
The crystalline inorganic matter occurring in coal may form as a result of a range of
different processes. These include input of sediment into the original peat-forming
environment by epiclastic and pyroclastic processes, accumulation of skeletal
particles and other biogenic components within the peat deposit, and precipitation of
material in the peat swamp or in the pores of the peat bed. The minerals are often
visible in hand specimen, and can frequently be observed during examination of drili-
cores, outcrops or mine exposures.
Such megascopic occurrence include thick bands or lenticles of clay-rich or pyritic
material, rounded pellets or nodules of mineral matter and dispersed crystals of
mineral matter within the coal, as well as minerals that forms coatings on, or infillings
in, cleats and other fractures. Microscopic data reveal that many of the minerals in
coal occur in a very intimate association with organic constituents. Minerals may
therefore also occur as isolated euhedral crystals, as broken, presumably detrital
fragments, as microscopic nodules, or in some cases as sub-microscopic crystalline
2 -4
aggregates or framboids. Many minerals, however, occur as petrifactions,
representing infillings of cell cavities in the individual coal macerals (Ward, 1986).
Various coal samples contain similar assemblages of major and minor minerals.
There is, however, comprehensible distinctions concerning modes of occurrence and
the genesis of these minerals. So too is the understanding of certain terms such as
epigenetic and syngenetic of the utmost importance. Syngenetic minerals in this
case would refer to minerals that have formed contemporaneously with, and by
essentially the same processes as the enclosing sediment. Epigenetic minerals
occur after the deposition of the sediment. In understanding the genesis of minerals
in coal the terms detrital and authigenic are also significant. Detrital minerals results
from the mechanical disintegration of the parent rock and commonly occurs as a
result of syngenetic processes forming sedimentary rocks, while authigenic minerals
are formed or generated in place and have not been transported. These minerals
therefore commonly occur due to epigenetic processes that may take place after
deposition (Bates and Jackson, 1980).
Although the amount of inorganic matter varies considerably, the major minerals in
the crystalline matter of coal are normally quartz, kaolinite, illite, calcite, pyrite,
plagioclase, K-feldspar, and occasionally gypsum, Fe-oxyhydroxides, sulphates,
dolomite, ankerite and siderite. These minerals will be discussed with regard to their
abundance and mode of occurrence in coalfields across the world and in South
Africa.
2.2.1 Quartz
Quartz is the most common mineral in coal and is both detrital and authigenic in
origin. It is found as pore infillings in the organic matter in coal, a mode of occurrence
that clearly indicates it's authigenic origin. Epigenetic quartz is massive or is present
as bipyramidal crystals (Vassilev and Vassileva, 1996). Such crystals might have a
volcanic origin or could have been precipitated authigenically. Occurrences where
quartz has filled the cells of plant tissues at the early stage of development have
been observed; however, according to Ward (2002) the origin of this silica is
2 -5
uncertain. However, a large proportion of silica in modern-day peats is of biogenic
origin (Ward, 1986).
The introduction of silica by hydrothermal solutions results in the quartz filling cracks,
forming lenses and encrusting coal fragments. It may constitute up to half of the
mineral matter in Australian coals (Ward, 1986), but makes up only 10% of the
oxidation residues. This percentage may vary considerably depending on the
depositional setting. Coals from the Gunnedah Basin in New South Wales, Australia
contain relatively low amounts of quartz of detrital origin as observed by Ward et al.
(1999). Similarly, Ward et al. (2001b) also noticed that quartz formed a major part of
the mineral matter of coal seams in the Gloucester Basin with significantly elevated
amounts (>40%) of this mineral in the lower seams of the basin, which in this case
may represent contamination of the original peat by quartz-rich tuffaceous sediment.
Electronic low-temperature (oxygen-plasma) ashing of some reference materials
from the North American Argonne Premium coal series showed that quartz made up
approximately 7 to 20% of the LTA residues. However, the mineral was more
abundant in ash prepared at 370°C (Ward et a/., 2001a). Thus, the significance of
this detrital and/or authigenic mineral is apparent, despite the difference in age and
depositional environment between northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere
coals. Furthermore, numerous authors such as Mackowsky (1968), Bouska (1981)
and Ward (1984) have observed and confirmed the presence and modes of
occurrence of quartz in coal.
2.2.2 Clay minerals, feldspars and micas
Clay minerals present in coal are mainly kaolinite, subordinate illite and minor
amounts of montmorillonite. In most cases, kaolinite makes up almost all the mineral
matter along with quartz. It may occur in the pores and cell cavities of the coal
macerals or as layers, lenses and lenticles. Authigenic kaolinite is a result of
diagenetic alteration of illite, montmorillonite, feldspars, muscovite, other alumino-
silicates, and pyroclastic glasses. Some clay minerals which occur as vein lets or
crusts and fine films on slicken-side surfaces in coal, may have an epigenetic origin.
2 -6
There are various theories concerning the origin of kaolinite as suggested by Ward
(1986). Occurrences where kaolinite has been sourced from volcanic material input
to the original peat deposit has been observed (Ward, 2002), however, AI203 is
soluble under low pH conditions and can thus be leached from any detrital mineral
material and transported to areas with higher pH where it is authigenically
precipitated (Vassilev and Vassileva, 1996). This precipitation leads to the formation
of various minerals such as bauxite-group minerals, depending on the precipitation
conditions. The occurrence of quartz and kaolinite as the dominant mineral matter in
coals is not uncommon. In some high rank coals the concentrations of illite, mica and
chlorite can be higher than kaolinite probably as a result of decomposition of some
pre-existing minerals (Vassilev and Vassileva, 1996).
Although more commonly associated with the non-coal strata, illite is often
completely absent as a discrete mineral constituent in coal samples (Ward, 1986).
Not only the partings in coal, but also the overlying and underlying shales, contain
more illite than kaolinite (Mackowsky, 1968). It occurs frequently in the form of
mixed-layer or interstratified clay minerals. It's low concentration may simply reflect a
low proportion of detrital input to the peat swamp, or indicate that the mineral in it's
pure form is susceptible to alteration (Ward, 1986). It also occurs in reasonable
proportions in ash residues of North American coals as studied by Ward (2001a) and
it's mainly detrital presence in coals from Bulgaria, the United States, Australia,
Japan, Canada, China and South Africa has been observed by Vassilev and
Vassileva (1996).
Although occurring is lesser percentages, montmorillonite and chlorite are also found
in coals throughout the world, and represent one of the principle clay minerals in
Australian bituminous coals, other than kaolinite. They are most likely to be of detrital
origin (Ward, 1984, 1986; Vassilev and Vassileva, 1996).
Feldspars are represented by K-feldspars and plagioclases as semi-rounded grains
and prismatic crystals of detrital, or even pyroclastic origin (Ward, 1986). These
minerals are common in non-coal strata, or at least in the coal bearing sequences.
Mica is represented by muscovite and subordinate biotite. Muscovite and biotite may
2 -7
both be of detrital origin while muscovite may also be as a result of diagenetic
weathering of feldspars (Vassilev and Vassileva, 1996).
2.2.3 Sulphides
One of the major contributors to air and water pollution originating from coal mining
operations is the group of sulphide minerals which commonly occur in coal and
occasionally in coal-bearing sequences. It is therefore important to understand the
mode of occurrence of sulphur in coal. The total sulphur in coal can be used as an
environmental indicator of the original peat. High sulphur content is often associated
with marine influence at the time of/or immediately after deposition. Higher
concentrations of sulphur are usually found at interfaces that indicate a change of
environment (i.e. fresh to brackish water).
There are three major forms of sulphur identified in coals, namely organic, pyritic and
sulphate sulphur (Mackowsky, 1968; Bouska, 1981; Ward and Gurba, 1998).
Organic sulphur is part of the plant tissue and forms as the plant grows. It is
chemically bound to the carbon molecules, but it is not as well established as
inorganic sulphur. Syngenetic organic sulphur is derived primarily from original plant
sulphur. Reduced hydrogen sulphide can also react to form organic sulphur
compounds if iron is not readily available to form pyrite. The organic sulphur in coal
is mainly attached to the side chains of the organic molecules in the form of (-SH)
groups. With the increase in coalification and rank, the (-SH) content of the macerals
decreases due to condensation. Low-sulphur coal contains mostly syngenetic
organic sulphur (Ward and Gurba, 1998).
Pyritic and sulphate sulphur forms are often referred to as inorganic sulphur.
Sulphate sulphur is often formed by oxidation of the pyritic sulphur. Inorganic sulphur
is introduced to the coal during and/or after peat accumulation and during
coalification. Pyritic sulphur mainly occurs as pyrite and marcasite. Sulphur forms
including galena, sphalerite and millerite have also been reported in some coal
samples (Ward and Gurba, 1998). This type of sulphur can form syngenetically
during peat formation as a result of microbial reduction of aqueous sulphate during
2 -8
early diagenesis. Bacterial reduction of sulphate takes place in a variety of
sedimentary environments, both marine and freshwater, wherever organic matter
and sulphate coexist in the absence of oxygen. Syngenetic pyrite is usually
characterized by small, isolated crystallites and framboids (Vassilev and Vassileva,
1996).
Epigenetic pyrite is usually observed as large crystals, massive forms with various
overgrowths encompassing the previous overgrowths or as cleat- and fracture-filling
pyrite. This secondary incorporation of sulphur is determined by the availability of
sulphate, the reactivity of the organic matter, the extent of sulphate reduction and the
availability of iron and other metals to form mineral sulphides. Some epigenetic
occurrences may represent remobilisation of organic sulphur or syngenetic sulphides
within the coal, while other may be the result of factors outside the original
depositional system, such as nearby igneous intrusions, or caused by post-
depositional fluid movement through the coal-bearing succession. Unlike most
syngenetic pyrite, post-depositional sulphides are not necessarily an indication of
marine influence on the formation of the coal seam (Spiker et al., 1994; Ward, 2002).
Primary sulphate is formed by equilibration of sulphate molecules with water
molecules and catalyzed by sulphate reducing bacteria early in diagenesis.
Secondary sulphate is formed by late stage oxidation of sulphide (i.e. during
weathering) by one of the following mechanisms:
a) Utilizing O2 as an oxidizing agent
S2- + 202 ~ sol (1)
b) Utilizing Fe3+ or some other oxidizing agent in the absence of oxygen
(2)
The sulphide oxidation via reaction (2) is generally faster than via reaction (1), and is
predominant under natural conditions. Generally coals show a wide variation of
primary and secondary sulphate and very few coals are dominated by one source
(McCarthy et al. 1998).
2 -9
2.2.4 Carbonates
The carbonates of calcium, iron magnesium and manganese are some of the most
obvious of the incombustible constituents since they occur as the common cleat
infillings of coal seams (Williamson, 1967) and are mostly authigenic minerals in
coals (Vassilev and Vassileva, 1996). These minerals are of both syngenetic and
epigenetic origin. Syngenetic calcite, dolomite, and ankerite occur as individual
grains, lenses or infilling cell pores. The latter minerals also occur as veiniets filling
cavities of cementing of fractures coal fragments, suggesting an epigenetic origin.
Larger, spheroidal to regular masses of syngenetic minerals, mainly calcite but also
including siderite, dolomite, pyrite and quartz, occur in some seams as coal
concretions. These mineral accumulations are regarded as representing concretions
formed in the peat bed, either during plant deposition or after early diagenesis.
Siderite occurrences include nodules with a typically radiating crystal structure and
replacements of the maceral components. An abundance of syngenetic siderite is
usually thought to indicate deposition of the coal mainly under non-marine conditions
(Vassilev and Vassileva, 1996).
Epigenetic carbonates, such as calcite, dolomite, ankerite, and siderite, are common
cleat infilling materials in coal seams. In some cases the cleat fillings may show
chemical variations such as those observed in some North American coals (Ward,
2002). Vassilev and Vassileva (1996), along with various authors, have observed the
presence of other carbonates such as smithsonite, magnesite, rhodochrosite, and
witherite, amongst others.
2.2.5 Phosphates
Phosphate minerals in coal exist as minor to rare constituents of the mineral matter,
but are still associated with coal deposits. They are detrital and authigenic in origin.
Phosphorus in coal occurs mainly as inorganic phosphates and lesser amounts of
organically bound phosphorus complexes. Sources of phosphorus may be in
enriched volcanic material introduced during peat accumulation or the organic matter
in the peat bed (Ward, 2002).
2 -10
A range of phosphate minerals can occur in coals, including apatite and the
aluminophosphates of the crandallite group, which occur mainly as syngenetic cell
and pore infillings, or as epigenetic cleat and fracture fillings due to the
remobilisation of phosphate formed earlier within the coal seam. Crandallite-group
minerals are composed of four principal elements, namely phosphorus, calcium,
barium/strontium and aluminium. Crandallite occurs as 3J.lm size colloidal
precipitates, as concretions and as porous aggregates as large as 100 urn (Rao and
Walsh, 1999). Apatite occurs as prismatic crystals and occasionally in clusters.
Occurrences of uranium phosphate, goyazite and vivianite, as well as the
association between phosphorus and some rare earth elements have been observed
(Vassilev and Vassileva, 1996).
2.2.6 Other minerals
Although the spectrum of minerals occurring in coals has been reviewed in
considerable detail, subsidiary amounts of less common minerals also occur in
coals. Chlorite, which in some cases would be regarded as a significant constituent,
occurs as an authigenic mineral together with other chlorides such as halite.
Alumino-silicate volcanic glass has also been observed as spheres, spheroids and
angular particles. The accessory minerals in coal show great variety, but their low
concentrations create difficulty in determining some of them (Vassilev and Vassileva,
1996).
2.3 Mineral matter in South African coal
Significant observations can be made by investigating the information on the
distribution, occurrence and abundance of minerals in the coal deposits of the Karoo
Supergroup which has been gathered up to date. A study by Gaigher (1980)
deduced that the inorganic matter in some South African coals is dominated by clay
minerals, mainly kaolinite and illite, followed by quartz and then the carbonates
calcite, dolomite and siderite. Mineral matter is seen to vary over a range of 11% to
36% of a total sample. Gaigher observed that quartz contents are extremely variable.
Samples taken in the centre of the Witbank No. 2 seam had the lowest quartz
2 -11
contents, while the Witbank No. 5 seam samples contained higher proportions of
quartz (17% to 35% of mineral matter). Nearly all No. 2 seam samples contained
dolomite and siderite in addition to calcite, while pyrite was present in all samples
from the respective coalfields sampled in this study.
The most important constituents of mineral matter in coal, which consists of the clay
mineral fraction, are analysed in more detail. Samples from the Witbank coalfield No.
2 and 4 seam contained abundant kaolinite with only traces of illite and expandable
clays such as illite-smectite and montmorillonite. Regular interstratified illite-
montmorillonite dominates the clay fraction of the No. 5 seam samples (Gaigher,
1980). On average, the clay mineral composition of Witbank coal falls close to the
composition field for Australian coals, but with somewhat less expandable clays. In
the Witbank No. 2 seam, coal from the extremities of the coalfield are of slightly
lower rank, containing kaolinite values as high as 88% compared to the 61%
kaolinite from the central part of the coalfield.
Similarly, Azzie (2002) found that the principle clay mineral present in coal samples
from the Highveld area was kaolinite. It was not established whether mixtures of
discrete montmorillonite and illite were present. Quartz was absent, or present in
trace quantities in the coal units. Calcite and magnesite were dominant carbonate
phases while pyrite was generally a minor constituent. Concentration of the
phosphate apatite was highest in the coal samples, and very rare or absent in the
sediments. Ankerite, microcline and anatase were also identified using XRD
analysis.
The occurrence of aragonite in carbonate lenses in coals from the Witbank area has
been noted by Van der Spuyand Willis (1991). Although, aragonite has been
observed in coals from other countries (Vassilev and Vassileva, 1996), the lack of
this carbonate was emphasized by Van der Spuyand Willis. However, the XRD
analyses of carbonate lenses from coal mines in the Witbank area indicated that
aragonite is a major mineral phase in some of these assemblages. Seeing that the
individual mineral concentration in coal is less than 5%, it is difficult to identify
minerals in lower concentrations. Thus, after an examination of a diffraction scan
2 -12
Van der Spuyand Willis concluded that most of the strongest peaks of aragonite are
obscured by, and appear as "shoulders" on either side of peaks of minerals such as
quartz, kaolinite and pyrite, therefore the presence of aragonite in South African
coals could be possible.
According to Gaigher (1980) the chemical analyses of coal ash from South African
coals show the residue to have features of hydrolysate sediment, modified by the
element collecting activities of the plants and the low Eh - pH conditions. Si02, MgO,
Na20 and K20 percentages were significantly low when compared to crustal
averages, probably due to their solubility under humid conditions. The enrichment in
AI203 and Ti02, with median values between 26% and 1.2% respectively, might also
have been as a result of leaching and accumulation by plants. P205 has a varying
concentration in coal from 0.05 to 4%.
Similar average concentrations for AI203 and Ti02 where obtained by Azzie (2002),
with significant correlation between Ti02 and quartz (rs=0.81) suggesting that to
some degree they are complexed with the organic matter. Unlike in the Gaigher
study, available analyses of sulphur and iron showed good agreement with each
other (rs=0.76) and pyrite from Azzie's mineralogical interpretations. From analyses
for calcium, magnesium and the carbonate minerals it was deduced that calcite was
more abundant in the coal samples than dolomite; yet both do occur in the coals,
and sometimes in substantial amounts that are well within the order of 10 to 40 wt%
total the mineral composition. Insufficient data was available to indicate a correlation
between Na20, K20 and CaO, and the feldspars in the coals.
With regard to trace elements, Gaigher was unable to establish whether there are
any major variations in certain trace element concentrations between the different
coal fields. However, it was noted that the coal ash seemed to be enriched in
tungsten, gallium, and sometimes strontium, with respect to the earth's crust. Azzie
has thus contributed considerably to knowledge on the association between major
and trace elements, and various mineral constituents in coal. Good correlation
between Nb and quartz (rs=0.75), and between Ti02 and Nb, Zr, Th, Sc, Y and Cu
was observed, however, no explanation could be presented for this association.
2 -13
Although no phosphate minerals were identified, a significant correlation exists
between Sr and Ca, but not for Sr and calcite and dolomite. A similar scenario exists
for Ba which showed weak correlations with the oxides and the minerals. Rb has a
strong correlation with K20 in coals (rs=O.93), suggesting that Rb is related to Kitself
and not any particular mineral component. The only significant correlation regarding
Zr was with quartz. Zr concentrations are usually higher in felsic rocks and so too in
granite. It may be indicative of the influence of igneous material. Concentrations of
this element do not exceed 300ppm in coals.
The very brief background regarding mineralogical research on South African coals
suggests that more could be done to increase our knowledge of our coal deposits.
Information gained by the objectives of this study will hopefully contribute to our
understanding of the mineralogical composition of coal deposits of the Witbank and
Highveld Coalfields.
2 -14
CHAPTER 3
GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF THE COAL AND COAL-
BEARING SUCCESSIONS
3.1 Experimental analytical methods used in coal mineralogical analyses
Researchers in coal mineralogy and geochemistry have encountered continuous
difficulties with analytical procedures. In order to improve the accuracy with which
analytical techniques are performed, and the correctness of results, various
experimental methods have come to pass. The need for such improvements in coal
analyses has it's origin in the fact that mineral matter in coal constitutes only about
10-30 wt% of a sample. The excessive amounts of organic matter tend to obscure
results in various ways, and the low concentrations of inorganic matter contribute to
difficulties in analyses. However, not all experimental methods prove to be precise,
and an expected degree of error accompanies most results. A look at such
techniques would emphasize the importance of accuracy and care during analytical
procedures.
The main objectives of some experiments are to separate mineral matter from
organic matter in coal, and there are a few ways through which this can be done.
Many researchers make use of chemical treatment in order to isolate the mineral
matter. This method is more cost efficient compared to acquiring analytical
instruments such as oxygen-plasma ashers which will be discussed later.
Ward (1974) addressed the problem by suggesting a chemical treatment of small
amounts of coal with hot (8S0C), concentrated hydrogen peroxide. Approximately
100ml of hydrogen peroxide is added to 1g of pulverised coal and the mixture is left
to oxidise for a few days. The coal changes to a grey-brown or white residue when
the reaction is complete. Once the process was complete, the residue was then
separated in a centrifuge and dried. Drying was carried out in the laboratory to avoid
dehydration and structural changes in the clay minerals. With X-ray diffraction of this
residue it was possible to identify quartz and kaolinite in most cases. Phosphate
3 -1
minerals and calcium oxalate minerals were also observed. The technique proved to
be a low-cost technique for isolating insoluble mineral matter, but it has limitations.
The reactions that take place with the hydrogen peroxide, depending on the
constituents of the coal, could be spontaneous and are dangerous to handle. Even
though chlorides are not abundant in coals, the organic acids may attack both
chlorides and carbonate where present. Kunze and Dixon (1986) proposed an
almost identical technique for the removal of organic matter, and once again the
same limitation concerning the susceptibility of carbonates is emphasized.
O'Shay et al. (1990) used hydrogen peroxide to determine the potential acidity in the
pyritic overburden developed in mining areas. The oxidation of iron disulphides, such
a pyrite and marcasite from mine spoils produces this acidity problem. To prevent
excessive acidity problems from occurring on the spoil surface, or to correct acidity
problems that may have occurred after levelling the spoil, a rapid, accurate, and
reproducible potential acidity technique was required. The original and modified
acidity potential methods were applied to samples from a mine spoil. Samples were
pre-treated with CaCb to remove residual acid, then oxidised with H202. Potential
acidity values obtained from samples using the modified method were compared
with potential acidity values from the original method. The modified method proved to
be accurate and less variable in comparison to the original potential acidity method.
Chemical treatment prior to mineral matter identification in some Pakistani coals was
carried out by Khan et al. (2002). Extractions were made separately with ammonium
acetate, HCI, HN03 and HF+HCI solutions, as well as an acid mixture consisting of
H20, HN03, HCI and HF. The extraction residues and virgin coals were ashed at
7S0°C. Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na and K were determined using various methods.
According to Khan et al. (2002) complete demineralization of coal requires
successive treatments with various acids. Prolonged soaking followed by extraction
is recommended to compensate for complex porosity and vesicular channels in coal.
Lithophillic elements like Fe, Ca, Mg and K can be effectively extracted compared to
chalcophillic elements like Cu and Zn with all the aforementioned extracts.
3 -2
In most instances the amount of material which can be accommodated during one
analysis is minute, making it difficult to accommodate larger samples. Furthermore,
working with chemicals requires extreme cautiousness and procedures might take
up to weeks, thus rather time consuming when working with many samples.
Therefore, techniques such as normative interpretation of ash analysis data and low-
temperature ashing may be a commendable alternative.
Normative interpretations are based on the chemical composition of the coal's high-
temperature ash. Such techniques would assume that the various elements in the
ash were originally partitioned between particular minerals, and hence represent an
attempt to derive a "theoretical" mineralogy from the chemical analysis data. They
are most effective if the actual minerals present are known from independent
evidence, such as X-ray diffraction (Ward, 1999).
One of the most established methods of isolating mineral matter in coals without
major alteration is through low-temperature oxygen-plasma ashing. This technique is
described thoroughly by Gluskoter (1965). Oxygen is passed through a high-energy
electromagnetic field produced by a radio-frequency oscillator. An electrodeless ring
discharge takes place in the gas, and activated oxygen is produced. The activated
gas is a mixture of atomic and ionic species as well as in vibrationally excited states.
The activated oxygen passes over the sample which is placed in a Pyrex boat 5cm
below the radio-frequency field until the organic matter is decomposed. The actual
ashing temperature appears to lie between 150° and 200°C. A light-coloured dry
mineral residue remains when the oxidation process is complete (Gluskoter, 1965;
Ward, 1986). This technique probably represents the most reliable method for
determining the percentage of total mineral matter in coal (Ward, 1999).
3.1.1 Experimental procedures followed during this study
An attempt was made to isolate the mineral matter of the coal used in this study for
XRD analyses. Although chemical treatment before analysis was considered, the
technique presented numerous difficulties and limitations with regard to the facilities
available and the enormous amount of samples which where to be analysed.
3 -3
It was therefore decided to make use of a muffle furnace to oxidise a few samples.
Small amounts of material were placed in porcelain holders, and left in a muffle
furnace first for 50 hours at 350°C, then for 60 hours at 250°C, and lastly for 70
hours at 150°C. According to Kruger (1981) an ashing temperature of 350°C is
optimum as ashing at temperatures higher than this might give rise to changes in the
mineralogical composition, while the process will take place exceptionally slower at
lower temperatures.
As seen from Tables 3-1 to 3-3, the percentage weight loss decreases as the
temperature is lowered, even though the heating period is increased. However, to
draw a reasonable conclusion from this experiment the behaviour of the minerals in
coal during ignition must be understood. As mentioned before, the assemblage
encountered in the coal consists primarily of quartz, kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite
and mixed-layer clays, pyrite, calcite, dolomite and siderite, and possibly feldspars,
micas, phosphates and chlorides. From literature it is apparent that most of the
mineral groups mentioned should not undergo transformation due to a temperature
increase up to 350°C (Ribbe, 1974; Vaughan and Craig, 1978; Kruger, 1981;
Reeder, 1983; Nriagu and Moore, 1984) . However, results obtained in this
experiment prove that normal ashing in a muffle furnace can bring about phase
changes, depending on the circumstances during the procedure and the mineral
assemblage involved.
Weight loss in the initial stages would be accredited primarily to the loss of H20. Due
to the combustion of organic matter at higher temperatures oxidation would
commence. The X-ray diffraction patterns of each sample prior to and after heating
and the virgin coal are illustrated in Appendix 2.
Figure A2-7 illustrates the XRD patterns of sample LU1. The pattern remains similar
despite an increase in temperature, with background interference peaks more subtle
and the appearance of the strongest peaks of calcite and dolomite, which are
especially noticeable in the sample that has been heated to 350°C. From the
percentage weight loss at 350°C it is clear that there is a reasonable amount of
inorganic matter present in this sample as minor phases become detectable even
3 -4
though more than half of the material has been volatilised. However, as noted by
Kruger (1981), it is also clear that combustion at lower temperatures has almost no
effect on the sample even though the duration of combustion was lengthened, as
observed in Table 3-3.
Table 3-1: Results after heating for 50 hours at 350°C (units in grams)
*Sample **Crucible C&S(before) S(before) C&S(after) S(after) S wt loss % wt loss
LU1 20.10 30.10 10.00 23.80 3.70 6.30 63.00
LU24 18.60 28.50 9.90 19.40 0.80 9.10 91.92
*S - Sample; **C - Crucible
Sample LU24 was rich in organic material as observed in the percentage weight loss
both at 350°C and 250°C as seen in Tables 3-1 and 3-2, respectively. The XRD
patterns for this sample are illustrated in Figure A2-8. Problems with the ashing
technique emerged especially with the combustion of this sample. Although a large
volume of the organic material could be removed successfully, mineral phases
remaining in the ash had undergone alteration at 350°C. As seen from XRD patterns,
in the small amount of ash remaining, a reasonable amount of phases are present.
X-ray diffraction of the coal produced an inadequate pattern in terms of the manual
interpretation method applied.
The visibility of the peaks on the diffraction patterns improve as the temperature is
raised, and only at 250°C are some minute peaks detected. At 350°C the major
mineral phases are prominent; however, the occurrence of specific minerals in coals
is not necessarily as a result of reactions that has taken place in natural systems, but
could be due to reactions taking place in the furnace. Calcite is dominant throughout
the experiments at all temperatures, while kaolinite, anhydrite, dolomite, and
hematite only appear at 350°C. Kaolinite is also the dominant clay mineral in most
coals and is therefore expected to be present; so too has dolomite been observed
together with calcite in South African coals. The phases which pose a problem are
anhydrite and hematite. Anhydrite is a calcium-sulphate and hematite is an iron-
oxide mineral.
3 -5
These phases were not observed in studies by Gaigher (1980), Azzie (2002) or
BOhmann and Buhrnann (1988), thus their occurrence could have an alternative
origin. Pyrite and calcite which often co-exist in the same assemblage are both
thought to be stable under temperatures as those used in the experiment. However,
it appears that these minerals were altered during the combustion process. The
oxidation of pyrite results in the formation of hematite and a loss in sulphur as S03.
Calcite decomposes to CaO and CO2 during combustion. Therefore, it is possible for
the S03 from pyrite and the CaO from calcite to react to form CaS04, anhydrite.
Ward et al. (2001 a) noted similar occurrences in a study involving the low-
temperature ashing and ashing in a muffle furnace. Minerals such as kaolinite and
pyrite were significantly lower in the ash prepared in a muffle furnace at 370°C. The
same minerals were more abundant in the low-temperature ash, confirming the
alteration of constituents which could possibly take place in a muffle furnace. The
oxidation of pyrite is not uncommon in the presence of oxygen, thus the formation of
hematite can be explained. Furthermore, this sulphur was available to combine with
the calcium from the calcite to form anhydrite.
Table 3-2: Results after heating for 60 hours at 250°C (units in grams)
Sample Crucible C&S(before) S(before) C&S(after} S(after) S wt loss % wt loss
LU1 20.40 30.50 10.10 29.80 9.40 0.70 6.93
LU24 32.00 40.20 8.20 36.40 4.40 3.80 46.34
Table 3-3: Results after heating for 70 hours at 150°C (units in grams)
Sample Crucible C&S(before) S(before) C&S(after) S(after) S wt loss % wt loss
LU1 20.00 30.20 10.20 29.70 9.70 0.50 4.90
LU24 22.70 26.20 3.50 26.10 3.40 0.10 2.86
After ashing a few more samples it was decided that the process has an adverse
effect on the original mineralogy which is of utmost importance. Researchers in the
field such as Dr. James Willis (personal communication, 2003) from the University of
Cape Town, South Africa believes that unwanted transformations may take place in
a furnace involving sulphur and even phosphorus. Although the formation of
anhydrite and hematite could form due to natural processes as well, the
experimentally induced transformation of mineral phases, which should be avoided
at all costs, seems more likely.
3 -6
Ashing at lower temperatures was time-consuming for the amount of samples
involved and produced poor results as is evident from the experiments, while ashing
at higher temperatures brought about unnecessary changes in the samples. Prof.
Colin Ward from the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia kindly agreed
to ash ten coal samples and analyse them using X-ray diffraction together with
Siroquant™ interactive interpretation software, as well as X-ray fluorescence.
According to Ward (1999), oxidising the organic matter and isolating the minerals
without major alteration can be achieved successfully with low-temperature oxygen-
plasma ashing.
Figures A2-9 to A2-12 in Appendix 2 illustrates the difference in peak visibility before
and after the samples were subjected to low-temperature ashing. Figure A2-9
depicts the unashed XRD pattern of sample M-20. The dominant minerals, namely,
quartz, kaolinite and pyrite are visible, however, the pattern is slightly obscure due to
high backgrounds which in this case are caused by the organic material in the coal.
A similar pattern is obtained from the X-ray diffraction of the unashed KOR-10
sample as illustrated in Figure A2-11. Kaolinite along with minor calcite and dolomite
made up the mineralogy.
The Siroquant™ software allows the proportions of up to 25 different minerals in a
mixture to be quantified from a conventional X-ray powder diffractometry pattern
using Rietveld techniques. Rietveld (1969) developed a formula to give the intensity
at any point in the scan of a single mineral, with information on how to refine relevant
crystal structure and instrumental parameters by least-squares analysis of the
profile. Siroquant calculates a theoretical XRD profile and fits it to the measured
pattern by full-matrix least-squares refinement of the following Rietveld parameters:
phase scales, line asymmetry, phase preferred orientation, phase line widths,
instrument zero, the line shape parameter for each phase, and the phase unit cell
dimensions. A calculated XRD pattern of each mineral could be generated from it's
known crystal structure, and the sum of all calculated patterns can be fitted to the
observed XRD pattern of a multi-mineral sample by least squares analysis to find the
optimum individual phase scales. These are then used to determine the mineral
percentages.
3 -7
The parameters can be adjusted simply and interactively with the program, to
replicate more closely the mineral's contribution to the measured pattern and allow
for variation due to atomic substitution, layer disordering, preferred orientation, and
other factors in the standard pattern used. Crystallographic and chemical data as
well as reference patterns can be developed for use in Siroquant™ directly from
measured XRD patterns of a specific mineral, allowing minerals with poorly
developed crystal structures to be incorporated in the analysis (Ward et aI., 2001 a).
Figures A2-10 and A2-12 illustrate the X-ray diffraction patterns of samples M- 20
and KOR-10 respectively. The peaks of the patterns are noticeably distinguishable
compared to those in the unashed patterns. Results from the Siroquant™
interpretation shows that sample M-20 consists of 21.5% quartz, 51.5% kaolinite,
12.2% illite, 3.9% mixed layer clays and 11.0% pyrite, while sample KOR-10 consists
of 0.2% quartz, 78.4% kaolinite, 4.6% illite, 1.6% pyrite, 3.7% calcite, 10.3% dolomite
and 1.3% bassanite. In the latter case, the bassanite is thought to represent artefacts
of the plasma ashing process, formed when organically associated Ca or Ca from
calcite, and in some cases Na, combines with organic sulphur released during the
oxidation of organic matter (Ward et aI., 2001 a).
The use of LTA to isolate mineral matter is effective despite minor occurrences of
artefacts such as bassanite. The oxidation of sulphides such as pyrite was also
avoided, causing the original mineralogy to remain unaltered. Secondly, the
detection of poorly crystalline and rare minerals such as illite and mixed-layer clays
is made easier with the help of the Siroquant™ software. The X-ray fluorescence
data concerning these ten samples is in good agreement with the Siroquant
interpretation and the interpretation technique applied at UFS.
There are numerous techniques used for determining the chemical composition of a
rock sample, X-ray fluorescence being reliable for various applications. The ten
samples ashed at UNSW were also analysed by UFS using standard XRF
procedures in order to determine the variations in whole coal XRF analysis and
fused disk XRF analysis. As proposed by Dr. Willis from UCT, whole coal XRF
analyses for major and trace elements regarding coal samples are more accurate,
3 -8
since no unwanted changes are brought about, as is the case when heating and
fusing samples. A brief explanation of the sample preparation procedures will
highlight distinct differences in total chemical composition and mineral disintegration
temperatures.
The standard procedure followed at UFS involves drying the samples at 11OOG for 24
hours to determine the H20 content, then heating them to 9800G to obtain the LOL
The problem with applying this method was that a percentage of carbonate minerals
and other phases were not completely disintegrated. Thus, during the preparation of
the fusion disk any G02 still left will be lost, leaving less of the ash originally weighed
off to prepare the disk and resulting in lower totals. Samples were subsequently
heated to 10500G and 10800G to ensure complete decomposition of all phases.
Results for the 10500G and 10800G ash are found in Tables 3-4 to 3-7. This rise in
temperature resulted in an increase in the LOL Results obtained for the 10500G and
10800G ash are very similar, since each sample was individually calcined for 5 hours.
Table 3-4: UFS XRF data -1050°C ash
nple Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O- LOl Total
1-5 11.11 0.36 8.47 0.34 0.02 1.28 2.85 0.06 0.31 0.29 3.06 73.66 101.81
U37 12.65 0.28 6.71 0.14 0.01 0.37 1.49 0.00 0.08 0.01 1.25 79.67 102.66
U10 7.71 0.36 7.00 1.27 0.02 1.34 3.54 0.00 0.06 0.06 3.29 74.36 99.01
R10 13.19 0.56 12.03 0.40 0.02 0.77 2.18 0.01 0.11 0.06 2.49 70.43 102.25
K1 4.90 0.13 2.88 7.86 0.07 0.98 3.27 0.01 0.02 0.01 3.30 78.76 102.19
13 9.44 0.19 5.17 0.12 0.01 0.22 0.82 0.00 0.08 0.00 3.64 81.31 101.00
20 13.00 0.28 5.30 6.11 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.00 0.26 0.01 0.95 77.30 103.29
!T12 16.06 0.70 7.92 0.17 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.00 0.10 0.04 3.11 74.61 102.80
~M 14.53 0.42 11.28 0.60 0.01 0.33 2.72 0.00 0.13 1.69 2.47 69.05 103.23
Table 3-5: UFS XRF data - 10500C ash - normalised LOl and H20 free
Sample Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S Total
BH1-5 44.28 1.43 33.76 1.36 0.08 5.10 11.36 0.24 1.24 1.16 100.00
DOU37 58.19 1.29 30.86 0.64 0.05 1.70 6.85 0.00 0.37 0.05 100.00
KHU10 36.10 1.69 32.77 5.95 0.09 6.27 16.57 0.00 0.28 0.28 100.00
KOR10 44.97 1.91 41.02 1.36 0.07 2.63 7.43 0.03 0.38 0.20 100.00
LK1 24.34 0.65 14.31 39.05 0.35 4.87 16.24 0.05 0.10 0.05 100.00
LU13 58.82 1.18 32.21 0.75 0.06 1.37 5.11 0.00 0.50 0.00 100.00
M20 51.92 1.12 21.17 24.40 0.00 0.12 0.20 0.00 1.04 0.04 100.00
OPT12 64.04 2.79 31.58 0.68 0.00 0.12 0.24 0.00 0.40 0.16 100.00
R2M 45.82 1.32 35.57 1.89 0.03 1.04 8.58 0.00 0.41 5.33 100.00
3 -9
Table 3-6: UFS XRF data -1080°C ash
AI203 MnO MgO CaO LOl Total
-n-s 10.06 0.32 7.61 0.29 0.01 1.17 2.59 0.06 0.29 0.26 2.75 76.05 101.46
>U37 12.95 0.29 6.85 0.14 0.01 0.37 1.51 0.00 0.08 0.01 1.10 78.93 102.24
U10 8.07 0.39 7.36 1.31 0.02 1.41 3.75 0.00 0.07 0.07 3.32 74.99 100.76
R10 13.04 0.55 11.99 0.44 0.02 0.76 2.12 0.01 0.11 0.06 2.48 70.61 102.19
K1 5.12 0.13 2.97 7.79 0.07 1.02 3.38 0.01 0.01 0.01 3.09 78.82 102.42
~13 10.87 0.22 6.02 0.12 0.01 0.25 0.95 0.00 0.09 0.00 3.46 80.49 102.48
20 13.38 0.28 5.46 6.29 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.00 0.27 0.01 0.90 74.66 101.33
T12 15.71 0.69 7.79 0.16 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.10 0.04 2.93 72.87 100.37
2M 12.22 0.35 9.28 0.52 0.01 0.25 2.29 0.00 0.10 1.40 2.34 72.44 101.20
The procedure followed in preparation for whole coal XRF analysis involves making
a pressed powder briquette using Hoechst Wax. The method is described in
Appendix 1 and results for the whole coal XRF are found in Tables 3-8 and 3-9.
Sulphur was determined using powder briquettes, seeing that all or at least most
sulphur is lost during the ashing process. The results are normalised to a LOl, H20
and S-free basis to ensure consistent comparison of the data.
Table 3-7: UFS XRF data - 10800C ash - normalised LOl and H20 free
Sample AI203 MnO MgO CaO Total
BH1-S 44.40 1.41 33.58 1.28 0.04 5.16 11.43 0.26 1.28 1.15 100.00
DOU37 58.31 1.31 30.84 0.63 0.05 1.67 6.80 0.00 0.36 0.05 100.00
KHU10 35.95 1.74 32.78 5.84 0.09 6.28 16.70 0.00 0.31 0.31 100.00
KOR10 44.81 1.89 41.20 1.51 0.07 2.61 7.29 0.03 0.38 0.21 100.00
LK1 24.96 0.63 14.48 37.98 0.34 4.97 16.48 0.05 0.05 0.05 100.00
LU13 58.66 1.19 32.49 0.65 0.05 1.35 5.13 0.00 0.49 0.00 100.00
M20 51.92 1.09 21.19 24.41 0.00 0.12 0.19 0.00 1.05 0.04 100.00
OPT12 63.94 2.81 31.71 0.65 0.00 0.08 0.24 0.00 0.41 0.16 100.00
R2M 46.25 1.32 35.12 1.97 0.04 0.95 8.67 0.00 0.38 5.30 100.00
3 -10
Table 3-8: UFS XRF data - Whole coal analyses
MgO CaO S LOl Total
Hl-5 6.30 0.31 4.78 0.25 0.39 2.34 0.25 0.35 0.31 0.80 3.06 82.66 101.80
)U37 7.99 0.27 3.91 0.12 0.09 1.25 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.63 1.25 84.67 100.25
UlO 4.73 0.44 5.12 0.71 0.63 3.95 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.67 3.29 78.36 98.04
)Rl0 7.48 0.55 6.63 0.28 0.34 1.93 0.02 0.11 0.07 0.38 2.49 81.43 101.71
Kl 2.11 0.08 2.17 7.51 0.40 3.25 0.04 0.00 0.00 1.44 3.30 78.76 99.06
~13 4.32 0.14 2.76 0.08 0.04 0.67 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.55 3.64 87.31 99.59
~20 7.59 0.21 3.19 4.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.01 2.89 0.95 80.30 100.05
~T12 11.01 0.78 4.51 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.62 3.11 79.61 99.91
2M 7.35 0.33 5.92 0.36 0.07 1.87 0.00 0.10 1.40 0.40 2.47 78.05 98.32
Table 3-9: UFS XRF data - Whole coal analyses - normalised LOl, H20 and S free
Sample CaO Total
BHl-5 41.23 2.03 31.28 1.64 2.55 15.31 1.64 2.29 2.03 100.00
DOU37 58.32 1.97 28.54 0.88 0.66 9.12 0.00 0.51 0.00 100.00
KHU10 30.09 2.80 32.57 4.52 4.01 25.13 0.00 0.45 0.45 100.00
KOR10 42.96 3.16 38.08 1.61 1.95 11.09 0.11 0.63 0.40 100.00
LKl 13.56 0.51 13.95 48.26 2.57 20.89 0.26 0.00 0.00 100.00
LU13 53.43 1.73 34.13 0.99 0.49 8.29 0.07 0.87 0.00 100.00
M20 47.71 1.32 20.05 29.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.45 0.06 100.00
OPT12 66.45 4.71 27.22 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.24 100.00
R2M 42.24 1.90 34.02 2.07 0.40 10.75 0.00 0.57 8.05 100.00
As for some examples concerning correlations between these analyses, Figures 3.1
to 3.4 illustrates oxide correlations for Fe203, Si02, AI203 and CaD.
I
80,-------------------------------------,
P 60
.oolO..
R' = 0.9969
ë';.f.l 40
Cl)
IJ..
CJ)
~ 20
•
O~----------------~------~----~--~
o 10 20 30 40 50 60
I
Figure 3.1 - Relationship between Whole coal Fe203% and UFS Fe203% at 10500C
3 -11
~------ - -- --- -- - ------
80 ,--------------------~
R2 = 0.9804
P 60
o
I
o.I.),.
;,e 40
ecn5
(/)
~ 20
o ~----,_--------------~
o 20 40 60 80
Whole coal S102%
Figure 3.2 - Relationship between Whole coal Si02% and UFS Si02% at 10S0°C
Good correlations were noted in comparisons between the whole coal results and
the 1050°C and 10800C ash analyses as depicted in Figures 3.1 to 3.4. Some of the
correlations, albeit good correlations, still show differences between the actual
concentrations of whole coal and fusion disk results.
50r--------------------,
~ = O.9_4?_5_ _ •
•
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Figure 3.3 - Relationship between Whole coal A1 0203% and UFS A1203% at 1080 C
3 -12
CaO
20~----------------------------------~
~ 15 -- - ---
o
oco...,..
o?ft. 10
«I
CJ
I/)
LJ..
::l 5-
L 5 10 15 20 250_0 Whole coal CaO"lo ~J
Figure 3.4 - Relationship between Whole coal CaO% and UFS CaO% at 10S0oC
As observed in tables 3-4 to 3-9, whole coal oxide concentrations are higher than the
fusion disk oxide concentrations for the 1050°C and 1080°C ash. A possible reason
for this phenomenon is the loss of inorganic material along with the organic matter
during the ashing process. For the determination of the LOl, the samples are placed
in a furnace at a high temperature leading to combustion during which large
quantities of carbon are released (some as soot). This results in lower
concentrations in the fusion disk analyses.
If all phases are not completely decomposed at the end of the ashing process, some
of the volatile constituents in the sample will be lost when the disk is fused. This
affects the totals of the fusion disk analysis which should be lower than the powder
briquette results. La203 is added to the fusion disks to account for mass absorption.
The infinite thickness of a powder briquette is extremely important, and therefore
thicker briquettes are prepared to avoid X-rays from passing through them (Appendix
1). To ascertain the effect of mass absorption, the linearity of curves were tested by
analysing mixtures of samples LK 1 and LU13.
Table 3-10 contains XRF results on whole coal samples for mixtures of samples LK1
and LU13, as well as the pure end members of these samples. The proportions of
these samples were mixed in a Turbula mixer for 30 minutes and subsequently
analysed. The "Cal." column represents the values that should be obtained when a
3 -13
proportion of one sample is mixed with a proportion of the other. The oxide name
represents the values analysed for each sample, and the "Diff." column represents
the difference between the calculated and the analysed values for each sample. The
sample names are according to the proportion of the sample in the mixture e.g.
LK75LU25 represents 75% of sample LK1 and 25% of sample LU13. Calculated
values for LOl and H20 (from the end members) were used since no LOl and H20
was determined for these mixtures. Results for oxides that occur in low
concentrations such as Ti02, MgO, Na20, K20, P20S, S and CaO were close to the
calculated results. Results for Si02, AI203 and Fe203 differed slightly from the
calculated values (Table 3-10).
Table 3-10: UFS XRF data - Whole coal analyses - Mixtures of samples LK1 and LU13
Sample Si02 Cal. Diff. AI203 Cal. Diff. Fe203 Cal. Diff. CaO Cal. Diff.
LK1-100 2.11 2.11 0.00 2.17 2.17 0.00 7.51 7.51 0.00 3.25 3.25 0.00
LK75LU25 2.93 2.66 0.27 2.66 2.32 0.35 5.48 5.65 -0.17 2.74 2.61 0.14
LK50LU50 3.74 3.22 0.53 2.92 2.47 0.46 3.21 3.80 -0.59 2.08 1.96 0.12
LK25LU75 3.85 3.77 0.09 2.93 2.61 0.32 1.39 1.94 -0.55 1.37 1.32 0.06
LU13-100 4.32 4.32 0.00 2.76 2.76 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.67 0.67 0.00
Table 3-10: UFS XRF data - Whole coal analvses - Mixtures of samples LK1 and LU13 (continued)
Sample Ti02 Cal. MgO Cal. Na20 Cal. K20 Cal. P20S
LK1-100 0.08 0.08 0.40 0.40 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00
LK75LU25 0.10 0.10 0.33 0.31 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.00
LK50LU50 0.11 0.11 0.24 0.22 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.00
LK25LU75 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.00
LU13-100 0.14 0.14 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.07 0.00
Table 3-10: UFS XRF data - Whole coal analyses - Mixtures of samples LK1 and LU13 (continued)
Sample S Cal. H2O- Cal. LOl Cal. Total Cal.
LK1-100 1.44 1.44 3.3 3.3 78.76 78.76 99.06 99.06
LK75LU25 1.20 1.22 3.39 3.39 80.65 80.65 99.52 98.94
LK50LU50 0.99 1.00 3.47 3.47 82.54 82.54 99.35 98.83
LK25LU75 0.78 0.77 3.56 3.56 84.42 84.42 98.62 98.71
LU13-100 0.55 0.55 3.64 3.64 86.31 86.31 98.59 98.59
From Table 3.10 it is evident that the Si02 concentrations are slightly higher than the
calculated concentrations, but without a trend favouring a range of compositions.
The variation in differences is attributed to sampling/mixing variations rather than
mass absorption effects. A similar argument applies for AI203 concentrations. Fe203
3 -14
concentrations, on the other hand, are slightly lower than calculated. For the Si02
concentration the largest deviation also occurred in mixture LK50LU50. This was
probably also due to sampling/mixing variations. It must be remembered that
sampling from a low atomic substance such as coal can present deviations due to
the settling of heavy component such as FeS2.
Since the possibility of mass absorption has been taken into account by analysing
mixtures of the samples mentioned above, and the ashing of coal samples could
bring about changes to the chemical constituents, whole coal XRF analyses were
carried out on the coal samples. Standard XRF techniques used at UFS was applied
to the sediment samples together with XRD analyses on coal and sediment samples.
The results are discussed in the next section.
3 -15
3.2 Distribution of mineral matter in investigated samples and possible mode of
occurrence
All statistical analyses were performed using the software Microsoft Excel and
STATISTICA V.5. In some cases outliers were excluded to ensure accurate results.
All raw datasets are tabulated in Appendix 2 and are clustered according to the
mines were samples were collected.
3.2.1 Chemical composition of coal and sediment samples
3.2.1.1 The Witbank Coalfield
a. NO.1 coal seam
Coal from this seam is characterised by low total ash percentages averaging at 25%,
and increasing from west to east across the field. With the exception of sample 3957
from Arnot-North Mine which was provided by other sources, oxides and trace
elements are distributed evenly. The latter sample is located in the vicinity of
samples collected at Arnot Mine. However, even though this section of the coal field
is known to have higher ash percentages, the elevated Si02 percentage in sample
3957 could be the result of different sampling methods, emphasising the importance
of consistency and accuracy during sampling procedures. This coal sample could
have been carbonaceous shale which was mistaken for coal, or it could have been
contaminated. It was therefore excluded from further calculations.
As seen from Table 3-11, oxide concentrations for the coal samples are in good
agreement with brief studies carried out by previous researchers, and no unusual
results were obtained. Si02, A1203, K20 and Ti02 all decrease from east to west,
while Fe203 and S which are similarly distributed and more abundant in the south-
eastern region due to the presence of pyrite. In this instance CaO and MgO are
abundant in the southern and north-eastern regions respectively, while elevated
concentrations of P20s are located in the extreme western region of the seam.
3 -16
Table 3-11: The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of oxides (wt%) and trace elements
(ppm) in No.1 coal seam
Element Min. Max. Ave. Element Min. Max. Ave.
Si02 0.00 17.01 8.58 Rb 0.00 14.7 3.42
Ti02 0.24 0.91 0.43 Ba 12.46 231.88 109.93
AI203 2.18 8.41 5.04 Sr 26.37 175.27 92.55
Fe203 0.04 3.41 1.16 Zr 7.20 177.91 87.65
S 0.27 1.67 0.73 Nb 3.43 16.94 9.40
MnO 0.00 0.00 0.00 y 12.89 40.94 24.51
MgO 0.00 0.25 0.09 Sc 1.07 13.45 6.39
CaO 0.00 1.57 0.57 Cr 14.37 110.22 42.58
Na20 0.00 0.01 0.00 Cu 4.22 46.01 14.23
K20 0.00 0.18 0.08 V 13.49 111.2 43.33
P20S 0.00 0.44 0.06 Zn 7.28 48.38 22.58
Mn 0.00 200.01 71.89 Ni 8.30 202.47 54.19
There are no specific visible trends in the distribution of trace elements in the seam,
but certain elements occur in a similar pattern. These concentrations were not
significantly elevated, and considerable values could probably be as a result of the
nature of the source material. The high-lying north-eastern region is characterised by
high concentrations of V, Y, Cu, Ba and Mn varying between 0.00 and >200 ppm.
Nb, Zr and Ni are highest at the northern and southern centres of the seam, while
reasonable concentrations of Cr, Cu, Rb, Sr and Zn are located in the south-eastern
region. High Sc concentrations are found in the eastern and western parts together
with significant Zn. Some significant concentrations of Sr and Yare found in the
north-western and south-western regions, respectively.
There are numerous occurrences of noteworthy correlation coefficients between
major and trace elements. This could be because some elements were abundant in
the primary environment, or because some elements occur in the same minerals.
Similarly, there are many correlations which are merely coincidence due to the fact
that the number of samples were insufficient, and that numerous elements occur in
low concentrations in the assemblage. The significant and useful correlations could
be explained either in terms of their geochemical characteristics, the source material
or the depositional environment.
3 -17
High correlations for a total of 17 coal samples exists between Si02 and, Ti02 and
A1203, and even more so between Ti02 and Ab03 (r=0.935). Si02 often makes up
the bulk of the mineral assemblage and is thus well correlated with the total ash
percentage. Aluminium occurs in feldspars, micas, non-kaolinite clay minerals and
kaolinite. Feldspars and micas are frequently absent from the mineral assemblage,
and this is apparent in the low concentrations of Na and K, suggesting that the
relationship between AI203 and Ti02 as seen in Figure 3.5, could be limited to the
presence of kaolinite.
Ti02 in coal is reported to occur in oxides, clays and complexed with organic matter
(Azzie, 2002). However, no prominent correlation exists between Ti and kaolinite
found in the normative interpretation. The presence of the Ti phase anatase has not
been supported by XRD studies in this study, but this does not exclude the possibility
of a separate Ti phase occurring. According to Ward et al. (1999) AI and Ti are
soluble in highly acid conditions, thus the Ti could be precipitated in conjunction with
the kaolinite within the structure or as a separate phase. Anatase is also common as
a minor constituent in Australian coals (Ward et aI., 1999).
Although there is a clear absence of feldspars and micas in the coals and very low
concentrations of K20 and Na20, a good correlation exists between K20, Rb and Ba
as seen in Figure 3.6. This could be expected seeing that the source material is
broadly accepted to originate from the north (Cadle et aI., 1990) where abundant
igneous rocks are present. The correlation between K and Ba could be attributed to
the geochemical association between these elements. The presence of feldspars
and their close relationship with Ba and Rb is therefore also explained.
Concentrations of Na20 are often below the detection limit, therefore, no accurate
analyses could be performed with the Na20 values.
3 -18
1.(lO ,--------------------------------,
0.90 •
0.80
•
0.70
0.60
I0.50
;ë:: • • •
0.40
••
•
• ••
0.30
• • • •
0.20
0.10
O.OO"-------------------------~
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
AI,O, (wt%)
Figure 3.5 - Relationship between Ti02 and AI203 concentrations
The expected correlation between Fe203 and S (r=0.939) is primarily due to the
presence of pyrite and can be seen in Figure 3.7. The outlier in the north-eastern
corner of the graph may force such an exceptional correlation, but correlations
between Fe and S are very high in other coal seam sample sets. Ni also shows a
good correlation with Fe203 and S, and to a lesser extent with pyrite. This is common
in other seams in the field and might be due to some relationship between Ni and Fe,
but insufficient data was available for this seam to draw any definite conclusions.
Apart from feldspars, carbonate minerals in coal account for almost all MgO and
CaO concentrations in the form of dolomite and calcite (Gaigher, 1980).
3 -19
250.00 -,---------------------------,
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00 .'--------~-----------------_4
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
K,O(wt%)
Figure 3.6 - Relationship between K20 and Ba concentrations
4.50 ,-----------------------------,
4.00
3.50
3.00
1.50
1.00
....
...
0.50
••
0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
Fe,O, (wt%)
Figure 3.7 - Relationship between Fe20a and S concentrations
There are a few good yet unusual correlations observed between Cr and Si02
(r=0.877), Ti02 (r=0.899), AI203 (r=0.805), Na20 (r=0.885) and K20 (r=0.924),
between Vand Si02 (r=0.929), Ti02 (r=0.946), AI203 (r=0.831), Na20 (r=0.951) and
K20 (r=0.972), and between Zr and Ti02 (r=0.927) and AI203 (r=0.899). As noted by
Azzie (2002) the occurrence of Cr, Vand Zr could be a reflection of the source
3 -20
material, and similarly, Ward et al. (1999) has observed positive correlations
between these elements and other oxides. However, this is an isolated incidence
occurring mainly in the No. 1 seam coal. The associations of some rare earth
element with phosphate minerals from the goyazite-crandallite group are also not
overlooked as phosphate minerals have been observed in other sample sets used in
this study. The correlation between Zr and Ti02 is probably derived from their
geochemical relationship which is prominent in other rock types as well.
Mineral and oxide distributions in the roof and floor lithologies are very different from
the coal as is to be expected. These rocks consist of varying proportions of siltstone,
sandstone and carbonaceous shale. Although it was difficult to draw up useful
correlations due to the limited amount of samples, a brief indication of the chemical
composition is provided with these analyses.
Table 3-12: The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of oxides (wt%) and trace elements
(ppm) in siltstone floor rocks of NO.1 coal seam
Element Min. Max. Ave. Element Min. Max. Ave.
Si02 34.53 61.87 46.78 Ba 115.20 251.50 197.94
Ti02 0.83 2.15 1.51 Sr 16.30 63.50 46.60
AI203 7.33 22.32 14.10 Zr 182.60 391.40 273.33
Fe203 0.38 4.15 1.83 Nb 5.20 17.50 12.09
S 0.18 0.99 0.43 Y 7.50 31.30 20.86
MnO 0.00 0.04 0.02 Sc 12.50 27.30 21.50
MgO 0.00 0.15 0.05 Cr 187.20 341.30 276.91
CaO 0.01 0.18 0.09 Cu 3.20 64.10 29.51
Na20 0.02 0.15 0.07 V 194.50 403.10 303.41
K20 0.38 1.10 0.73 Zn 31.70 56.70 45.67
P20S 0.02 0.04 0.03 Ni 18.80 382.20 133.31
Rb 0.00 33.70 12.33 Co 6.40 69.10 29.37
As expected the Si02 content of the sandstones of the floor rocks were the highest
followed by the siltstone as shown in Table 3-12, and then shale. Abundant AI203
was observed in the only shale sample available while Fe203 and S were abundant
in the siltstone floor rocks. Low concentrations of Ca and Mg is supported by the
absence of carbonate in the XRD patterns of most of these rocks, while the increase
in K20 in comparison to the coal is very prominent and probably due to the presence
of illite frequently occurring in the roof and floor lithologies.
3 -21
..xr.t.l. I11UOTID
Elevated concentrations of Ba, V, Cr and Zr are present in all three rock types, but
this time the possibility of phosphate association is ruled out by the low P20s
concentration. This occurrence might once again be due to source rock influence. An
exceptionally large concentration of Ni observed in the siltstone samples, in which
the Fe203 and S contents are once again the highest. Seeing that the coal and
siltstone samples in which Fe203, S and Ni are well correlated are not in the same
vicinity, and some samples appear to be outliers, no specific reason could be
provided for this occurrence. However, the probability of Ni's association with Fe
becomes unavoidable.
Table 3-13: The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of oxides (wt%) and trace elements
(ppm) in sandstone roof rocks of NO.1 coal seam
Element Min. Max. Ave. Element Min. Max. Ave.
Si02 76.66 91.25 85.39 Ba 24.60 223.10 114.31
Ti02 0.29 1.44 0.93 Sr 20.80 208.80 77.38
AI203 3.13 7.45 4.90 Zr 181.60 662.00 435.03
Fe203 0.71 4.01 1.95 Nb 8.70 26.10 16.45
S 0.03 1.44 0.58 Y 3.60 19.50 12.03
MnO 0.00 0.07 0.03 Sc 0.00 8.60 4.04
MgO 0.00 1.63 0.43 Cr 58.40 178.00 108.69
CaO 0.00 4.71 1.26 Cu 0.00 6.30 2.56
Na20 0.01 0.11 0.05 V 30.40 69.30 44.15
K20 0.09 1.42 0.83 Zn 14.10 91.40 44.31
P20S 0.02 0.03 0.02 Ni 9.20 215.90 75.15
Rb 0.00 35.50 18.61 Co 0.00 164.40 51.14
Roof rocks of the No. 1 coal seam consisted of some sandstones and one siltstone
sample. The bulk mineralogy of sandstones does not always consist strictly of quartz
as seen in Table 3-13. Sandstones in this case show observations of elevated Fe203
and CaO percentages. Dolomite has been detected in the sandstone and siltstone
samples containing reasonable amounts of CaO and MgO. It is possible for this
carbonate to exist with calcite in the same assemblage; however, from XRD patterns
dolomite or ferroan dolomite for that matter is detected more often in the sediment
samples than in the coals, was also noted by Azzie (2002).
K20 concentrations are supported by the presence of feldspars and illite/smectite
clays in the siltstone and sandstones. Although pyrite is mainly associated with the
3 -22
coal, nodules of this mineral have been observed in hand specimen in roof and floor
rocks. Good correlation exists between K20, Rb and Ba as in the case with the coal.
A high concentration of Zr is once again well correlated with Ti02, as well as with Nb.
The occurrence of Zr in coal as discrete particles has been noted by Ward et al.
(1999). In the latter case a strong correlation between Zr and Ti02 was observed.
Significant correlations exist between Ni, Fe and S along with reasonable
correlations between Sr and MgO (r=O.993) and CaO (r=O.995).
Seeing that low P concentrations are present and a negative correlation (r=-O.022)
exists between P and Sr, supported by no phosphate phases in the XRD patterns, it
is unlikely that Sr-phosphates might be present. Correlation between Cr, V, and Cu,
and between Ni and Co are probably a result of geochemical similarities, although
their modes of occurrence are variable.
b. NO.2 coal seam
A total of 138 coal samples were collected from this seam on which analyses were
done. With this sample set it was possible to make conclusions from some contours
graphs drawn using STATISTICA V.5.
Si02, Ti02, A1203, Na20 and K20 concentrations are distributed along a northeast-
southwest strike as seen from Figures 3.8 to 3.12. These components are primarily
derived from, and are associated with the mineralogy of the source material. The
association of Ti02 and AI203 is once again evident in their distribution as well as
their correlation coefficient (r=O.784).
The magnitude of this sample set also makes it possible to avoid unusual
correlations based on lower concentrations and insufficient data. A noticeable and
expected correlation exists between K20 and Rb (r=O.785), between Sr and P20S
(r=O.681), and between Ba and Sr (r=O.813). These relationships are due to the
association of K20 and Rb in the primary environment, and the association of Sr, Ba
and P20S with Ca-aluminophosphate minerals such as crandallite and goyazite.
3 -23
Si02 distribution for No.2 Coal Seam
(138 sampling points)
-2840000
-2860000
cooro _ 0.291o _ 3.168>- _ 6.045
-2880000 _ 8.921
CJ 11.798
CJ 14.675
CJ 17.552
_ 20.428
_ 23.305
-2900000 _ 26.182L...- ~~~ __ ~__.__:
-10000 10000 30000 50000 70000 90000 _ above
XCOORD
Figure 3.8 - Si02 distribution in the No.2 coal seam
Ti02 distribution for No.2 Coal Seam
(138 sampling points)
-2840000
-2860000
cooro _ -0.113
>o- _ -0.026_ 0.061
-2880000 _ 0.148
CJ 0.235
CJ 0.322
CJ 0.408
_ 0.495
_ 0.582
-2900000~---------~-~----L--~~--~ _ 0.669
-10000 10000 30000 50000 70000 90000 _ above
XCOORD
Figure 3.9 - Ti02 distribution in the No.2 coal seam
3 -24
AI203 distribution for No.2 Coal Seam
(138 sampling points)
-2840000
-2860000
o
oa:o _ -0.35
>o- _0.89_ 2.131
-2880000 _ 3.371
04.611
05.852
D 7.092
_ 8.333
_ 9.573
_ 10.813
-2900000"'-
-10000 10000 30000 50000 70000 90000 _ above
XCOORD
Figure 3.10 - AI203 distribution in the No.2 coal seam
Na20 distribution for No.2 Coal Seam
(138 sampling points)
-2840000
-2860000
o
a:
oo _ -0.023o _ 0.004>- BO.03
-2880000 _ 0.057
00.084
00.111
D 0.138
_ 0.165
_ 0.191
_ 0.218
-2900000
-10000 10000 30000 50000 70000 90000 _ above
XCOORD
Figure 3.11 - Na20 distribution in the No.2 coal seam
3 -25
K20 distribution for NO.2 Coal Seam
(138 sampling points)
-2860000
ocr:
oo _ -0.051o _ -0.025>- _ 0.002
-2880000 _ 0.029
CJ 0.056
CJ 0.082
D 0.109
_ 0.136
_ 0.163
_ 0.189
-2900000
-10000 10000 30000 50000 70000 90000 _ above
XCOORD
Figure 3.12 - K20 distribution in the NO.2 coal seam
The most striking relationship in this seam is the correlation between Fe203 and S.
With a correlation coefficient of 0.901 it is expected that the Fe203 and S distribution
would be reasonably similar. Despite the two outliers in Figure 3.15, there is still an
exceptional correlation. However, the contour maps present a different situation.
Figures 3.13 and 3.14 illustrate the Fe203 and S distribution respectively. There is an
overlap of the highest concentrations for both elements in the north-western region
of the seam, but the elevated amounts of Fe203 in the northern and southern regions
are very obvious. After calculating the amount of Fe203 needed to combine with the
total S (all sulphur was thus assumed to have been inorganic/pyritic sulphur), the
percentage of Fe203 left was distributed in a similar pattern to that seen in Figure
3.13. Only four cases were observed in which S was left after forming pyrite. This
distribution for Fe could be as a result of, firstly, the fact that Fe could be present in
higher proportions in carbonates such as dolomite and siderite, and clays such as
montmorillonite, both of which were present in XRD interpretations. Secondly,
because the samples were not heated, the only S that could have been lost was due
to oxidation in air during storage or in nature, leaving an excess of Fe. Organic
sulphur is rarely present in larger concentrations than 0.6 wt% (Ward et aI., 1999).
3 -26
Fe203 distribution for NO.2 Coal Seam
(138 sampling points)
-2840000
-2860000
ocor:o _ -0.521o _ -0.092>- _ 0.338
-2880000 _ 0.767
D 1.196
D 1.626
D 2.055
_ 2.484
_ 2.914
-2900000 L.....~~ ~~.....:::".~~~~_.: _ 3.343
-10000 10000 30000 50000 70000 90000 _ above
XCOORD
Figure 3.13 - Fe203 distribution in the NO.2 coal seam
S distribution for NO.2 Coal Seam
(138 sampling points)
-2840000
-2860000
ocor:o _ 0.295o _ 0.417
>- _ 0.538
-2880000 _0.66
D 0.781
D 0.903
D 1.024
_ 1.146
_ 1.267
_ 1.389
-2900000
-10000 10000 30000 50000 70000 90000 _ above
XCOORD
Figure 3.14 - S distribution in the NO.2 coal seam
Thus, it is more likely for this excess Fe to be captured in other mineral phases.
3 -27
9.00 r-------------------------------,
•
8.00
7.00
6.00
•
_ 5.00 •
"il- •
!. •
Cf) 4.00
• •
3.00 •
2.00 .. ...~ .
•••
•
••• • . ••
1.00 ~.:~ : •
• #
0.00 ~--~- •.:...--------------------------__l
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
Fe203 (wt%)
Figure 3.15 - Relationship between Fe203 and S concentrations
CaO, MgO and P20s distributions are similar to that of S. The biggest difficulty in
sampling roof and floor lithologies lies in the fact that some mines leave a layer of
coal at the top and bottom of the mineable horizons; the coal seams are sometimes
just too thick to be able to reach roof rocks, and borehole material in which the whole
seam can be sampled is not always available.
Table 3.14: The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of oxides (wt%) and trace elements
(ppm) in sandstone floor rocks of NO.2 coal seam
Element Min. Max. Ave. Element Min. Max. Ave.
Si02 43.34 84.73 66.91 Ba 55.70 367.30 195.69
Ti02 0.38 1.73 1.00 Sr 23.90 498.40 184.42
AI203 4.42 29.00 13.92 Zr 65.10 448.70 215.93
Fe203 0.79 5.22 2.13 Nb 6.70 36.10 16.39
S 0.06 0.58 0.24 Y 1.70 57.20 18.97
MnO 0.00 0.16 0.04 Sc 2.40 38.50 13.32
MgO 0.00 6.12 1.47 Cr 40.30 764.30 268.72
CaO 0.02 8.42 2.69 Cu 0.00 96.70 23.25
Na20 0.00 0.20 0.07 V 13.80 1018.70 296.49
K20 0.30 0.96 0.60 Zn 11.30 94.30 44.00
P20S 0.01 0.12 0.05 Ni 9.10 194.90 54.26
Rb 0.70 108.90 29.50 Co 0.00 83.00 18.66
3 -28
The floor rocks of the NO.2 coal seam consisted mainly of sandstone, siltstone and
carbonaceous shale of which too few samples were obtained to draw up any useful
correlations. Si02 concentrations in sandstones shown in Table 3.14 are slightly
lower than in those of the NO.1 seam roof samples; however, Fe203, CaO, MgO,
Na20 and K20 concentrations are similar. The elevated Fe203 would be as a result
of the presence of siderite, while K20 and Na20 are supported by an increase in illite
in the sediments, as observed in the XRD interpretations. The carbonates calcite and
dolomite often occur together with siderite. In this case no definite explanation could
be given for the increased V concentrations, but the Ni and Fe203 concentrations are
also elevated. AI203 and K20 concentrations in the siltstone rocks range from 10 to
24 wt % and 0.64 to 1.48 wt%, respectively. This could be accounted for by the
presence of kaolinite, K-feldspars and illite. This situation is the same for the two
carbonaceous shale samples, although they contain abundant Ti02 and Fe203 in
addition to AI203 and K20, which is evident as the XRD patterns show traces of
siderite for these samples.
Carbonaceous shale roof rocks of the NO.2 coal seam are similar in chemical
composition to the floor shales apart from an average increase in P20s of 0.30 wt%.
The corresponding Ba and Sr values for elevated P20s are as high as 1000 and 900
ppm, respectively. This elevated P20s, Ba and Sr is supported by the presence of
fluorapatite in XRD interpretations. Siltstone ~amples collected in the roof of this
seam are almost identical to the floor siltstones in terms of major element oxides and
trace elements.
c. NO.4 coal seam
While the Si02, Ti02, A1203, Fe203 and S contents of this seam are similar to
concentrations in the NO.1 and NO.2 coal seams, CaO and P20S show elevations as
indicated in Table 3-15. Si02 and AI203 (r=0.880) correlate well and are highest in
the north-north eastern region of the seam, suggesting a possible change in direction
of the influx of source material or a change in depositional conditions. Both Fe203
and S distributions correspond since their concentrations decrease from west to
3 -29
east. P20S is highest mainly in the middle of the seam, while high Ca values are
found in the south-western area, decreasing towards the east.
Kaolinite is often present as the dominant silicate in some of the mineralogical
assemblages. This corresponding distribution of Si02 and AI203 could be the result
of the weathering of feldspars or to the existence of favourable conditions enabling
kaolinite precipitation. The presence of kaolinite suggests an acid leaching or
freshwater environment, while the chemical breakdown of feldspar occurs rather in a
freshwater environment than in an alkaline or marine environment (Buhrnann and
Buhrnann, 1987). According to Ward (2002), AI is soluble under low pH conditions,
and could be leached out from detrital minerals and transported to areas with
conditions suitable for kaolinite precipitation.
Thus, interaction of AI203 with any silica in solution would result in the formation of
authigenic kaolinite, depending on the conditions (Ward, 2002). It is also possible
that an igneous source with abundant K-feldspar provided this silica and alumina, but
most of the feldspar has been weathered giving rise to more kaolinite. Thus, the
distribution of Si02 and AI203 could be controlled by the source material but more
likely by the solubility and precipitation conditions of kaolinite.
Pyrite, occurring mainly as a secondary or authigenic mineral phase, is the main
reason for the distribution of Fe203 and S (r=0.926) in this manner. It is linked to
marine influences during peat formation (Buhrnann and Buhrnann, 1987).
Calcite and dolomite are both abundant in the seam, while fluorapatite accounts for
the majority of P20S and some of the CaO and Ab03 concentrations. The correlation
between P20S and Sr (r=0.886) implies that phosphates from the crandallite group
could be present, even though only fluorapatite has been detected in XRD
interpretations.
3 -30
Table 3.15: The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of oxides (wt%) and trace elements
(ppm) in NO.4 coal seam
Element Min. Max. Ave. Element Min. Max. Ave.
Si02 0.00 27.63 8.69 Rb 0.00 92.85 11.64
Ti02 0.06 2.19 0.39 Ba 73.35 2902.38 590.28
AI203 1.45 12.89 5.11 Sr 58.96 3646.04 703.26
Fe203 0.06 6.78 2.32 Zr 0.00 657.48 88.60
S 0.31 4.66 1.90 Nb 0.00 22.01 7.42
MnO 0.00 0.00 0.00 y 3.27 50.98 18.03
MgO 0.03 0.74 0.28 Sc 0.00 37.70 7.36
CaO 0.00 4.86 2.27 Cr 0.00 1049.21 53.21
Na20 0.00 0.16 0.04 Cu 5.22 53.77 17.15
K20 0.00 0.56 0.16 V 2.66 468.68 45.92
P20S 0.00 1.82 0.48 Zn 0.34 56.77 8.11
Mn 0.00 401.72 98.55 Ni 2.60 102.38 19.97
The sandstones in the roof and floor lithologies of this seam are characterised by
elevated concentrations of A1203,Ti02 and K20 in comparison to the same rocks of
the NO.1 and No. 2 seams. Fe203 is also abundant in the roof sandstones; however
S values are low averaging 0.31 wt%. Illite, kaolinite and K-feldspar are well defined
in the XRD patterns, but siderite could not be detected easily, suggesting that Fe
could be caught up in minor montmorillonite and dolomite. The trace element
distributions are very similar to other sandstones with no remarkable correlations
except between elements and oxides with specific geochemical relationships; while
siltstone and carbonaceous shale roof and floor rocks are also very similar to those
of the other seams.
NO.4 coal seam has a reasonably constant parting consisting of sandstone at Arnot,
Douglas, Forzando and Optimum Mines, siltstone in the Rietspruit Mine area and
carbonaceous shale at Tavistock Mine. The trace element concentrations are
considerably lower and sometimes similar to those in floor and roof lithologies of the
same rock type, while major element oxides are compatible as well.
d. NO.5 coal seam
Table 3-16 illustrates that the NO.5 coal seam contains Si02, Ti02, A1203,Fe203 and
S concentrations which are compatible to the lower seams, along with very low
3 -31
concentrations of CaO, MgO and P205. At the few locations where samples were
available for this coal seam, the Si02, Ti02, AI203 and K20 concentrations decrease
from west to east. Fe203 and S, on the other hand, are distributed evenly amongst
the sample localities. Na20 is almost negligible throughout all the coals and trace
elements are not much different either. The expected correlations are present and so
too correlations which arise due to insufficient cases during matrix calculations.
Table 3.16: The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of oxides (wt%) and trace elements
(ppm) in NO.5 coal seam
Element Min. Max. Ave. Element Min. Max. Ave.
Si02 5.79 29.27 13.05 Rb 0.00 65.71 19.12
Ti02 0.07 0.47 0.19 Ba 0.00 751.48 145.56
AI203 2.17 11.15 4.79 Sr 2.85 143.39 52.07
Fe203 0.22 3.15 1.29 Zr 34.32 340.10 116.80
S 0.34 1.82 0.91 Nb 6.51 41.81 14.26
MnO 0.00 0.00 0.00 y 0.94 29.60 11.23
MgO 0.00 0.28 0.12 Sc 0.10 11.37 3.85
CaO 0.00 0.13 0.04 Cr 0.00 107.09 15.75
Na20 0.00 0.02 0.00 Cu 3.73 15.09 8.51
K20 0.15 1.04 0.39 V 5.80 59.18 21.67
P20S 0.00 0.00 0.00 Zn 0.00 9.83 3.89
Mn 0.00 7.50 2.09 Ni 0.00 12.39 2.28
Sandstones, siltstones and carbonaceous shale also make up the roof and floor
rocks of the No. 5 coal seam. The only noticeable difference is that all rock types
contain significant elevations in MgO which could mainly be accounted for by the
presence of montmorillonite in the XRD interpretations. CaO and K20 concentrations
were considerable too averaging at 0.28 and 2.72 wt% respectively, and since
almost no calcite was present, CaO and K20 are accounted for by plagioclase
feldspar in a few siltstones. Siderite appeared to be a dominant component in some
of the XRD interpretations in accordance with the higher Fe203 and low S values, but
some of the Fe203 forms part of the montmorillonite phase. Kaolinite, illite and K-
feldspar are often found together with siderite in most roof and floor rocks
3-32
3.2.1.2 The Highveld Coalfield
a. NO.4 coal seam
Although fewer samples were obtained in this coalfield, Figure 3.16 illustrates that
the concentrations of some major element oxides are similar except for the few
samples analysed. However, due to insufficient data, a clear distribution could not be
detected, but the data still gives an indication of what major differences exist
between the two fields. All except CaO and Na20 concentrations are very similar to
not only the No.4 seam coals in the Witbank Coalfield, but also th~ other seams as
well. The mineral components consist of quartz, major kaolinite, calcite, dolomite,
pyrite, siderite and sometimes major phosphate phases. K-feldspar has also been
detected on rare occasions.
Correlations between Fe203 and S (r=0.887), P20s and Sr (r=0.933), and K20 and
Rb (0.765) are due to the presence of pyrite and crandallite, and the geochemical
association between K and Rb, respectively. Ba and Sr are the only trace elements
showing any elevation in concentration, while the others are in good agreement with
those observed in the seams of the Witbank Coalfield.
Roof and floor lithologies for this seam consist of sandstones and siltstones.
Siltstones from the roof and floor rocks are characterised by high Fe203 and K20
concentrations which is evident in the presence of siderite and K-feldspar in some of
the XRD interpretations. Floor sandstones contain less Si02 and more AI203 than
roof sandstones in which major illite and feldspars are present. The Fe203:S ratio is
high suggesting that most of the Fe is probably accounted for by siderite, since
montmorillonite is not a prominent phase in the assemblage. Trace element
concentrations for sandstone and siltstones are similar.
3 -33
Chemical Composition Profile - NO.4 coal seam - Highvel Coalfield
60
50
40
ncao
~ .s
! ClFe20330
"0 ClAI203
'"0C .Ti02
ClSi02
20
10
0
Figure 3.16 - Variations in concentration of some element oxides and sulphide in NO.4 coal seam
b. NO.5coal seam
Unlike the NO.5 seam in the Witbank Coalfield, this seam contains noticeable
concentrations of Si02, CaO, MgO and Na20; however illite, feldspars and the
carbonates were not detected in the XRD patterns of these samples. Fe203 and S
(r=O.840) has a significant correlation. A few sandstone and shale samples were
collected from the roof and floor lithologies, both of which do not contain any
significantly elevated concentrations of major or trace elements.
3.2.2 X-ray Diffraction Interpretation
3.2.2.1 The Witbank Coalfield
The X-ray diffraction interpretation method applied at the University of the Free State
involves comparing the diffraction scan to separate peak files for minerals included in
the software database. All diffraction peaks may not be completely visible, but,
depending on the operator, this method could be applied with great accuracy since
the interpretation relies primarily on the researcher's discretion. The occurrence of
3 -34
these minerals in the XRD diffraction patterns are supported by their chemical
compositions as explained in the previous sections. One problem that arises in these
interpretations concerns chemical components which are present in low
concentrations. Phases such as illite, montmorillonite and feldspar are never
abundant or rarely occur as major phases in coal, thus the low concentrations of K20
and Na20 are not always represented clearly in the XRD pattern. Similarly, an
abundance of a specific element from XRF results does not necessarily mean that it
is indicative of a specific phase. Fe is one such element which occurs in various
mineral phases. It is easy to make an assumption that most of the Fe would be
accounted for by sulphides in this case; however, if gaseous compounds such as
S03 and CO2 are unknown, assumptions as to whether the distribution of Fe would
be as sulphides or carbonates should be done with great care.
Minerals detected in the XRD patterns were semi-quantitatively evaluated in terms of
dominant (>40% of the mineral fraction), major (10-40%), minor (2-10%), accessory
(1-2%) and rare «1 %) constituents. The interpretations will be discussed according
to the phases prominent in each seam. Examples of diffraction scans with identified
peaks are illustrated in Figures A2-1 to A2-6 on pages A2-87 to A2-92 in Appendix 2.
All samples were analysed in accordance with specifications set out in Appendix 1.
All XRD interpretations are tabulated in Appendix 2 according to sampling localities.
a. NO.1 coal seam
The mineralogical composition of coal deposits across the world consists of a
dominant assemblage of quartz, kaolinite, clay minerals, sulphides, carbonates and
phosphates, and some rare minerals characteristic of the depositional environment
or the source material. Quartz and kaolinite commonly occur as the dominant phases
in this seam. Calcite, dolomite and pyrite occur mainly as minor phases. It is rather
difficult to distinguish between illite and illite/smectite interstratification using' this
technique since there are a few peak overlaps occurring at the major illite peak 28
position, but this phase is not abundant in the seam. Siderite is prominent for a
mineral that occurs mainly in the roof and floor lithologies, even though it was only in
minor concentrations. Low concentrations of fluorapatite have been detected in
3 -35
samples from Kleinkopje Mine, while minor montmorillonite is observed in the Arnot
Mine area. Roof and floor rocks are dominated by quartz, kaolinite and sometimes
minor feldspars and clay minerals.
b. NO.2 coal seam
Kaolinite, calcite and dolomite are the dominant phases in the NO.2 seam. Dolomite
is more often than not present in larger concentrations than calcite, and sometimes
only one of these carbonates appear along with dominant kaolinite proportions.
Pyrite and montmorillonite occur as minor phases together with the phosphates
fluorapatite and crandalillte. Fluorapatite is present mainly in samples in the western
region of the seam, and decreases towards the east. Crandallite was observed only
in one sample from the Leeufontein Mine.
Quartz is present in most of the samples and it's concentration might vary from
dominant to accessory in the coal samples, but it is clearly one of the prevalent
phases in the roof and floor lithologies. K-feldspar is prominent in the sandstones,
while illite is more common in the siltstones and shales. Plagioclase was found
infrequently, while siderite constantly appeared in sandstone samples. Calcite and
dolomite are present in the sediments, but mainly in lower concentrations. Pyrite
rarely makes an appearance in sandstones, but sometimes it can be one of the
major phases especially at the roof-coal interface. This precipitation could be due to
a change in Eh at the interface.
In order to determine whether there were any differences in the mineralogical or
geochemical nature of coal with different roof lithologies, coal underlying sandstones,
siltstones and shales were analysed and compared. This might have given an
indication of the environmental conditions under which the sediments were
deposited, but the only definite conclusion that could be made was that the general
mineralogical and chemical compositions of coal were very similar.
3 -36
c. NO.4 and NO.5 coal seams
As expected, quartz concentrations seem to decrease towards the west while
kaolinite is almost ubiquitous throughout the seams. Calcite, dolomite and
montmorillonite still occur in minor concentrations and pyrite sometimes as a major
component, while K-feldspar has been observed as an accessory constituent. Once
again illite and siderite in the roof and floor rocks contain similar concentrations
compared to the other seams.
3.2.2.2 The Highveld Coalfield
a. NO.4 and NO.5 coal seams
Mineral distributions in the Highveld Coalfield are similar to the coal and sediment
mineralogy of the Witbank Coalfield. The main constituents, quartz, kaolinite, calcite,
dolomite and minor montmorillonite, occur in the coal in varying proportions, while
illite, siderite and K-feldspar are more common in the roof and floor rocks. Only one
occurrence of crandallite and plagioclase feldspar was observed in samples BH1-5
and BHW3-5 respectively. In addition, pyrite concentrations are much lower in
comparison to the Witbank Coalfield.
The XRD interpretation provided a useful indication as to which phases governed the
mineralogy and which were enriched or depleted as a result of depositional or source
material influences.
3.2.3 Normative Mineralogical Interpretation using Sednorm
The software used to determine the normative mineralogy, called SEDNORM, was
designed by D. R. Cohen and C. R. Ward at the Department of Applied Geology,
University of New South Wales, Australia. It calculates the mineralogy especially of
sedimentary rocks based on chemical analyses. The sequence of allocating
elements or oxides to the various minerals is a function of observed sedimentary
mineral assemblages, mineral stabilities in surface environments and the restriction
3 -37
of certain elements to specific minerals e.g. (phosphorus completely contained in
apatite). There is some degree of independent mineralogical data required (XRD,
SEM or optical petrology) to control whether minerals such as feldspar, muscovite
and montmorillonite are present and the control of compositional parameters for
minerals such montmorillonite (within certain restrictions) is optional (SEDNORM -
Users Manual, 1990).
The principles which have to be applied in order to derive the normative mineralogy
from the oxide percentages are set out as follows:
i. Both apatite and crandallite may exist in coals, but phosphorus is assumed
to be present in apatite since it is the dominant phosphate in sedimentary
rocks.
ii. Any sulphur present is assumed to be consumed in pyrite or gypsum,
depending on the degree of oxidation.
iii. Chlorine is allocated to halite.
iv. The distribution of potassium between K-feldspar, illite and muscovite can
be fixed and any excess potassium remaining after the clays or muscovite
are formed can be assigned to K-feldspar.
v. Options are available to assign calcium and magnesium to the carbonates
first and then apatite and gypsum, or in the preferred order. The
carbonates permitted are calcite, magnesite and siderite, and calcite is
formed in preference to siderite with excess iron being assigned to
hematite.
vi. The inclusion of montmorillonite is optional, and a choice is provided
regarding the cation ratios in the smectite component, if it appears to be
present from sources such as XRD.
vii. To compensate for minor errors in differentiating between structural and
absorbed water, the water content could be increased until the AI203 and
Si02 are exhausted. Any alumina and silica left will be assigned to gibbsite
and quartz, respectively.
3 -38
viii. In the event of excess chlorine being present sodium is added to the
system to form halite, and similarly chlorine is added to form halite if
excess sodium is present after feldspar is formed.
The program was applied successfully by Ward et al. (1999) in a study concerning
the mineralogy of sandstones; however it's use in the determination of coal
mineralogy has proved to be limited in this study. Nonetheless, correlations between
the normative mineralogy and the chemical composition are fairly consistently.
3.2.3.1 Coal
Correlations are obtained between quartz and Si02 (r=0.767), pyrite and, Fe203
(r=0.933) and S (r=0.960), siderite and Fe203 (0.885), magnesite and CaO (r=0.819)
and MgO (r=0.835), calcite and CaO (r=0.812), apatite and P20S (r=0.919), and
slightly between illite-smectite and K20 (r=0.633) since K20 is allocated to illite-
smectite and K-feldspar. Plots illustrated in Figures 3.17 to 3.25 indicate these
relationships.
40~------------------------------------------------------.
R = 0.767
• •
30 •
•
•
~ • •
!. 20
ë
iii
• •
• • I • • • •
• • • • • •• • •
10 ~. •••••. • •
• •• •• * ••• •
.•~• .•.•... ••; . •• •.• •
t
O-·~.~------------------------------------------------------~
o 15 30 45 60
Sednorm Quartz (wt"!.)
Figure 3.17 - Relationship between normative Quartz and Si02 percentages in coal samples
3 -39
A regression analysis executed in Microsoft Excel proved that the correlation
coefficients are almost identical to those obtained from the correlation matrix drawn
up in STATISTICA. Since quartz is mainly a minor constituent in the coals, the
normative results in Figure 3.17 corresponds exceptionally well, as Si02 is used
firstly to form other silicate phases for which there is sufficient amounts of K, Ca, Na,
AI, Mg and Fe.
1S~-------------------------------------------------------.
• A = 0.933
10
;;:
~ ••
sft •
U- • • •
S •
• • • • •• •
• • • • •
• . • • • • ••
••
•tl..·~•1;#.·.·.~~·'-i·
•·•·:·.+ ••••• • • ... • •o~~~L~-·rL_ __ ~~ ~. ~
o 10 20 30
Sednorm Pyrite (wt%)
Figure 3.18 - Relationship between normative Pyrite and Fe203 percentages in coal samples
The correlation coefficient obtained for Fe203 and siderite in Figure 3.19 is slightly
lower than the correlation coefficient for Fe203 and pyrite seen in Figure 3.18. This
could be due to the fact that pyrite was more abundant in the coal samples than
siderite. Thus, most Fe203 was available for pyrite formation until all S was used,
and the remaining Fe203 was assigned to siderite.
3 -40
16~---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,
R = 0.885
•
12
*!s 8 • •
uG, •
•• •
•
4 • #••••
•
• • •• • •
..,3'.t....•·...·••...•.• •
0
0 15 30 45 60 75
Sednorm Siderite (wt%)
Figure 3.19 - Relationship between normative Siderite and Fe203 percentages in coal samples
1.00 r------------------------------------------------------------------------------,
R = 0.835
•
0.80 •• •
• •
0.60
'i!- •
! • •
0 •
Cl • • • •
::E • • • •
0.40 •
• • •
•• • ••
•• • •• • • •• •
• • •
• • •
• • • •• ••• •
• •
• • • •
0.00 L- ~
o 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9
Sednorm Magnesite (wt%)
Figure 3.20 - Relationship between normative Magnesite and MgO percentages in coal samples
3 -41
Remembering that the normative program was designed mainly for Australian
sedimentary rocks, it accommodates magnesite as the dominant Mg-carbonate
instead of dolomite which is more prominent in South African coals. Yet, the
magnesite percentage in Figure 3.20 is in good agreement with the MgD of which
most is supposed to be in the form of dolomite.
18·r---------------------------------------------------------,
• R= 0.812
15
12
~
!. 9
o •
al
CJ
6 • • •
.. • . •:
• •
3 • t -•::., ~••.•.• •
•• •
+. •• • ••• +.\ •
I.. ••• ~t~~,~- .....••• • ••••••
O~-~··~~--"--------------------------------------------------~
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Sednorm Calcite (wt%)
Figure 3.21 - Relationship between normative Calcite and CaO percentages in coal samples
CaD is used to form calcite before any other Ca-bearing phase confirming the high
correlation coefficient of r=0.812 as seen in Figure 3.21. However, dolomite does
occur as the dominant carbonate in many coal samples and the correlation between
magnesite and CaD (r=0.819) is slightly higher than between calcite and CaD.
Therefore, if enough MgD is present, CaD could be consumed by magnesite first.
The high correlation between apatite and P20s in Figure 3.22 lies in the fact that it is
the only phosphate phase allowed to consume all present phosphorus, and with the
presence of sufficient CaD and lower P20s, apatite could be formed until all P20S is
used.
3 -42
4,----------------------------------------------------------------------------,
R = 0.919
•
3
•
•
••
• •
• • • •
• •••
l..lt•
.~ ..
'\: :.•.
O·~~------------------------------------------~----------------------------~
o 10 20 30 40 50
Sednorm Apatite (w1"1o)
Figure 3.22 - Relationship between normative Apatite and P20s percentages in coal samples
3.2.3.2 Sediments
2.~.-------------------------------------------------------------------------_,
R = 0.779
2.00 • •
• •
•
1.~
!* • •
0 •.,;
1.00 •
•
o.so •
0.00 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------~
o 2 4 6 8 10 12
Sednorm K-feldspar (w1"1o)
Figure 3.23 - Relationship between normative K-feldspar and K20 percentages in sediment samples
3 -43
The correlation between feldspars and their compounds is best seen in the
sediments where abundant K20 and Na20 is present. The correlation between K-
feldspar and K20 (as seen in Figure 3.23) and Na20 is r=O.779 and r=O.769,
respectively. A good correlation between K20 and illite-smectite (r=O.831) is also
observed in Figure 3.25. The correlation between AI203 and kaolinite is also more
significant in the sediments (r=O.869) than in the coals as seen in Figure 3.24. This is
probably because abundant AI203 is present in the sediments due to the fact that
more alumino-silicate phases are present than in the coal, and kaolinite also occur
as a dominant phase in the sediments.
40,--------------------------------------------------------,
R = 0.869
•
30
• •• •
• • ••
• • •
10 •
• •
• • •
••
OL-------------------------------------------------------~
o 20 40 60 80 100
Sednorm Kaolinite (wt%)
Figure 3.24 - Relationship between normative Kaolinite and AI203 percentages in sediment samples
3-44
2.50 r----------------------------------,
R = 0.831
2.00 • •
• •
•
1.50
~
! ••
0~ • •
1.00 • •
•
•
0.50 • •
• •
•
0.00 L....- • • • ~
o 4 8 12 16
Sednorm Illite-Smectite (wI%)
Figure 3.25 - Relationship between normative Illite-Smectite and K20 percentages in sediment
samples
The mineralogical composition of coal and coal-bearing units are similar in some
instances, although some differences are observed. The ability of this mineralogy to
contribute to groundwater character and the influence on ground water owing to a
difference in mineralogy is the main objectives of this study, and these possible
influences are discussed in the following chapters.
3 -45
CHAPTER4
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND QUALITY OF COLLIERY
WATERS
4.1 Quality of colliery waters
The diversity of water use makes this compound imperative to the functional
existence of all life forms. Despite its scarcity in various countries, it is still used in
numerous processes and operations often resulting in the deterioration of nearby
rivers, lakes or groundwater systems. A look at what groundwater systems and other
water bodies in and around the mining environment are subjected to provide a brief
yet informative explanation of the complexities governing water quality.
It would be incorrect to say that the chemical nature of water is influenced only by
the entities with which it is in direct contact. Various mechanical factors and
constraints in water movement playa significant role. Depending on the type pf ore
present, the quality of water in the vicinity of ore deposits might differ considerably to
water where no such geological deposits are present. Whether ore deposits are
being mined, the manner in which they are mined and the rehabilitation procedures
applied after mining has ceased, could result in large differences in water quality
regarding such scenarios.
The coal mines in the Mpumalanga Province are situated within the Olifants River
and Vaal River Catchments as seen in Figure 1.8. Rainwater in the region contains
elevated sulphate concentrations, while a rise in salt concentrations is observed in
the Loskop Dam. Sulphate anions dominate waters of the Loskop Dam as well as
the Witbank and Middelburg Dams (Hodgson and Krantz, 1998). As mentioned in
Chapter 1, the weathered and unweathered Ecca Group aquifers are the most
significant since the Pre-Karoo aquifers are at great depths and have a low-yielding
character in terms of water quantity. The excellent quality of water in the weathered
Ecca Group aquifers can be attributed to the many years of dynamic groundwater
flow through the weathered sediments. Leachable salts have been removed from the
4 -1
system long ago and it is only the slow decomposition of clay particles which
presently releases some elements into the water. Water in the
unweathered/fractured aquifer could possibly seep through the No. 2 coal seam,
causing higher salt loads there than in the waters of the weathered aquifer;
nevertheless acceptable concentrations of various salts ranging between 1 and 400
mg/I are still obtained (Hodgson and Krantz, 1998).
With rapid industrial development in the Mpumalanga province, several factors able
to contribute to the deteriorating water quality were introduced. Power generation,
municipal waste, sewage effluent, metallurgical and agricultural waste are some of
the contributors to pollution, but the effects of mining activities seems to be the
primary cause for concern regarding water quality, therefore it's influence will be
discussed in further detail. Water monitoring systems implemented over the last few
decades display some significant results regarding the quality of both surface and
underground water surrounding these mines, the key process giving reason for
concern being acid mine drainage (AMD).
This study was aimed at correlating the water quality in a specific area with the
mineralogical composition of the coal and the roof and floor lithologies in that area. In
order to illustrate the mineral distribution across such an area, it is necessary to
obtain spatial data from a structured, intensive sampling programme. It is not always
possible to sample even a smaller area, such as a mine, at regular intervals to
gather sufficient information to compile maps. The task was more complicated due to
the areal extent of the area investigated. Samples collected from the mines included
in this study were often kilometres apart.
There are some other constraints that could be unfavourable during sampling
procedures. Accessing all lithologies underground in one area is not always possible,
resulting in the need for borehole material. It is clear from the research conducted
that extensive planning and some modifications were needed to ensure that this
specific objective was achieved. A decision was made to concentrate on a
mineralogical study with investigations in the acid-base potential of representative
samples. Acid-base accounting (ABA) was used mainly to verify the potential of the
4 -2
coal and sediments in the coalfield to contribute to the geochemical character of
water, and is laid out in Chapter 5. A brief description of AMD, it's influence on water
quality and the factors controlling water quality are provided in the next sections of
this chapter.
4.1.1 Sources of acid mine drainage (AMD)
Sulphuric acid is formed by the reaction of water with iron sulphides, particularly
pyrite, which is a common constituent in coal seams. It may be produced from
drainage of mines from which sulphide ores are being extracted, from tailings
produced in plants where the ores are processed and through groundwater emerging
from abandoned mines charged with sulphuric acid and various salts of metals. Such
chemical pollution also includes salts of zinc, lead, arsenic, copper and aluminium
(Strahler and Strahler, 1973). The reactions of pyrite with oxygen and water found in
literature (Grobbelaar, 2001; Azzie, 1999; Chelin, 2000) proceeds as follows:
Step one: The pyrite oxidizes upon contact with air and water
1) 2FeS2 + 7 02 + 2H20 - 4S0/- + 2Fe2++ 4H+
Step two: Iron oxidizes to ferric iron
2) 4Fe2++ 402 + 4H+_ 4Fe3++2H20
Step three: Precipitation occurs with ferric iron to ferric hydroxide
3) Fe3++ 3H20 - Fe(OHh + 3H+
Thus, the overall reaction can be written as:
4FeS2 + 1502 + 14H20 - 8H2S04 + 4Fe(OHh
Once acid has been formed it will either remain and accumulate in the rock by filling
pores, or be removed by water. Sufficient alkaline material is needed to neutralise
AMD conditions depending on the extent of distribution of the acid. The most
common acid consuming or neutralising mineral is calcite (CaC03) and neutralisation
occurs via the reactions:
4 -3
CaC03 + H+~ Ca2+ + HC03-
or
CaC03 + 2H+ ~ Ca2+ +H2C03
If acid generation continues long enough to exhaust the neutralising ability of
CaC03, the pH will drop and create more favourable conditions for acid generation.
The pH of natural waters is controlled by reactions involving an acid-base system,
such as the carbonic acid system (Azzie, 1999).
Chemical equilibrium models for the study of the carbonic acid system include both
an open and a closed system. An open system assumes that the water is in
equilibrium with the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere. This model is used
when there is ample time for atmospheric carbon dioxide to saturate a solution. For
example, this chemical model can be used to study the chemistry of shallow lakes,
cooling towers and geological formations. In a closed system the acid-base reactions
are much faster than gas dissolution equilibrium reactions (Cruywagen, 2000).
Natural systems tend to change relatively rapidly thus no equilibrium with the
surrounding atmosphere is attained. The closed system is therefore commonly used
in most environmental engineering and environmental science applications
(Cruywagen, 2000).
When CO2 (9) is brought into contact with water it will dissolve forming carbonic acid
(H2C03) until an equilibrium state is reached. The carbonic acid will dissociate to
hydrogen, bicarbonate (HC03-) and carbonate (C032-) ions. In an open system the
water will be in contact with a gas phase thus carbon dioxide will enter the solution
and when the calcite dissolves it is referred to as "open system dissolution". If no gas
phase is present, such as below the water table or tailings ponds below the surface,
no carbon dioxide will be provided while the calcite dissolves. The solubility of calcite
increases within an open system in comparison to a closed system. Dolomite could
serve as a neutralising agent for sulphuric acid, but it is less effective than calcite
(Cruywagen, 2000).
4 -4
Although very brief, this overview of AMD confirms that the generation and
remediation of AMD is a cause for concern regarding most coal mines, as well as
other mining sectors; especially since the effects are evident in the deterioration of
aquatic and terrestrial life forms surrounding these areas.
4.1.2 The effects of AMD on colliery water quality
Research on AMD has gradually intensified since the problem becomes more
apparent each year, and similar situations are encountered in coal mines elsewhere.
The influence of coal mining methods on water quality is described comprehensively
by Hodgson and Krantz (1998).
The dissolution of sodium, potassium and chloride-bearing minerals occur
simultaneously with the oxidation of pyrite in the spoils of opencast mines.
Accelerated pyrite oxidation occurs together with the precipitation of ferric hydroxide.
The total sulphur in coal gives little indication of the final pH of the spoil waters. Low
sulphur content may still produce acid if insufficient neutralising constituents are
present, and when neutralising constituents are depleted, water quality is sure to
deteriorate. Water quality in shallow underground mines varies from acid to neutral
to saline conditions (Hodgson and Krantz, 1998). In some cases water is not
saturated with respect to sulphate due to periodic recharge, while other cases are
observed where calcium sulphate dominates waters due to the carbonates in the
coal. Low calcium and magnesium concentrations suggest that the base potential
has been exhausted, and high metal concentrations are present due to a low pH
(Hodgson and Krantz, 1998).
Water quantity in deep underground mines varies considerably depending on the
mining method used, namely, bord-and-pillar, high extraction, stoping, longwall and
shortwall mining. Water quality will be explained in terms of bord-and-pillar and high
extraction mining. Interstitial water in bord-and-pillar mines is dominated by sodium
and chloride ions, and due to the small load, high concentrations of metals are not
present. On the other hand, water in stagnant pools deteriorate due to the high acid
generating potential of the coal seam, which often increases once the base potential
4 -5
has been depleted. Natural alkalinity of water that flows into the mine or carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere could suffice as a means to buffer acid. Water in high
extraction mines is initially high in sodium, but later deteriorates due to pyrite
oxidation and an increase in sulphate, calcium and magnesium takes place. Panel
waters in such mines have high alkaline tendencies due to available carbonates
(Hodgson and Krantz, 1998).
Waters from coal mines in other countries show a similar trend. Calcium sulphate
type waters characterise abandoned opencast coal mines in Ohio, while magnesium
concentrations are often similar to calcium concentrations, and elevated
concentrations of sulphate, boron, fluoride and chloride are present (Haefner, 2002).
In a study examining sulphate transport and trends as an indicator of drainage from
past and present coal mining in the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins, U. S.
A., a comprehensive description of the effects of acid mine drainage is presented.
The AMD effects on various rivers and streams in the basins are evident in the
deaths of numerous aquatic plants and animals (Sams and Beer, 2000). Similarly,
AMD water quality at an opencast coal mine in Indiana was characterised by high
acidity, high concentrations of iron, manganese and sulphate, and lack of alkalinity.
Remediation processes applied here included the placement of coal ash commonly
used for it's alkaline nature to improve AMD conditions (Martin et a/., 1990).
These are just a few of many known cases during which improper or no water
monitoring programs were implemented resulting in rapid deterioration of water
quality.
4 -6
4.2 Factors influencing geochemical character of water
From the previous section it is evident that the quality of water is controlled mainly by
the degree of water-rock or water-mineral interaction, however, specific parameters
are used in determining the suitability of water for a specific purpose.
4.2.1 Electrical conductivity (EC)
Conductivity is a numerical expression of the ability of a solution to conduct an
electric current, and depends on the concentration of ions, their mobility and valence,
as well as temperature. Solutions of inorganic acids, bases and salts are good
conductors, while solutions of organic components conduct current very poorly. The
physical measurement made in a laboratory determination of conductivity is usually
of resistance, measured in 0 or MO, and since the reciprocal for ohm is siemens
according to the International System of Units, it is reported as millisiemens per
meter (mS/m). There are various uses for conductivity measurements which are
carried out in a laboratory such as establishing the degree of mineralisation and the
variations in dissolved mineral concentration, just to mention a few. The apparatus
consists of different components and the procedure is set out systematically in
Franson et al. (1985).
4.2.2 Salinity
Salinity is defined as the total solids in water after all carbonates have been
converted to oxides, all bromide and iodide have been replaced by chloride, and all
organic matter has been oxidised, and is presented as grams per kilogram (g/kg). A
specific method for determining salinity in a certain situation is proposed. The
electrical conductivity and hydrometric methods are recommended for analyses
performed along a shoreline, while the argentometric technique is more suited for
laboratory or field analysis of estuarine or coastal inlet waters (Franson et al., 1985).
4 -7
4.2.3 pH value
It is possible to describe the acidity, neutrality or alkalinity of an aqueous solution
quantitatively by using the hydrogen-ion concentration, but because these
concentrations values may be very small it is often more convenient to present them
in terms of pH. pH is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the molar hydrogen-
ion concentration:
It is measured on a scale ranging from 1.00 to 14.00, where 1.00 represents extreme
acidity, 7.00 represents neutral and 14.00 would be purely alkaline or basic. Water
quality is often characterised in terms of its alkalinity or acidity as this parameter is
very dependant on ion concentration (Ebbing, 1993).
4.2.4 Total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TOS)
Solids refer to the matter suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater. The
degree to which solids are suspended and dissolved in water contributes to it's
suitability for industrial and domestic use. During an analytical procedure, the "total
solids" is a measure of residue left after the evaporation of a sample and includes
total suspended solids (the portion of solids retained by a filter) and total dissolved
solids (the portion that passes through the filter). The concentration of solids is
presented as milligram per litre (mg/L). Recommended methods are also set out in
Franson et al. (1985).
4.2.5 Metals
Most metals occurring naturally in a certain environment tend to concentrate in
nearby streams, rivers and lakes, depending on their abundance, mobility and the
minerals in which they occur. In areas where geological bodies containing prominent
concentrations of a specific metal are situated, elevated concentrations of the metals
associated with the orebody are commonly found in the surrounding environment.
This is a useful indicator in determining the location of ore deposits. The exploitation
4 -8
of such a deposit would often result in a higher concentration of metals in the area,
but mainly in the water bodies, generally having a negative effect on the water
quality.
Several analytical techniques are available in determining the distribution of metals
in surface and ground water. Calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese are
commonly analysed in groundwater from coal mines as these ions are donated by
the carbonates, sulphides and silicates present in the coals and sedimentary rocks.
They also determine the suitability of water for use in mining operations. Calcium is
dissolved from minerals such as calcite and gypsum, and forms soluble salts with
bicarbonate, sulphate, fluoride, phosphate and chromate. The main source of
magnesium is dolomite but it is associated with silicates, sulphates and chlorides.
Both calcium and magnesium are responsible for water hardness, and calcium also
reduces metal toxicity by hindering their absorption (Azzie, 1999).
Acidic surface drainage and some underground water sources frequently contain
higher iron concentrations. Iron may occur in true solution, in a colloidal state, in
inorganic or organic iron complexes, or in coarse suspended particles. It is obtained
from sulphides, carbonates, oxides and hydroxides, and some silicates. The ionic
state of iron present in a solution depends primarily on it's surrounding Eh and pH
conditions. Different procedures are thus used for the determination of ferrous and
ferric iron (Franson et aI., 1985). Manganese is found in solution predominantly as
the manganous ion Mn2 4+. On oxidation to the manganic ion, Mn +, manganese tends
to precipitate out of solution to form a black hydrated oxide, which causes staining
problems often associated with manganese-bearing waters (Azzie, 1999). On
precipitation, iron and manganese contribute to the sediment deposits that pollute
heat exchangers and pipelines. These metals are presented as milligrams per litre
(mg/L).
4.2.6 Inorganic non-metallic constituents
Chloride, sulphate and silica are primary inorganic non-metallic constituents used to
characterise water. An excessive chloride concentration gives water a typical salty
4 -9
taste depending on the concentration, in mg/L, and on other cations present. High
chloride content may harm metallic pipes and structures, as well as growing plants.
Silica is obtained from quartz and other silicate minerals, and occurs as suspended
particles, in a colloidal state and as silicate ions. The silicate content of natural water
ranges from 1 to 30 mg/L. For industrial uses elevated concentrations are
undesirable as silica scales are difficult to remove from equipment. Mine drainage
contributes large amounts of sulphate through pyrite oxidation, but also through the
dissolution of minerals such as gypsum (Franson et al., 1985). High concentrations
of sulphate may promote degradation of concrete structures. Determination of these
constituents is vital and a range of methods are available for this purpose.
4.2.7 Organic constituents
The total organic carbon (TOC), the biochemical oxygen demand (BOC) and the
chemical oxygen demand (COD) are used as parameters in characterising colliery
waters. Carbon compounds in water can be oxidised by biological and chemical
processes, and the BOC and COD characterise these fractions, respectively.
Although it does not provide the same information, TOC is a more convenient and
direct expression of total organic carbon content. Organic matter promotes the
formation of microbial slimes, acting as a nutrient source for bacterial growth (Azzie,
1999).
The components characterising water quality are introduced into the system by
means of various reactions and processes such as redox reactions, acid-base
reactions, ion exchange, dissolution-precipitation and aqueous speciation. For more
information regarding these processes the reader is referred to Hodgson and Krantz
(1998).
4 -10
4.3 A model for the preliminary assessment of sources of pollution
Taking precautionary measures to curb deterioration in groundwater quality is always
a feasible approach to prevent such a situation from developing into a crisis. Yet,
negative influences on water surrounding mines are sometimes only detected once
conditions have already reached detrimental levels. Since monitoring water quality
has become an integral part of operating a mine, more knowledge has been
gathered concerning the causes, effects and solutions associated with water
problems. It is necessary to understand unfavourable reactions that are associated
with specific mine wastes and by-products, and how they affect the surrounding
environment. Therefore, examining the potential of any source to contribute to
pollution could be cost-effective and beneficial, as time and resources spent on
remediation often amounts to vast quantities.
As seen from equations above, pyrite weathering eventually results in iron
oxyhydroxide precipitation resulting in a greater net acid production. However,
minewater often achieves equilibrium due to forward and reverse reactions occurring
at a similar pace. Minerals such as carbonates and aluminosilicates also consume
acidity and helps buffer pH. According to data presented by Banwart and Malmstrom
(2001), calcite dissolves 3 orders-of-magnitude quicker than pyrite, which in turn
dissolves nearly 3 order-of magnitude quicker than aluminosilicates as observed in
Figure 4.1. If these minerals are present in similar quantities, calcite will produce
sufficient alkalinity to neutralise the acidity produced by the pyrite until it is depleted
(Figure 4.2).
Once calcite is depleted the acidity level will be determined by the weathering rates
of pyrite and the silicates. Although the discharge might remain near-neutral
throughout the lifetime of the calcite, the lifetime of pyrite corresponds to the
contaminating lifetime of a site (Banwart and Malmstrom, 2001). On the other hand,
this would only be partially true since the calcite depletion rate would be largely
dependent on the pyrite oxidation rate due to the required neutralisation. Secondly,
once you have submergence with water the conditions will become progressively
less oxic, thus the pyrite reaction rate decreases.
4 -11
The mineral behaviour explained above formed the basis of a hydrochemical model
for the preliminary assessment of minewater pollution proposed by Banwart and
Malmstrom (2001). It was aimed at classifying a site in terms of the potential threat to
the environment. The model estimates the contamination strength of the source,
longevity and possible future changes in discharge quality. Firstly, the current
mineral weathering rates are estimated by setting up an integrated mass-balance
based on the water budget (including surface and groundwater flows), the
associated water qualities and the yield from the present contaminant load (source
strength). It is then possible to calculate the flow (mol S-1) of a contaminant due to a
process in a rock or ore deposit, by observing various water flows to and from the
deposit and the contaminant concentration. This only applies for steady state water
flow conditions i.e. once a mine has filled and the inflow from recharge and
groundwater influx is being balanced by decanting and seepage.
Figure 4.1 - Surface area dissolution rates for source minerals far from solubility equilibrium at oxic
conditions and pH 5 and 25°C (Banwart and Malmstrom, 2001)
4 -12
Certain reaction products also provide evidence of specific weathering processes.
The flow a reaction product is related to the rate of the weathering process which is
calculated in mol S-1. Having obtained the weathering rat~ an estimation of the
duration of the weathering reaction is obtained by calculating the lifetime of the
mineral in the deposit. The amount of the mineral is determined by areal extent and
depth of the source as well as on the composition of the rock and ore in it. This
mineral content could be estimated using chemical analysis and thin sections. Now it
is possible to predict the present acidity load, the neutralising potential and the
lifetime of further acid generating conditions (Banwart and Malmstrom, 2001 ).
/"
Duration of
6 - contamination
Calcite
_ ..
........ lifetime. .. ~ ..5
........ Pyrite lifetime ..
4 -
3 •
2 I __lI I
'teal 'tpyr
Figure 4.2 - Relationship between trends in pH with the lifetime of minerals that produce and
consume acidity (Banwart and Malmstrom, 2001)
Some results were obtained when the model was applied to a mine rock waste
deposit located in the northern part of Sweden, a flooded abandoned coal mine with
deep workings in northern England and a mine tailings deposit also situated in the
northern part of Sweden. For the rock waste deposit it was predicted that the acid
levels would be controlled by relative rates of sulphide and silicate mineral
weathering since depletion of calcite prior to pyrite was expected. Acidic conditions
would also exist after depletion of calcite in the abandoned coal mine. Although the
lifetimes of both pyrite and calcite/dolomite in the tailings dumps were within the
order of 100 years, the estimated lifetime of chalcopyrite was in the order of
thousands of years, implying the need for long-term remediation (Banwart and
Malmstrom, 2001).
4 -13
CHAPTER 5
ACID-BASE ACCOUNTING
Acid-base accounting used to predict the acid and neutralising potential of samples
analysed in this study. The technique makes it possible to quantify the potential of a
sample to produce acidic or alkaline conditions. A detailed explanation of the
experimental procedure followed can be found in Hodgson and Krantz (1998),
Cruywagen (2000) and Usher et al. (2001). The procedure applied to the samples in
this study is briefly set out in Appendix 3 and includes the raw data.
5.1 Acid-base determinations for the Witbank and Highveld Coalfields
Acid mine drainage results from the interactions of certain sulphide minerals with
oxygen, water, and bacteria. Pyrite is recognised as the major source of acidic
drainage. The acid potential (AP) is a measure of the potential of a sample to
generate acidity according to the following reaction:
The amount of calcite required to neutralise a given amount of acid mine drainage
depends on the behaviour of CO2 during neutralisation and on the pH reached. If the
AMD is to be neutralised to pH 6.3 or above, then the following reaction may be
written:
For each mole of pyrite that is oxidised, two moles of calcite are required for acid
neutralisation. On a mass ratio basis, for each gram of sulphur present, 3.125g of
calcite is required for acid neutralisation. When expressed in parts per thousand of
spoil, for each 10 ppt of sulphur present, 31.25 ppt of calcite is required for acid
neutralisation.
5 -1
The stoichiometry in the previous equation is based on the exsolving of carbon
dioxide gas out of the spoil system. In a closed system (as described in Chapter 4),
carbon dioxide is not exsolved, and additional acidity from carbonic acid is
generated. Cravotta et al. (1990) proposed that up to four moles of calcite might be
needed for acid neutralisation as follows:
The stoichiometry of equation above shows that twice as much calcite would be
required for acid neutralisation. On a mass basis, for each 10 ppt of sulphur present,
62.5 tons of calcite is needed for acid neutralisation in one thousand tons of spoil
(Cravotta et aI., 1990).
Results obtained from the laboratory experimental procedure are used in calculating
the AP, neutralising potential (NP) and net neutralising potential (NNP) as follows:
AP = S04 (mg/L)/weight (g) x ml H20 or H202 = kg SOJt of sample
1000
AP (Open) (CaC03 kg/t) = S04 kg/t x 50
48
NP (CaC03 kg/t) = (N H2S04 x ml acid) - (N NaOH x ml alkali)/weight (g) x 50
Thus, the NNP is determined by subtracting the acid potential from the neutralising
potential.
NNP (Open) = NP - AP (Open)
In a closed system, AP (Closed) = AP (Open) x 2, and, NNP (Closed) = NP - AP
(Closed) (Hodgson and Krantz, 1998).
There are various types of screening criteria used to interpret ABA results. According
to Usher et al. (2001), an integration of Net Acid Generating Test (NAG) pH, Net
Neutralising Potential (NNP), Neutralising Potential Ratio (NPR), and %S and NPR,
5 -2
could lead to a good classification of test results. The reader is referred to
Cruywagen (2000) for a comprehensive description of the NAG procedure. The NAG
pH obtained from this procedure can serve as a rough guideline as follows:
• If final pH = >5.5; the sample is non-acid generating,
• If final pH is between 3.5 and 5.5; the sample is low risk acid generating,
• If the final pH = <3.5; the sample is high risk acid generating.
When using the NNP as screening criteria, research has shown that there is a range
from -20 to 20 kg/t CaC03 where a sample can become acidic or remain neutral.
Thus, a sample with a NNP <20 is potentially acid generating and a sample with a
NNP >20 might not generate acid (Usher et aI., 2001).
The NPR, or NP: AP, is the ratio between the acid and neutralising potential. It
ranges from <1:1 which suggests likely AMD generation to >4:1 suggesting no
potential for AMD. By combining the NPR with the sulphide percentage, another set
of rules can be derived as follows:
• Samples with less than 0.3% sulphide-S are regarded as having insufficient
oxidisable sulphide-S to sustain acid generation.
• NPR ratios of >4:1 are considered to have enough neutralising capability, while
NPR ratios between 3: 1 and 1:1 are inconclusive.
• NPR ratios of <1:1 with more than 0.3% sulphide-S are potentially acid
generating (Usher et aI., 2001).
5.1.1 The Witbank Coalfield
Data from 64 rock and coal samples was available in this coalfield. The raw data
found in Appendix 3 is organised according to lithologies ranging from below the No.
1 seam at the bottom of the dataset, to above the NO.5 seam at the top. Although
the dataset is limited, averages were used to illustrate the vertical distribution of acid
and neutralising potentials in the coalfield.
5 -3
Initial and Final pH
SSeam
5104
4SeamU~~~~~~~~----~.~~~~~~~~-~--~-----~----~- ~~~~~---..,------r----.
4SeamPT ~~~~~~~,..~--~-----~-
lSeam .------- .. -- .. --.--.-- ... --.
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
pH
Figure 5.1 - Initial and final pH of the samples before and after complete pyrite oxidation and
carbonate dissolution
From Figure 5.1 it is apparent that the natural or initial pH of both rock and coal
samples are close to alkaline or at least to neutral conditions. With the exception of
the No. 5 seam all of the lithological units are expected to remain at these pH
conditions if no oxidation takes place. A possible reason for the initial pH of the No.5
seam being much lower could be because it is situated closer to the water table. Any
reactions that might have taken place could be due to groundwater movement
through the seam dissolving most of the carbonates. The final pH of all lithologies
indicates that acidic conditions would dominate if complete sulphide oxidation was to
occur. No. 5 seam also has a lower final pH suggesting that total available
carbonates could already be leached out leaving less sources of alkalinity to buffer
the acid. It could also be that acid producing constituents were originally more
abundant than acid consuming constituents.
5 -4
Acid Potential
Above 5 =:::J I
I I II
5Seam I
)
5 to 4 I
I
4SeamU I
4SeamPT =:J
4SeamL LDAP(OP:'-
4 to 2
I , I
2Seam
2 to t P
tSeam I
).
Below t P I
0.00 io.oo 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00
KgA
Figure 5.2 - Acid potential (for an open system) for the Witbank Coalfield
The AP in an open system is illustrated in Figure 5.2 above. Since the acid potential
is determined primarily by the percentage of sulphur present it can be concluded that
the rock units contain low concentrations acid producing minerals such as pyrite.
This is evident in XRD interpretations, and is supported by XRF analyses and
normative calculations as explained in Chapter 3. Mineralogical investigations also
proved that coals contained larger quantities of pyrite, thus the AP of the coal units
are higher. The acid potential for No. 5 and No. 4 Upper seams both indicate that
sulphides are very abundant in the seams.
However, the NO.5 seam has a negative NP as seen in Figure 5.3, thus very few
neutralising constituents are present in this seam. From interpretations in Chapter 3,
the seam contained only minor quantities of calcite and dolomite, and very low CaO
and MgO concentrations were obtained in XRF results, which is in good agreement
with it's NP. NO.4 Upper seam on the other hand contains a larger NP and will thus
have a stronger buffering ability. This is also confirmed by XRF results showing CaO
concentrations averaging at 2.27 wt%.
5 -5
Neutralising Potential
Above 5 I
~
SSeam I I
5t04
,l f
4SeamU I
4SeamPT 0 I I I I
4SeamL I
4t02
~ I I I I
2Seam I
2 to 1 j I I I I
I I
1Seam j I
Below1 f===J I I
-5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
KgIt
Figure 5.3 - Neutralising potential for the Witbank Coalfield
Although neutralising constituents are present in all the lithological units, Figure 5.4
clearly illustrates that the acid potential for both open and closed systems exceeds
the neutralising potential by excessive quantities. Only between No. 1 and No. 2
seams would sufficient alkalinity be provided to buffer acidity. CaO and MgO
concentrations are not high enough in the roof rocks of the No.1 seam and the floor
rocks of No.2 seam to clarify this neutralising potential completely. The presence of
feldspars and other aluminosilicates would contribute to the neutralising potential
even if it occurs at a slower rate (Banwart and Malmstrom, 2001). However, actual
acid and neutralisation release rates cannot be predicted with the technique, neither
can the completeness of the reaction be assessed (Cruywagen, 2000). Thus, the
pyrite reaction rate has to be very slow in order for the system to be brought back to
neutral conditions by feldspars and aluminosilicates once the acidification has
already occurred. Even though the neutralising potential is low, pyrite seldom occurs
in this unit; therefore little neutralising potential is required.
5 -6
Acid and Neutralising Potential
Above 5
o
SSeam
5 t04 b
4SeamU
aNP
4SeamPT
aAP (Open)
4SeamL
4 t02 l ·AP (Closed) I
2Seam 1
2to 1 E:i
1Seam
Below 1 ~I
-20.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00
KgIt
Figure 5.4 - Acid potential (for an open and closed system) and neutralising potential for the Witbank
Coalfield
Net Neutralising Potential
Above 5
SSeam
I 5 to 4
4SeamU
a NNP (Open) 1 I I I 4SeamPT• NNP (Closed)
J 4SeamL4to 22Seam
2 to 1
1Seam
Below 1
-180.00 -160.00 -140.00 -120.00 -100.00 -80.00 -60.00 -40.00 -20.00 0.00 20.00
KgIt
Figure 5.5 - Net neutralising potential for the Witbank Coalfield
5 -7
Acid-base accounting data on these coalfields has been generated by the Institute
for Groundwater Studies at the UFS and are often presented as case studies in
reports such as the Water Research Commission Reports. In many cases
interpretations from results predict that water quality in and surrounding the coal
mines in the Witbank and Highveld coalfields will probably become acidic due to the
environmental circumstances as well as rock and coal mineralogy. This investigation
was a confirmation that lithological units will contribute greatly and negatively to the
water quality in the area, unless remediation programs are implemented. A negative
NNP is observed in Figure 5.5 for all lithological units except between the NO.1 and
No. 2 seams. The more negative the NNP becomes, the more CaC03 per ton of
spoil will have to be added to neutralise the acidity.
NNP vs Acid Potential
Above 5
I I I~
SSeam
5t04 I I ,..c::::::
4SeamU I I I I
aNNP(Open)
4SeamPT ~ , aAP (Open)
I I • NNP (Closed)4SeamL !
I a AP (Closed)
4to 2 I
I
I
2Seam I I !
I I
2 to 1 I ~
I Seam !
I I
Below 1 ! I I ~
·180.00 ·160.00 -140.00 -120.00 -100.00 -80.00 -60.00 -40.00 -20.00 0.00 20.00
KgIt
Figure 5.6 - Acid potential (for an open and closed system) and net neutralising potential (for an open
and closed system) for the Witbank Coalfield
The constant decrease in the AP, NP and NNP in depth is very obvious and possibly
due to a lack of circulating groundwater, therefore a lack of leaching of reactive
species in the lower units. Although sulphur increased or decreased in a specific
direction horizontally in a seam, no exact distribution was noted vertically for a
5 -8
borehole or for the dataset as a whole. Sulphur percentages were extremely variable
and within ranges of 0.01 to as much as 20 wt% of a sample. A similar situation is
observed for calcium. However, from the ABA results a trend in vertical distribution
might exist. A multiple regression analysis performed on these samples showed that
the sulphur percentage is 95% accountable for the NNP. Figure 5.6 illustrates this
influence. The AP is plotted as a negative value in order for a comparison to be
made. For most units the NNP is almost equivalent to or slightly less than the AP. A
negative NNP indicates the inability of a sample to provide sufficient neutralising
constituents to buffer the acid produced, or stated otherwise, the acid produced was
present in larger quantities than the alkalinity. In this study, the negative NNP
corresponds well to the AP, thus the neutralising potential was quite insufficient.
6.00 ,--------------------------------,
R = 0.901
•
5.00
4.00
ae
":ás 3.00 •
:;
'"
•
2.00
• I
• •
• •1.00 +~..••• ,. . •... •
0.00 ~*------------------------------l
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00
Acid Potential (Open) (Kg/t)
Figure 5.7 - Acid potential (for an open system) and sulphur %
Good correlations between the AP and S %, and NP and CaO % can be seen in
Figures 5.7 and 5.8 respectively. The sulphur obtained from XRF analyses is in good
agreement with the AP (Open) as seen in Figure 5.7 (r = 0.901). Correlations for
Fe203 and AP were insignificant, possibly due to the fact that most of the Fe203 was
not present as pyritic Fe203 but as FeC03 or in montmorillonite, as concluded in
5 -9
Chapter 3. Neither was there any noteworthy correlation between normative pyrite
and AP.
7.00
A = 0.929 •
6.00
5.00
4.00 •
;/!.
0
lO
0 •
3.00 •
• • •
• •2.00 • • • •
• • •
1.00 •
~~.•,•
0.00 ~~--~---~---~----------------~
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00
Neutralising Potential (KgIt)
Figure 5.8 - Neutralising potential and CaO %
A significant correlation was obtained for the NP and CaD % (r = 0.929) (Figure 5.8)
as well as the combined CaD and MgD % (r=0.906) and the NP. An insignificant
correlation was observed between the NP and MgO% (r=0.395), and between the
NP and normative calcite (r=0.634) and dolomite (r=0.612).
Table 5-1: Average NPR (NP: AP) ratio and NNP for lithological units of the Witbank Coalfield (open
system)
Samples NP:AP NNP
Above 5 0.973 -0.15
5 Seam -0.037 -77.97
5 to 4 0.268 -11.85
4 SeamU 0.333 -56.32
4 SeamPT 0.637 -0.78
4 SeamL 0.786 -7.50
4 to 2 0.020 -24.46
2 Seam 0.704 -9.55
2 to 1 3.355 10.84
1 Seam 0.606 -10.49
Below 1 0.553 -1.81
5 -10
This could mean that the NP is more dependant on the calcite concentration than the
dolomite concentration, or that calcite, and not dolomite, is the dominant reacting
carbonate species available for neutralisation. According to the screening criteria
proposed by Usher et al. (2001), averages for NPR in Table 5-1 suggest that most
lithological units are potentially acid generating. The unit the No. 1 and No. 2 coal
seams are considered to be inconclusive. The average NNP values in Table 5-1,
however, suggest that only NO.5 coal seam, NO.4 Upper coal seam, and between
NO.4 and No. 2 coal seams are potentially acid generating. The other units could
become either acidic or neutral.
In a case study presented by Usher et al. (2001) a comparable scenario for Optimum
Opencast Colliery in the Witbank Coalfield is observed. The lithological units were
sampled in a similar manner to that in this study. An excess of AP over NP was
present. The upper units had the lowest NP and AP. Since carbonates are more
reactive than sulphides, leaching by circulating groundwater occurred in the upper
units giving rise to a lower neutralisation potential. A higher NP was also observed
for the unit between No. 2 and No. 4 coal seams due to the lack of carbonate
leaching with depth. For a detailed explanation of the techniques applied and test
conducted on this colliery the reader is referred to Usher et al. (2001). The case
study is in agreement with the findings in this study, which includes samples from
other areas of the Witbank Coalfield as well.
5.1.2 The Highveld Coalfield
Limited acid-base accounting data was available for this coalfield, yet from the data
for NO.4 and NO.5 seams tabulated in Appendix 3, it seems that the same situation
could be expected as in the Witbank Coalfield. The highest negative NNP values are
also observed for the coal seams. Values range from approximately -156.14 to -
25.66 kg/t.
5 -11
Table 5-2: Average NPR (NP: AP) ratio and NNP for lithological units of the Highveld Coalfield (open
system)
Samples NP:AP NNP
Above 5 0.004 -110.68
5 Seam -0.012 -156.14
5 to 4 0.005 -32.29
4Seam 0.244 -38.31
Below 4 0.006 -25.66
The average NPR ratios and NNP as seen in Table 5-2 suggest that these samples
have potential to generate acid.
By observations made from this data significant predictions can be made as to the
influence mineralogy might have on the surrounding groundwater. The potential for
these lithological units to contribute to the deterioration of groundwater is definitely
evident. This method is, however, based on ideal situations where it is assumed that
complete oxidation of sulphides and dissolution of carbonates will occur. The
presence of these constituents does not necessarily guarantee their availability,
which is often dependant on the minerals in which certain elements are contained,
as well as geochemical factors such as pH, Eh and temperature. Secondly, the
method does not take rates of weathering and oxidation into account. Thus, the
prediction is more relevant when ideal conditions exist.
The sulphur analysed represents total S. This would include the sulphide-S,
sulphate-S and organic-So The only sulphide detected by XRD interpretations during
this study was pyrite. No sulphate phases were present in these interpretations, and
it was not possible to determine the organic sulphur content with XRF techniques.
The S concentration therefore accounts for the sulphide-S and the organic-So In
theory it is possible to calculate the AP from the analysed S by multiplying the S
value by 31 .25 from the calculations explained in section 5.1. Assuming that all
sulphide-S is available for oxidation, then the total S analysed could be used to
predict the AP for samples on which no acid-base determinations has been carried
out. The correlation between the XRF S and the AP confirms that there is a good
relationship between these components for the sample set as a whole.
5 -12
Regarding the NP, the CaO analysed includes Ca from all Ca-bearing phases such
as montmorillonite, dolomite, fluorapatite, crandallite, and the major Ca-phase,
calcite. The excellent correlation between the NP and CaO, and between the NP and
combined CaO and MgO, confirms that these chemical components are largely
responsible for NP values. It is then also possible to predict the NP by using the CaO
and MgO concentrations for samples for which no AP or NP data is available. The
mineralogy therefore provides an alternative for determining acid and base potentials
in the event that no ABA tests are available, and could be used to verify the accuracy
of ABA analyses.
The application of ABA in this study offered a major contribution to understanding the
complexities governing water-rock interactions. The time involved in such
interactions often amounts to decades and even centuries. Nonetheless,
interpretation of ABA data not only provides a preview of situations that might arise
regarding groundwater quality in a certain area, but also offers ample time to decide
on appropriate prevention or remediation programs.
5 -13
CHAPTER 6
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
XRF and XRD analyses were conducted on various coal and sediment samples from
the Witbank and Highveld Coalfields with the aim to improve our understanding of
the mineralogy and geochemistry of these coals and coal-bearing units. Samples
were collected from the NO.1, NO.2, NO.4 and NO.5coal seams, as well as their
roof and floor lithologies.
Different preparation and analytical procedures were applied to determine the
differences that exist between the available methods. Low-temperature ashing and
X-ray diffraction carried out on some samples by the University of New South Wales
accentuated the need and practicality of integrating other techniques with XRD. X-
ray diffraction on LTA coals proved to be accurate in identifying minerals that occur
as rare constituents, especially since the organic material in coal tends to obscure
interpretations from raw coal XRD, but artefacts were also produced during the
process.
There are numerous variables influencing the results from XRF analyses on coals.
Differences were observed between whole coal and fusion disk XRF results. The
calcination and fusion of coal samples introduce some difficulties concerning the loss
of important constituents in coal, such as sulphur and possibly phosphorus.
Thick powder briquettes were prepared (Appendix 1) to prevent X-rays from passing
through the coal briquettes. Mass absorption is accounted for in fusion disks by the
addition of La203 during preparation (Spectroflux 105) and by matrix corrections. The
high temperature determination of the LOl can lead to the loss of inorganic
constituents resulting in errors.
The differences between whole coal results of mixed proportions of two samples are
attributed to variations in sampling and mixing. The possibility of segregation of
heavy minerals in samples during mixing and storage has also been considered, and
was contained by careful sample handling and thorough mixing. The standard XRF
6 -1
preparation technique is recognised as precise and reliable, but in this case whole
coal analysis was deemed more suitable.
During XRD interpretations the mineral components in coal were expressed as a
percentage of the inorganic constituents. The inorganic fraction consisted primarily of
dominant quartz and kaolinite, and sometimes even dominant pyrite, calcite and
dolomite. The latter three were almost ubiquitous in the coals. The Ca-phosphate
mineral, crandallite was detected in the western region of the Witbank and Highveld
Coalfields (Chapter 3). Although only present in low concentrations, fluorapatite was
detected throughout in the Witbank coals except in the extreme northeastern region.
This mineral was not present in the Highveld coals.
Chemical analyses confirmed the mineralogical interpretations. The inorganic
components make up approximately 8.00 to 35.00 wt% of a coal sample. SiOz
concentrations varied between 0.00 and 35.00 wt% of a sample, Alz03 between 0.50
and 16.00 wt%, FeZ03 between 0.03 and 10.00 wt%, and S between 0.15 and 8.00
wt%. Samples that contained quartz as a dominant mineral in XRD patterns
corresponded well with the SiOz concentrations in the chemical analyses. Alz03 was
represented mainly by kaolinite, and sometimes traces of montmorillonite and illite.
Since siderite was not common in the XRD patterns of coal samples, pyrite
accounted for FeZ03 and S concentrations in the chemical analyses. Yet, an access
of FeZ03 over S was present suggesting that minor to accessory phases containing
FeZ03 (such as montmorillonite, siderite, hematite and goethite) might not have been
detected in the XRD interpretations.
Minor concentrations of CaO (0.00 to 8.00 wt%) and MgO (0.00 to 1.00 wt%) were
present. CaO was mainly accounted for by calcite and dolomite, while the presence
of major dolomite concentrations in XRD interpretations explained elevated MgO
values in the chemical analyses. PzOs, which occurred in concentrations of 0.00 to
3.50 wt%, was highest in samples containing fluorapatite and crandallite as major to
minor phases. KzO was in the order of 0.00 to 1.30 wt%, and only elevated in
samples containing minor illite and feldspar concentrations. Similarly, NazO values
were the lowest varying between 0.00 and 0.45 wt%. The only difference in
6 -2
chemistry between Witbank and Highveld coals was a slight increase in Na20 (0.00
to 0.51 wt%) in the Highveld coals.
The distribution of element oxides is best observed across the NO.2 coal seam since
a sufficient database was available for noting trends. As seen in Chapter 3, particular
trends exist in the mineralogical distribution as well as in the oxide distribution. An
integration of mineralogical interpretations and chemical analyses confirms that Si02,
Ti02, A1203,Na20 and K20 concentrations are elevated in the northeastern corner of
the Witbank Coalfield, and decreases in a south-westerly direction. This corresponds
with the mineralogy since samples containing dominant quartz and kaolinite are also
found in the northeastern region. As mentioned in Chapter 2, these minerals could
be of detrital or authigenic origin. Quartz could be provided by the influx of material
from sources to the north of the coalfields, while kaolinite could have been formed
due to the alteration of feldspars, or supplied as detrital material.
S decreases towards the eastern parts of the coalfield, while Fe203 is highest in the
northern region. Similar to the S distribution, pyrite also is highest in the west
suggesting that the Fe203 concentration is dominated by other Fe-bearing phases.
CaO, MgO and P20Sshow similar distribution to that of S. Although such trends were
not clearly discernible in other seams due to insufficient data, a comparable
distribution could exist.
The coal-bearing units of the Vryheid Formation consists of sandstones, siltstones
and carbonaceous shales, and in some areas, mudstones are present. There are
some slight yet noteworthy variations in chemical composition of the rock types
throughout the stratigraphic units.
From the XRD interpretations in Chapter 3 it was concluded that the mineralogy of
the sedimentary rocks consisted of quartz and kaolinite as dominant minerals, illite
and siderite as minor constituents, and calcite, dolomite and pyrite as major to
accessory components. Sandstone samples display a dominating silicate chemistry
combined with considerable elevations in AI203 ranging from 1.00 to 20.00 wt% of a
sample. As with the coals, quartz accounted for most Si02 in chemical analyses,
6 -3
while high AI203 was represented by abundant kaolinite and illite in the XRD
patterns. As expected, Ab03 concentrations were higher in siltstones (10.00 to 25.00
wt%) and the highest in the shales averaging at 20.00 wt%, along with a decrease in
Si02. Fe203 (0.50 to >4.00 wt%) and S (0.05 to >2.00 wt%) concentrations were
higher in siltstone samples; however, these elements were elevated in sandstones in
some instances. Correspondingly, pyrite was abundant in siltstones. Siderite
confirmed major Fe203 concentrations in sandstones samples. CaO and MgO where
only elevated in rock samples containing reasonable amounts of calcite and
dolomite. Higher K20 and Na20 concentrations especially in the sandstones were
evident in both coalfields and were supported by the presence of feldspars and clays
such as illite in XRD interpretations.
The normative program used to calculate the mineralogy from the chemical analyses
was used to compare the XRD interpretations as discussed in Chapter 3. Good
correlations exist between the normative mineralogy and the chemical composition
for minerals such as pyrite and S% (r=0.885), calcite and CaO% (r=0.812), kaolinite
and A1203% (r=0.869), and apatite and P205% (r=0.919). It is' concluded that an
integration of such a program with XRF analysis and XRD interpretation methods
could improve the accuracy and confidence with which results are produced.
Acid-base accounting was applied in this investigation in the prediction water quality
and the implementation of proper remediation programs.
Based on the discussions in Chapter 5, ABA results for these samples show that the
lithological units in the coalfields possess the ability to contribute to deterioration in
ground and surface water quality in the surrounding area. The mineralogy of the
coal seams and the rock units contributes to this potential to produce acid mine
drainage conditions. Although it might take as much as centuries, it can be
concluded that all coal seams and rock units will produce acidity and alkalinity
simultaneously. Two types of screening criteria was used to determine whether acid
or alkaline conditions will prevail once all acid consuming and acid producing
minerals has been oxidised. From the NNP, or net neutralising potential, it can be
predicted that the No.5 coal seam, the No.4 coal seam and the unit between No.2
6 -4
and No.4 coal seams will be predominantly acidic. The NNP of the other units vary
between -20 kg/t and 20 kg/t, therefore these stratigraphic units could become either
acidic or alkaline. The unit between No. 1 and No. 2 coal seams is the only unit
possessing enough neutralising potential to buffer the acid produced, but could still
become acid since the NNP is less than 20 kg/t.
The NPR or NP: AP ratios, for all stratigraphic units (except between No.1 and No.2
coal seams) are less than 1:1 suggesting that acid conditions will dominate. The
NPR ratio between No.1 and No.2 coal seams is at least 3:1 implying that enough
buffering capacity is available to counteract the acid. The AP and NP are largely
dependant on the presence of pyrite and calcite, respectively. Good correlations
were obtained between the NP and CaO% (r=0.929) and the AP and S% (r=0.901);
therefore it is possible to use the mineralogy to predict these factors. It should also
be remembered that these predictions do not take time and weathering rates into
consideration, thus such conditions will only be obtained once ideal situations are
reached, as discussed in Chapter 5.
The distribution of minerals and abundance of reacting mineral species in the
coalfields can also be used to predict acidification and neutralisation in a certain
area. Since pyrite is highest in the western part of the coalfield, it could be expected
that acid conditions are more likely to occur in this region. The availability of
carbonates will provide buffering capacity, but, from Chapter 5 it is evident that
insufficient carbonates are available for long term neutralisation. Clay minerals and
other aluminosilicates are abundant in the northern region where less acid producing
species available. These minerals, together with the carbonates, might have a
greater influence on the neutralising potential in the northeastern region, since less
acid producing species are available here.
The occurrence and modal distribution of mineral phases is illustrated in Chapter 3,
although the mining areas included in the study were not adequate enough to obtain
a representative amount of samples to justify the magnitude of the region. An
extensive collection was obtained for the No.2 coal seam as well as for the No.4
coal seam.
6 -5
Compiling regional maps showing the distribution or trends in mineralogy and an
overall interpretive map in terms of acid generating potential based solely on
mineralogy, was also included as one of the project objectives. This mineralogical
distribution is very well illustrated for the No. 2 coal seam and clear trends are
observed.
Acid-base accounting data generated from this study will assist in terms of making
plausible predictions concerning the potential of the coal and rocks in the Witbank
and Highveld Coalfields to contribute to acid mine drainage. This investigation has
led to a better understanding of the coals and their roof and floor lithologies in the
study area, and the use of this information in future applications will be a benefit,
especially to the mining industry.
6 -6
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R -7
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R -8
APPENDIX 1
ANALYTICAL METHODS USED FOR ROCK AND COAL SAMPLES
A1.1 X-ray fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF)
A1.1.1 Sample preparation
Underground channel samples and sections from borehole core were cleaned and
crushed to approximately 10mm chip size using a jaw crusher, after which 200g of
the fraction was milled in a Siebtechnik carbon-steel swing mill to produce powdered
rock samples of approximately 50IJm particle size.
For the preparation of fusion disks for major element analyses 2g of each powdered
rock sample was oven-dried at 11DoC for 24 hours. After being left to cool in a
dessicator the sample was weighed to determine the water content. The crucibles
were then placed in a furnace at g800e for 4 hours, and then left to cool before
measuring the mass loss in order to determine the loss on ignition (LOl) of each
sample.
Powder briquettes of rock samples were prepared for trace element analyses.
Approximately 1Dg of the powdered material was mixed with six drops of Moviol
which serves as a binding agent. Boric acid was used to form a protective casing,
and samples were pressed at 15 tons pressure on a steel dye to form 32mm
diameter briquettes.
Powder briquettes of the pulverised coal samples were prepared by combining 32g
of the powder with 8g of Hoechst Wax e and mixed in a Turbula mixer for 30
minutes. The mixture was then pressed at 15 tons pressure into 40mm diameter
cylindrical briquettes which were used for both major and trace element analysis of
coal samples.
A1-1
A1.1.2 Technique
X-ray fluorescence uses the characterisation of X-ray spectral information to
determine the elemental composition of solid samples. Primary excitation of X-rays
takes place in the X-ray tube. The bombardment of atoms by primary X-rays leads to
the ejection of an electron in the inner shell of the atom. The removal of this electron
results in the excitation of secondary X-rays and these are detected and analysed.
Atoms of an element produce a characteristic set of X-ray spectral lines for the
elements in the portion of the sample undergoing excitation due to the unique
electron configuration of each element. Each spectral line of an element has a
unique wavelength. Wavelength dispersive XRF uses the rotation through a
measured angle (28) of a crystal of a known interplanar spacing (d) to separate the
X-ray energy of different wavelengths (A) from the sample, in accordance to Bragg
equation:
nA = 2d Sin e
where n is an integer denoting the spectral order. As the analysing crystal is rotated
a detector measures the intensity of the radiation at each wavelength. The intensity
is plotted against the wavelength to produce a spectrum of peaks from which the
elements in the sample are determined (Azzie, 2002).
A1.1.2.1 Coal analysis
a. Calibration standards
Three South African Reference materials were used for calibration purposes to
ensure the accuracy of the analyses. The major element and trace element
concentrations are given in the tables below as weight % oxide and ppm
respectively.
A1-2
Table A1-1: Major and trace element concentrations of reference materials used for coal analyses
Element SARM18 SARM19 SARM20
Si02 6.200 15.00 17.66
Ti02 0.114 0.341 0.630
Ab03 2.570 8.010 11.27
Fe203 0.290 1.750 1.170
MgO 0.110 0.200 0.430
CaO 0.180 1.390 1.870
Na20 0.013 0.290 0.270
K20 0.145 0.240 0.140
P20s 0.003 0.013 0.140
S 0.560 1.490 0.510
Nb 6 10 16
Zr 67 351 180
Y 12 20 29
Sr 44 126 330
Rb 8.1 9 10
Zn 5.5 12 17
Cu 5.9 13 18
Ni 10.8 16 25
Mn 22 157 80
Cr 16 50 67
V 23 35 47
Ba 78 304 372
Sc 4.3 7.6 10
A1-3
b. Major elements
The major element concentrations determined for coal samples which included Si,
Ti, AI, Fe, S, Mg, Ca, Na, K and P, were determined using the coal powder
briquettes. Analyses were carried out on a Philips PW 1404 wavelength dispersive
X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with a Rh X-ray tube at 50kV and 50mA.
Table A1-2: Analytical conditions for determining major element concentrations for coal analyses
Counting
Element/Line Collimator Crystal Detector LWL UPL
time (s)
SiKa C PET FL 26 80 100
TiKa F LlF(220) FL 32 68 100
AlKo C PET FL 26 80 100
FeKa F LlF(220) FL 16 68 100
SKa C GE FL 32 74 100
MgKa F PX-1 FL 36 68 100
CaK F LlF(220) FL 30 76 50
NaKa F PX-1 FL 30 78 100
KKa F LlF(200) FL 32 74 100
PKa C GE FL 34 74 100
Intensities were collected using the Philips X40 software and corrections were made
for background, spectral overlap and matrix corrections.
A1-4
c. Trace elements
Trace element concentrations were determined using the 40mm diameter powder
briquettes and analytical conditions are provided in the table A1-3. Intensities for
some elements were corrected for mass absorption effects using the RhKa Compton
peak. All analyses were conducted under vacuum using a Rh X-ray tube.
Table A1-3: Analytical conditions for determining trace element concentrations for coal analyses
Element! Counting Background
Coil. Crystal Detector LWL UPL kV mA
Line time(s) postion(s)
RhKa F LlF(220) SC 34 75 200 80 35
NbKa F LlF(200) SC 30 74 200 80 35
ZrKa F LlF(200) SC 30 74 200 80 35
YKa F LlF(200) SC 30 74 200 -0.86; +0.74 80 35
SrKa F LlF(200) SC 30 74 200 +0.78 80 35
RbKa F LlF(200) SC 30 74 200 +0.60 80 35
ZnKa F LlF(220) FS 20 80 200 -1.08; +4.24 60 45
CuKa F LlF(220) FS 20 80 200 +4.44 60 45
NiKa F LlF(220) FS 20 80 200 +2.52 60 45
MnK F LlF(220) FL 15 75 200 +1.00 50 55
CrKa F LlF(220) FL 15 75 200 -4.10; +2.90 50 55
VKa F LlF(200) FL 13 67 200 +3.40 50 55
BaLa F LlF(200) FL 25 75 200 -5.20 50 55
ScKa F LlF(200) FL 25 75 200 -2.78 50 55
A1-5
A1.1.2.2 Rock analysis
a. Calibration standards
Various certified international rock standards (USGS, CCRMP, CRPG, ANRT, GIT-
IWG, GSJ and MINTEK) were used for calibration purposes to ensure accurate
analyses.
b. Major elements
Major element concentrations for rock samples were determined for Si, Ti, AI, Fe, S,
Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K and P using the fusion disks prepared according to the Norrish
and Hutton (1969) technique on a Philips PW 1404 wavelength dispersive X-ray
fluorescence spectrometer with a Rh X-ray tube at 50kV and 50mA for all elements,
except at 40kV and 75mA for Na.
Table A1-4: Analytical conditions for determining major element concentrations for rock analyses
Counting
Element/Line Collimator Crystal Detector LWL UPL
time (s)
SiKa F PET FL 35 75 60
TiKa F LlF(200) FL 35 68 10
AIKa C PET FL 30 70 60
FeKa F LlF(220) FS 30 70 30
SKa C GE FL 32 74 100
MnKa F LlF(220) FS 35 70 80
MgKa C PX-1 FL 30 75 100
CaK F LlF(200) FL 35 70 10
NaKa C PX-1 FL 30 78 140
KKa F LlF(200) FL 35 70 20
PKa C GE FL 30 72 60
Intensities were collected using Philips X40 software and corrections were made for
background, spectral overlap as well as matrix corrections.
A1-6
c. Trace elements
Trace element concentrations for rock samples were determined using 32mm
diameter powder briquettes. Intensities for some elements were corrected for mass
absorption effects using the RhKa Compton peak. All analyses were conducted
under vacuum using a Rh X-ray tube. Analytical conditions are provided in table A1-
5.
Table A1-5: Analytical conditions for determining trace element concentrations for rock analyses
IementIl Coun-ting Background
Coil. Crystal Detector lWl UPl kV mA
ine time(s) postion(s)
RhKa F LlF(200) FS 30 75 30 50 55
NbKa F LlF(200) SC 25 75 80 60 40
ZrKa F LlF(200) SC 30 75 80 60 40
YKa F LlF(200) SC 30 75 80 60 40
SrKa F lIF(200) SC 30 70 80 60 40
RbKa F lIF(200) SC 30 75 80 -0.02 60 40
ZnKa F LlF(200) FS 35 65 80 +1.00 60 40
CuKa F LlF(200) FS 25 70 80 +1.50 60 40
NiKa F LlF(200) FS 35 65 80 -0.70; +1.00 60 40
CoKa F LlF(220) FS 15 80 80 60 40
CrKa F LlF(220) FS 15 70 80 -4.10; +2.90 60 40
VKa F LlF(220) FS 15 70 80 -2.70 60 40
Bala F LlF(200) Fl 25 75 80 -5.10 50 55
ScKa F LlF(200) FS 25 75 80 -2.72 60 40
A1-7
A1.2 X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD)
A1.2.1 Sample preparation
The crushed material for each rock and coal sample obtained from the Siebtechnik
carbon-steel swing mill was used for X-ray diffraction analysis. Approximately 3g was
placed in a flat square holder with a cylindrical mould and pressed lightly with a clean
glass slide to produce a flat analytical surface. The sample holder was then slipped
into the instrument holder. All analyses where carried out with a Siemens 05000
Diffraktometer with a CuKa radiation at 30kV and 40mA. Diffraction scans of the X-
ray intensity pattern against 28 angle were viewed and interpreted l:Ising DIFFRAC-
AT V.3.0 software together with the JCPDS Mineral Powder Diffraction File Data
Book (1980a) and JCPDS Mineral Powder Diffraction File Search Manual (1980b).
A1.2.2 Technique
X-ray diffraction from crystalline solids occurs as a result of the interaction of X-rays
with the electron charge distribution in the crystal lattice. The ordered nature of the
electron charge distribution, whereby most of the electrons are distributed around
atomic nuclei which are regularly arranged, means that superposition of the
scattered X-ray amplitudes will give rise to regions of constructive and destructive
interference. Since the A is known, the crystal plane spacing (d) can be calculated for
those angles (8) where the reflection intensity maxima are encountered. A
goniometer is used to rotate the sample through a measured angle (28) in the path
of the incident X-ray beam and the reflected X-ray beam intensity for each angle is
measured by a proportional counter. Using a powdered sample, a great number of
particles are arranged in random orientation, ensuring that each crystallographic
plane would lie parallel to the surface in a fair number of grains.
The diffraction peaks are individually considered to be the result of diffraction of the
incident X-ray beam of wavelength A from crystal lattice planes, having Miller indices
hkl and spacing dhkl. Plotting the measured intensity against the 28 angle (or
corresponding crystal d-spacing) produces a diffractogram from which the minerals
in the sample can be characterised. (Wainerdi et a/., 1971).
A1-8
APPENDIX 2
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
The following tables contains all analytical data concerning sample localities, XRF
results, XRD interpretation and some plotted scans, as well as normative calculation
results. Mn is analysed as a trace element for all coal samples.
Table A2-1: Coordinates for samples collected at Arnot Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
ARA1 -2864883.98 77952.94 1622.86 BASE Basement
ARA2 -2864883.98 77952.94 1626.53 SLT Siltstone
ARA3 -2864883.98 77952.94 1628.51 1F Sandstone
ARA4 -2864883.98 77952.94 1629.20 11F Siltstone
ARA5 -2864883.98 77952.94 1629.50 1 Coal
ARA6 -2864883.98 77952.94 1630.15 1R Sandstone
ARA7 -2864883.98 77952.94 1630.28 GRIT Sandstone
ARA8 -2864883.98 77952.94 1630.62 2F Siltstone
ARA9 -2864883.98 77952.94 1632.42 2 Coal
ARA10 -2864883.98 77952.94 1633.92 2 Coal
ARA11 -2864883.98 77952.94 1635.76 2R Sandstone
ARA12 -2864883.98 77952.94 1662.64 4F Siltstone
ARA13 -2864883.98 77952.94 1663.05 4L Coal
ARA14 -2864883.98 77952.94 1663.24 4PT Sandstone
ARA15 -2864883.98 77952.94 1663.26 4U Coal
ARA16 -2864883.98 77952.94 1663.87 4R Sandstone
ARB1 -2864947.98 77967.96 1630.91 1F Siltstone
ARB2 -2864947.98 77967.96 1631.44 1 Coal
ARB3 -2864947.98 77967.96 1631.85 1R Siltstone
ARB4 -2864947.98 77967.96 1632.45 2F Siltstone
ARB5 -2864947.98 77967.96 1633.07 2L Coal
ARB6 -2864947.98 77967.96 1634.54 2PT Sandstone
ARB7 -2864947.98 77967.96 1637.13 2U Coal
ARB8 -2864947.98 77967.96 1637.29 2R Sandstone
ARB9 -2864947.98 77967.96 1662.61 4F Siltstone
ARB10 -2864947.98 77967.96 1663.18 4L Coal
ARB11 -2864947.98 77967.96 1663.35 4PT Sandstone
ARB13 -2864947.98 77967.96 1664.04 4R Sandstone
ARC1 -2866327.09 77573.22 1624.48 1F Carb-shale
ARC2 -2866327.09 77573.22 1624.59 1 Coal
ARC3 -2866327.09 77573.22 1625.37 1R Sandstone
ARC4 -2866327.09 77573.22 1626.88 2F Siltstone
ARC5 -2866327.09 77573.22 1627.21 2 Coal
ARC6 -2866327.09 77573.22 1628.04 2 Coal
ARC7 -2866327.09 77573.22 1630.20 2R Sandstone
ARD1 -2866352.86 77469.63 1624.08 1F Siltstone
A2-1
ARD2 -2866352.86 77469.63 1624.39 1 Coal
AR03 -2866352.86 77469.63 1624.82 1R Sandstone
AR04 -2866352.86 77469.63 1625.74 2F Siltstone
ARD5 -2866352.86 77469.63 1626.15 2 Coal
ARD6 -2866352.86 77469.63 1628.46 2 Coal
AR07 -2866352.86 77469.63 1629.31 2R Sandstone
Table A2-2: Coordinates for samples collected at Arnot-North Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
3936 -2857270.17 73329.04 1644.50 Clay Clay
3937 -2857270.17 73329.04 1641.50 2LR Shale
3938 -2857270.17 73329.04 1638.50 2L Coal
3939 -2857270.17 73329.04 1629.50 2LF Carb-shale
3940 -2857270.17 73329.04 1627.50 SST Sandstone
3941 -2857270.17 73329.04 1621.50 SST Sandstone
3942 -2856746.44 72331.99 1646.00 SH Shale
3943 -2856746.44 72331.99 1640.00 SH Carb-shale
3944 -2856746.44 72331.99 1637.00 2R Carb-siltstone
3945 -2856746.44 72331.99 1631.00 2L Coal
3946 -2856746.44 72331.99 1628.00 2F Carb-siltstone
3947 -2856746.44 72331.99 1625.00 SST Sandstone
3948 -2855373.57 72709.39 1648.50 SH Shale
3949 -2855373.57 72709.39 1646.50 SH Shale
3950 -2855373.57 72709.39 1645.50 2R Carb-shale
3951 -2855373.57 72709.39 1643.50 2L Coal
3952 -2855373.57 72709.39 1638.50 2F Sandstone
3953 -2855373.57 72709.39 1627.50 SST Sandstone
3954 -2854105.73 74421.50 1653.50 2R Carb-shale
3955 -2854105.73 74421.50 1651.50 2L Coal
3956 -2854105.73 74421.50 1649.50 2F Sandstone
3957 -2854105.73 74421.50 1647.50 1U Coal
3958 -2854105.73 74421.50 1645.50 1F Sandstone
3959 -2854105.73 74421.50 1644.50 SLT Carb-siltstone
Table A2-3: Coordinates for samples collected at Bank Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
BAN1 -2878644.35 45214.91 1522.84 2L Coal
BAN2 -2878644.35 45214.91 1523.84 2M Coal
BAN3 -2878644.35 45214.91 1524.84 2U Coal
BAN4 -2879297.47 45462.95 1537.45 2L Coal
BAN5 -2879297.47 45462.95 1538.45 2M Coal
BAN6 -2879297.47 45462.95 1539.45 2U Coal
BAN7 -2879454.29 46319.89 1552.53 2L Coal
BAN8 -2879454.29 46319.89 1553.53 2M Coal
BAN9 -2879454.29 46319.89 1554.53 2U Coal
BAN10 -2879454.29 46319.89 1555.03 2R Shale
BAN11 -2878162.08 50813.27 1607.58 5F Siltstone
BAN12 -2878162.08 50813.27 1608.02 5L Coal
BAN13 -2878162.08 50813.27 1608.58 5U Coal
A2-2
BAN14 -2878162.08 50813.27 1609.05 5R Shale
BAN15 -2879073.68 49481.60 1603.03 5F Siltstone
BAN16 -2879073.68 49481.60 1603.58 5L Coal
BAN17 -2879073.68 49481.60 1604.02 5U Coal
BAN18 -2879073.68 49481.60 1604.58 5R Shale
BAN19 -2872869.08 50547.11 1562.23 2L Coal
BAN20 -2872869.08 50547.11 1563.23 2M Coal
BAN21 -2872869.08 50547.11 1564.23 2U Coal
Table A2-4' Coordinates for samples collected at Bankfontein Colliery
Site Name Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
BK1 -2880508.00 920.00 1536.00 2 Coal
BK2 -2880555.00 913.00 1535.57 2 Coal
BK3 -2880551.00 877.00 1536.25 2 Coal
Table A2-5: Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole 1
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
BH1-1 -2947146.93 15989.31 1525.88 5H Coal
BH1-2 -2947146.93 15989.31 1525.66 5M Coal
BH1-3 -2947146.93 15989.31 1481.96 GRT Sandstone
BH1-4 -2947146.93 15989.31 1480.09 4L Coal
BH1-5 -2947146.93 15989.31 1479.09 4L Coal
BH1-6 -2947146.93 15989.31 1478.55 4L Coal
BH1-7 -2947146.93 15989.31 1478.01 SST Siltstone
Table A2-6: Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole wedge 1
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
BHW1-1 -2950042.50 23166.14 1468.31 SST Sandstone
BHW1-2 -2950042.50 23166.14 1465.22 SST Sandstone
BHW1-3 -2950042.50 23166.14 1464.83 SST Sandstone
BHW1-4 -2950042.50 23166.14 1463.99 SST Siltstone
BHW1-5 -2950042.50 23166.14 1463.63 4R Siltstone
BHW1-6 -2950042.50 23166.14 1463.52 4 Coal
BHW1-7 -2950042.50 23166.14 1462.63 4 Coal
BHW1-8 -2950042.50 23166.14 1461.96 4 Coal
BHW1-9 -2950042.50 23166.14 1460.39 4 Coal
BHW1-10 -2950042.50 23166.14 1459.93 4F Siltstone
BHW1-11 -2950042.50 23166.14 1458.44 SST Sandstone
BHW1-12 -2950042.50 23166.14 1457.25 SST Sandstone
Table A2-7: Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole wedge 2
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
BHW2-1 -2954192.99 17751.51 1458.76 4HR Sandstone
BHW2-2 -2954192.99 17751.51 1458.44 4H Coal
BHW2-3 -2954192.99 17751.51 1458.25 4H Coal
BHW2-4 -2954192.99 17751.51 1457.82 4HF Siltstone
BHW2-5 -2954192.99 17751.51 1447.27 4LR Sandstone
BHW2-6 -2954192.99 17751.51 1446.26 4L Coal
A2-3
BHW2-7 -2954192.99 17751.51 1444.55 4L Coal
BHW2-8 -2954192.99 17751.51 1444.31 4L Coal
BHW2·9 -2954192.99 17751.51 1444.14 4LF Siltstone
Table A2-8· Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole wedge 3
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
BHW3·1 -2933495.01 27629.99 1551.37 5R Sandstone
BHW3-2 -2933495.01 27629.99 1551.30 5 Coal
BHW3·3 -2933495.01 27629.99 1550.52 5PT Sandstone
BHW3-4 -2933495.01 27629.99 1550.45 5 Coal
BHW3·5 -2933495.01 27629.99 1550.18 5CSH Carb-shale
BHW3·6 -2933495.01 27629.99 1549.52 5F Sandstone
BHW3·7 -2933495.01 27629.99 1512.66 4HR Sandstone
BHW3-8 -2933495.01 27629.99 1518.55 4H Coal
BHW3·9 -2933495.01 27629.99 1512.25 4HF Siltstone
BHW3·10 -2933495.01 27629.99 1507.88 4LR Sandstone
BHW3-11 -2933495.01 27629.99 1507.07 4L Coal
BHW3-12 -2933495.01 27629.99 1505.69 4L Coal
BHW3-13 -2933495.01 27629.99 1504.71 4L Coal
BHW3·14 -2933495.01 27629.99 1501.91 4LF Siltstone
Table A2-9: Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole wedge 4
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
BHW4-1 -2936351.00 1032.19 1515.53 5 Coal
BHW4·2 -2936351.00 1032.19 1485.84 4HR Sandstone
BHW4-3 -2936351.00 1032.19 1485.01 4H Coal
BHW4·4 -2936351.00 1032.19 1484.81 4HF Sandstone
BHW4·5 -2936351.00 1032.19 1483.93 4LR Sandstone
BHW4-6 -2936351.00 1032.19 1483.07 4L Coal
BHW4-7 -2936351.00 1032.19 1482.69 4L Coal
BHW4-8 -2936351.00 1032.19 1481.65 4L Coal
BHW4-9 -2936351.00 1032.19 1480.71 4L Coal
BHW4-10 -2936351.00 1032.19 1480.16 4L Coal
BHW4·11 -2936351.00 1032.19 1479.80 4LF Sandstone
Table A2-10: Coordinates for samples collected from Borehole wedge 5
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
BHW5·1 -2935040.00 25124.98 1560.05 5R Sandstone
BHW5-2 -2935040.00 25124.98 1558.99 5 Coal
BHW5·3 -2935040.00 25124.98 1555.65 5F Sandstone
BHW5·4 -2935040.00 25124.98 1517.12 SST Sandstone
BHW5·5 -2935040.00 25124.98 1514.91 SST Sandstone
BHW5·6 -2935040.00 25124.98 1513.93 SST Sandstone
BHW5·7 -2935040.00 25124.98 1512.78 SST Sandstone
BHW5·8 -2935040.00 25124.98 1511.99 SST Siltstone
BHW5·9 -2935040.00 25124.98 1511.91 4R Sandstone
BHW5-10 -2935040.00 25124.98 1511.61 4 Coal
BHW5-11 -2935040.00 25124.98 1510.10 4 Coal
A2-4
BHW5-12 -2935040.00 25124.98 1509.89 4 Coal
BHW5-13 -2935040.00 25124.98 1508.81 4 Coal
BHW5-14 -2935040.00 25124.98 1508.73 4F Siltstone
BHW5-15 -2935040.00 25124.98 1508.03 SST Siltstone
Table A2-11: Coordinates for samples collected at Delmas Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
DEL1 -2908320.00 -17200.00 1510.00 4R Carb-shale
DEL2 -2908325.00 -17200.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL4 -2907780.00 -17700.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL5 -2907720.00 -17710.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL6 -2907760.00 -17580.00 1510.00 4F Sandstone
DEL7 -2907340.00 -17540.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL8 -2907359.00 -17545.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL9 -2907347.00 -17540.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL10 -2906470.00 -16956.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL11 -2906464.00 -16950.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL12 -2906470.00 -16942.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL13 -2906473.00 -16950.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL14 -2906520.00 -16054.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL15 -2906527.00 -16050.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL16 -2905938.00 -16000.00 1510.00 4 Coal
DEL17 -2905940.00 -16007.00 1510.00 4 Coal
Table A2-12: Coordinates for samples collected at Douglas Colliery
Site Name Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
DOU1 -2881667.00 30130.00 1495.65 1F Siltstone
DOU2 -2881667.00 30130.00 1496.70 1 Coal
DOU3 -2881667.00 30130.00 1497.20 1 Coal
DOU4 -2881667.00 30130.00 1497.60 1R Sandstone
DOU5 -2881667.00 30130.00 1499.70 2AF Siltstone
DOU6 -2881667.00 30130.00 1500.20 2A Coal
DOU7 -2881667.00 30130.00 1500.52 2AR Siltstone
DOU8 -2881667.00 30130.00 1500.70 2L Coal
DOU9 -2881667.00 30130.00 1502.70 2M Coal
DOU1O -2881667.00 30130.00 1505.80 2U Coal
DOU11 -2881667.00 30130.00 1506.60 2R Siltstone
DOU12 -2881667.00 30130.00 1523.70 4LF Siltstone
DOU13 -2881667.00 30130.00 1524.70 4LL Coal
DOU14 -2881667.00 30130.00 1525.70 4LM Coal
DOU15 -2881667.00 30130.00 1526.20 4L Coal
DOU16 -2881667.00 30130.00 1526.70 4LR Siltstone
DOU17 -2881667.00 30130.00 1555.70 5F Sandstone
DOU18 -2881667.00 30130.00 1557.70 5 Coal
DOU19 -2881667.00 30130.00 1558.00 5R Sandstone
DOU20 -2879326.00 28806.00 1540.60 4R Siltstone
DOU21 -2879326.00 28806.00 1540.30 4R Siltstone
DOU22 -2879326.00 28806.00 1539.30 4L Coal
DOU23 -2879326.00 28806.00 1539.00 4LF Carb-shale
A2-5
DOU24 -2879326.00 28806.00 1522.97 2R Siltstone
DOU25 -2879326.00 28806.00 1522.30 2U Coal
DOU26 -2879326.00 28806.00 1521.30 2M Coal
DOU27 -2879326.00 28806.00 1520.30 2M Coal
DOU28 -2879326.00 28806.00 1519.30 2L Coal
DOU29 -2879326.00 28806.00 1517.80 2F Sandstone
DOU30 -2879542.98 39860.97 1548.93 4LR Siltstone
DOU31 -2879542.98 39860.97 1548.53 4LU Coal
DOU32 -2879542.98 39860.97 1547.53 4LM Coal
DOU33 -2879542.98 39860.97 1546.33 4LL Coal
DOU34 -2879542.98 39860.97 1546.03 4LF Sandstone
DOU3S -2879542.98 39860.97 1528.63 2R Siltstone
DOU36 -2879542.98 39860.97 1528.03 2LU Coal
DOU37 -2879542.98 39860.97 1527.03 2LM Coal
DOU38 -2879542.98 39860.97 1523.83 2LL Coal
DOU39 -2879542.98 39860.97 1522.03 2:1PT Sandstone
DOU40 -2879542.98 39860.97 1521.03 1M Coal
DOU41 -2879542.98 39860.97 1548.73 4LPT Sandstone
Table A2-13: Coordinates for samples collected at Forzando Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
FOR1 -2905525.00 54580.00 1542.00 4U Coal
FOR2 -2905549.00 54588.00 1541.00 4L Coal
FOR3 -2905546.00 54579.00 1540.00 4F Shale
FOR4 -2905001.00 57200.00 1562.00 4R Siltstone
FOR5 -2905000.00 57201.00 1560.00 4U Coal
FOR6 -2905002.00 57200.00 1559.00 4L Coal
FOR7 -2905000.00 57199.00 1562.00 4R Sandstone
FORS -2904999.00 57200.00 1559.20 4UPT Sandstone
FOR9 -2905000.00 57203.00 1558.00 4F Sandstone
FOR10 -2904499.00 55500.00 1548.00 4F Sandstone
FOR11 -2904500.00 55503.00 1550.00 4U Coal
FOR12 -2904505.00 55501.00 1549.00 4L Coal
FOR13 -2904502.00 55504.00 1551.00 4R Sandstone
Table A2-14· Coordinates for samples collected at Greenside Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
GRE1 -2872150.00 17400.00 1505.93 4R Carb-shale
GRE2 -2872150.00 17400.00 1504.93 4U Coal
GRE3 -2872150.00 17400.00 1503.93 4M Coal
GRE4 -2872150.00 17400.00 1502.93 4L Coal
GRES -2872150.00 17400.00 1501.93 4F Sandstone
GREG -2871780.00 15840.00 1495.61 4R Carb-shale
GRE7 -2871780.00 15840.00 1494.61 4U Coal
GRE8 -2871780.00 15840.00 1493.61 4M Coal
GRE9 -2871780.00 15840.00 1492.61 4L Coal
GRE10 -2871780.00 15840.00 1491.61 4F Sandstone
GRE11 -2873200.00 15680.00 1486.71 4R Carb-shale
GRE12 -2873200.00 15680.00 1485.71 4U Coal
A2-6
GRE13 -2873200.00 15680.00 1484.71 4M Coal
GRE14 -2873200.00 15680.00 1483.71 4L Coal
GRE15 -2873200.00 15680.00 1482.71 4F Sandstone
NGT1 -2895180.00 9510.00 1566.68 5R Siltstone
NGT2 -2895180.00 9510.00 1565.68 5U Coal
NGT3 -2895180.00 9510.00 1564.68 5M Coal
NGT4 -2895180.00 9510.00 1563.68 5L Coal
NGT5 -2895180.00 9510.00 1562.68 5F Siltstone
NGT6 -2895774.00 9800.00 1562.23 5R Siltstone
NGT7 -2895774.00 9800.00 1561.23 5U Coal
NGT8 -2895774.00 9800.00 1560.23 5M Coal
NGT9 -2895774.00 9800.00 1559.23 5L Coal
NGT10 -2895774.00 9800.00 1558.23 5F Siltstone
NGT11 -2895125.00 10375.00 1562.05 5R Shale
NGT12 -2895125.00 10375.00 1561.05 5U Coal
NGT13 -28~5125.00 10375.00 1560.05 5M Coal
NGT14 -2895125.00 10375.00 1559.05 5L Coal
NGT15 -2895125.00 10375.00 1558.05 5F Shale
Table A2-15: Coordinates for samples collected at Kleinkopje Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
KK1 -2880961.00 25713.00 1507.00 2RCSH Carb-shale
KK2 -2880961.00 25713.00 1506.00 2RC Coal
KK3 -2880961.00 25713.00 1505.00 2TC Coal
KK4 -2880961.00 25713.00 1504.00 2SC Coal
KK5 -2880961.00 25713.00 1503.00 2FCSH Carb-shale
KK6 -2880871.00 25072.00 1500.00 1PTSST Sandstone
KK7 -2880871.00 25072.00 1499.00 1 Coal
KK8 -2876175.00 25041.00 1505.00 4RSH Shale
KK9 -2876175.00 25041.00 1503.00 4 Coal
KK10 -2876175.00 25041.00 1502.00 4FSST Sandstone
KK11 -2873617.00 24993.00 1529.00 2RSH Shale
KK12 -2873617.00 24993.00 1528.00 2TC Coal
KK13 -2873617.00 24993.00 1526.00 2SC Coal
KK14 -2873617.00 24993.00 1525.00 2FSST Sandstone
KK15 -2876641.00 23340.00 1489.00 1PTSST Sandstone
KK16 -2876641.00 23340.00 1488.00 1 Coal
Table A2-16' Coordinates for samples collected at Khutala Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
KHU1 -2894484.00 4560.00 1505.44 2 Coal
KHU2 -2894477.00 4559.00 1505.44 2 Coal
KHU3 -2894479.00 4555.00 1505.44 2 Coal
KHU4 -2894472.00 4557.00 1505.44 2 Coal
KHU5 -2894479.00 4562.00 1505.44 2 Coal
KHU6 -2894482.00 4560.00 1505.44 2 Coal
KHU7 -2894479.00 4565.00 1505.44 2F Sandstone
KHU8 -2894016.00 4345.00 1505.44 2 Coal
KHU9 -2894019.00 4347.00 1498.99 2 Coal
A2-7
KHU10 -2894019.00 4345.00 1498.99 2 Coal
KHU11 -2888192.54 2600.21 1538.59 4 Coal
KHU12 -2888189.54 2607.21 1538.59 4 Coal
KHU13 -2888184.54 2600.21 1538.59 4 Coal
KHU14 -2887115.83 1330.43 1538.59 4 Coal
KHU15 -2887121.83 1326.43 1538.59 4 Coal
KHU16 -2887115.83 1326.43 1538.59 4 Coal
Table A2-17: Coordinates for samples collected at Koornfontein Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
KOR1 -2895816.18 54045.17 1560.43 2 Coal
KOR2 -2895806.18 54045.17 1560.43 2 Coal
KOR3 -2895806.18 54039.17 1560.43 2 Coal
KOR4 -2895727.39 53997.06 1560.07 2 Coal
KOR5 -2895733.39 53994.06 1560.07 2 Coal
KOR6 -2895733.39 53991.06 1560.07 2 Coal
KOR7 -2895463.33 53900.93 1547.47 2 Coal
KOR8 -2895458.33 53900.93 1547.47 2 Coal
KOR9 -2895458.33 53915.93 1547.47 2 Coal
KOR10 -2895469.47 53967.79 1543.44 2 Coal
KORSST -2895466.47 53967.79 1539.20 2F Sandstone
KOR11 -2895466.47 53973.79 1543.44 2 Coal
KOR12 -2895456.47 53967.79 1543.44 2 Coal
KOR13 -2895384.33 53847.18 1543.24 2 Coal
KOR14 -2895388.33 53852.18 1543.24 2 Coal
KOR15 -2895383.33 53860.18 1543.24 2 Coal
KOR16 -2888574.87 54187.52 1539.20 2 Coal
KOR17 -2888569.87 54187.52 1539.20 2 Coal
KOR18 -2888571.87 54191.52 1539.20 2 Coal
Table A2-18: Coordinates for samples collected at Kromdraai Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
KRD1 -2850785.00 9675.00 1478.80 2:1C Coal
KRD2 -2850785.00 9671.00 1478.80 2:1C Coal
KRD3 -2850785.00 9673.00 1478.80 2:1C Coal
KR04 -2851395.00 9535.00 1479.92 2:1PT Sandstone
KROS -2851395.00 9535.00 1480.52 2:1PT Sandstone
KRD6 -2851395.00 9535.00 1478.80 1 Coal
KRD7 -2851395.00 9535.00 1479.28 1 Coal
KRD8 -2851395.00 9535.00 1479.80 1 Coal
KRD9 -2851395.00 9535.00 1480.98 2 Coal
KRD10 -2851395.00 9535.00 1481.43 2 Coal
KRD11 -2851395.00 9535.00 1481:88 2 Coal
Table A2-19: Coordinates for samples collected at Lakeside Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
LK1 -2889631.00 8756 1516.30 2 Coal
LK2 -2890049.00 9049 1517.08 2 Coal
A2-8
LK3 -2889362.00 8903 1517.43 2 Coal
LK4 -2889810.00 8977 1516.40 2 Coal
LK5 -2889089.00 9561 1512.60 2 Coal
LK6 -2889181.00 8970 1516.58 2 Coal
LK7 -2889141.00 9174 1513.91 2 Coal
Table A2-20: Coordinates for samples collected at Leeufontein Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
LU1 -2889778.00 6627 1536.25 2 Coal
LU2 -2889763.00 6417 1508.60 2 Coal
LU3 -2889835.00 6390 1508.61 2 Coal
LU4 -2890835.00 6339 1508.54 2 Coal
LU5 -2891835.00 6249 1508.10 2F Sandstone
LU6 -2889735.00 6252 1508.25 2 Coal
LU7 -2889835.00 6141 1508.63 2 Coal
LU8 -2889935.00 6096 1508.92 2 Coal
LU9 -2890165.00 6567 1503.65 2 Coal
LU10 -2889979.00 6423 1500.20 2 Coal
LU11 -2890072.00 6390 1501.26 2 Coal
LU13 -2890141.00 6279 1501.41 2 Coal
LU14 -2890192.00 6135 1500.47 2 Coal
LU15 -2890465.00 6273 1500.47 2 Coal
LU16 -2890789.00 6426 1500.13 2 Coal
LU17 -2890912.00 6192 1501.65 2 Coal
LU18 -2890915.00 6339 1502.36 2 Coal
LU19 -2890855.00 6420 1501.85 2 Coal
LU20 -2890921.00 6534 1500.47 2 Coal
LU21 -2891044.00 6303 1501.85 2 Coal
LU22 -2891029.00 6-327 1502.36 2 Coal
LU23 -2890792.00 6621 1500.20 2 Coal
LU24 -2890639.00 5076 1506.46 2 Coal
LU25 -2890792.00 4776 1508.05 2 Coal
LU26 -2890912.00 4809 1504.27 2 Coal
LU27 -2890963.00 4881 1500.54 2 Coal
LU28 -2890867.00 4743 1508.24 2 Coal
LU29 -2891005.00 4551 1506.53 2 Coal
LU30 -2890732.00 4710 1508.99 2 Coal
LUP1 -2888898.00 6497 1514.80 2 Coal
LUP2 -2888941.00 6507 1514.60 2 Coal
LUP3 -2888950.00 6459 1515.69 2 Coal
LUP4 -2888908.00 6707 1510.28 2 Coal
Table A2-21: Coordinates for samples collected at Middelburg Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
M1 -2865344.78 47482.93 1550.90 1 Coal
M2 -2865344.78 47482.93 1552.33 1 Coal
M3 -2865344.78 47482.93 1553.19 1SST Sandstone
M4 -2865344.78 47482.93 1553.82 2ASST Sandstone
M5 -2865344.78 47482.93 1554.40 2A Coal
A2-9
M6 -2865344.78 47482.93 1555.54 2A Coal
M7 -2865344.78 47482.93 1556.11 2A Coal
M8 -2865344.78 47482.93 1556.57 2A Coal
M9 -2865344.78 47482.93 1560.79 2 Coal
M10 -2865344.78 47482.93 1561.91 2RSH Carb-shale
M11 -2877251.58 40629.11 1524.44 1 Coal
M12 -2877251.58 40629.11 1525.65 1 Coal
M13 -2877251.58 40629.11 1527.21 2F Sandstone
M14 -2877251.58 40629.11 1527.23 2 Coal
M15 -2877251.58 40629.11 1529.31 2 Coal
M16 -2877251.58 40629.11 1531.75 2 Coal
M17 -2877251.58 40629.11 1533.40 2 Coal
M18 -2877251.58 40629.11 1554.74 4A Coal
M19 -2877251.58 40629.11 1556.26 4A Coal
M20 -2877251.58 40629.11 1557.20 4 Coal
M21 -2877251.58 40629.11 1557.40 4F Siltstone
M22 -2877251.58 40629.11 1558.34 4F Sandstone
Table A2-22' Coordinates for samples collected at Optimum Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
OPT1 -2877246.00 59362.00 - 4L Coal
OPT2 -2877235.00 59369.00 - 4L Coal
OPT3 -2877240.00 59354.00 - 4PT Sandstone
OPT4 -2876863.00 59200.00 - 2 Coal
OPT5 -2876857.00 59212.00 - 2 Coal
OPT6 -2875120.00 64245.00 - 2U Coal
OPT7 -2875126.00 64240.00 - 2U Coal
OPT8 -2875120.00 64237.00 - 2R Sandstone
OPT9 -2876474.00 73360.00 - 2U Coal
OPT10 -2876481.00 73352.00 - 2U Coal
OPT11 -2876485.00 73361.00 - 2PT Sandstone
OPT12 -2876480.00 73369.00 - 2L Coal
OPT13 -2876477.00 73356.00 - 2L Coal
Table A2-23: Coordinates for samples collected at Rietspruit Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
R2RO -2890602.00 20301.00 1515.00 2 Siltstone
R2M -2890613.00 20307.00 1513.00 2 Coal
R2M2 -2890616.00 20315.00 1511.00 2 Coal
R2LW -2890620.00 20308.00 1505.00 2 Coal
R4UROOF -2891141.00 21320.00 1547.00 4 Siltstone
R4U -2891144.00 21325.00 1545.00 4 Coal
R4PT -2891147.00 21318.00 1543.50 4 Siltstone
R4L -2891150.00 21315.00 1542.00 4 Coal
R4FUG -2889456.00 20000.00 1541.00 4 Sandstone
R4FLG -2889452.00 20010.00 1540.00 4 Sandstone
R4F1 -2889457.00 20004.00 1539.00 4 Sandstone
R4F2 -2889449.00 20001.00 1538.50 4 Sandstone
R4F3 -2889453.00 20007.00 1538.00 4 Sandstone
A2-10
Table A2-24: Coordinates for samples collected at South Witbank Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
SW1 -2893355.00 12037.00 1531.40 4 Coal
SW2 -2893357.00 12039.00 1531.40 4 Coal
SW3 -2893355.00 12029.00 1531.40 4 Coal
SW4 -2893194.00 12809.00 1533.20 4 Coal
SW5 -2893190.00 12803.00 1533.20 4 Coal
SW6 -2893188.00 12794.00 1533.20 4 Coal
SW7 -2893068.00 12920.00 1532.20 4 Coal
SW8 -2893070.00 12925.00 1532.20 4 Coal
SW9 -2893074.00 12920.00 1532.20 4 Coal
SW10 -2893078.00 12916.00 1532.20 4 Coal
Table A2-25: Coordinates for samples collected at Tavistock Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
TAV1A -2891594.45 17389.50 1537.40 4U Coal
TAV1B -2891593.45 17389.50 1537.40 4U Coal
TAV1C -2891595.45 17389.50 1537.40 4U Coal
TAV2A -2891593.45 17387.50 1535.80 4M Coal
TAV2B -2891593.45 17389.50 1535.80 4M Coal
TAV2C -2891593.45 17391.50 1535.80 4M Coal
TAV3A -2891590.45 17389.50 1534.10 4L Coal
TAV3B -2891588.45 17389.50 1534.10 4L Coal
TAV3C -2891596.45 17389.50 1534.10 4L Coal
TAV4A -2891593.45 17394.50 1534.40 4PT Carb-shale
TAV4B -2891593.45 17393.50 1534.40 4PT Carb-shale
TAV4C -2891593.45 17388.50 1534.40 4PT Carb-shale
TAV5A -2890966.90 16215.47 1537.90 4U Coal
TAV5B -2890966.90 16217.47 1537.90 4U Coal
TAV5C -2890966.90 16219.47 1537.90 4U Coal
TAV6A -2890963.90 16217.47 1536.80 4M Coal
TAV6B -2890967.90 16217.47 1536.80 4M Coal
TAV6C -2890970.90 16217.47 1536.80 4M Coal
TAV7A -2890969.90 16217.47 1534.40 4L Coal
TAV7C -2890966.90 16220.47 1534.40 4L Coal
Table A2-26' Coordinates for samples collected at Union Colliery
SiteName Ycoord Xcoord Zcoord Seam Rock Type
No.
UN1 -2903670.25 100603.23 1682.00 DUMP2 Coal
UN2 -2903667.25 100604.23 1682.00 DUMP2 Coal
UN3 -2903526.26 101073.20 1670.00 DUMP3 Coal
UN4 -2903528.26 101076.20 1670.00 DUMP3 Coal
UN5B -2906494.87 100345.40 1682.00 DUMPBD Coal
UN6B -2906490.87 100341.40 1682.00 DUMPBD Coal
A2-11
Table A2-27: Major element oxide concentrations for Arnot Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P205 H2O' LOl Total
ARA1 52.46 2.61 21.07 8.64 0.02 0.05 3.74 0.50 0.00 1.63 0.34 0.68 7.79 99.53
ARA2 47.76 2.20 19.98 1.41 0.22 0.01 0.06 0.09 0.04 1.44 0.03 1.12 24.82 99.18
ARA3 78.92 3.30 7.71 2.42 0.03 0.04 0.19 0.10 0.04 1.14 0.02 0.25 6.45 100.61
ARA4 37.49 0.83 22.32 0.78 0.19 0.01 0.15 0.09 0.03 0.70 0.04 1.73 35.02 99.38
ARA5 8.56 0.24 4.56 1.11 0.83 0.00 0.23 0.63 0.00 0.02 0.02 3.13 79.32 98.65
ARA6 58.28 1.92 31.81 1.05 0.04 0.01 0.09 0.11 0.05 0.72 0.04 0.25 4.92 99.29
ARA7 53.46 1.13 22.56 0.77 0.07 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.06 1.50 0.05 1.22 18.34 99.38
ARAS 50.32 1.08 23.98 0.76 0.07 0.01 0.10 0.06 0.05 1.18 0.05 1.28 20.42 99.36
ARA9 9.53 0.32 4.21 0.21 0.33 0.00 0.45 2.12 0.00 0.06 0.03 5.11 76.49 98.86
ARA10 8.69 0.28 5.34 0.07 0.24 0.00 0.41 1.47 0.01 0.06 0.15 3.83 76.17 96.72
ARA11 82.30 1.29 7.56 0.97 1.29 0.02 0.16 0.22 0.10 1.78 0.03 0.17 4.94 100.83
ARA12 67.72 1.50 5.11 3.94 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.60 0.03 1.54 19.55 100.12
ARA13 11.13 0.28 8.29 2.25 1.77 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.05 3.02 73.15 100.11
ARA14 41.85 0.97 20.23 0.60 0.22 0.01 0.14 0.07 0.01 0.71 0.05 1.61 33.12 99.59
ARA15 19.56 0.53 8.90 0.42 0.40 0.00 0.14 0.19 0.00 0.32 0.02 3.73 64.33 98.54
ARA16 75.14 0.70 13.19 2.30 0.21 0.03 0.36 0.17 0.17 4.19 0.06 0.21 4.21 100.94
ARB1 61.87 2.14 7.33 4.15 0.99 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.09 1.10 0.02 0.31 20.96 98.99
ARB2 16.79 0.91 8.41 0.27 0.45 0.00 0.09 0.16 0.00 0.18 0.01 3.74 67.33 98.34
ARB3 77.87 1.26 6.09 1.30 0.05 0.05 1.58 3.19 0.04 1.59 0.02 0.20 7.20 100.44
ARB4 71.16 0.89 14.43 0.79 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.24 0.05 1.18 0.04 0.55 10.98 100.40
ARB5 10.35 0.44 6.33 0.36 0.74 0.00 0.18 0.37 0.01 0.42 0.03 2.48 78.13 99.84
ARB6 71.77 0.64 7.90 2.62 0.45 0.05 1.36 3.74 0.04 1.12 0.03 0.30 9.57 99.59
ARB7 6.93 0.13 5.22 0.06 0.43 0.00 0.14 0.81 0.00 0.02 0.04 3.46 81.12 98.36
ARBS 89.66 0.81 4.50 1.42 0.37 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.08 0.55 0.08 0.23 . 2.92 100.70
ARB9 46.10 1.13 21.95 0.66 0.15 0.00 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.75 0.06 1.73 26.22 99.01
ARB10 17.88 0.25 12.21 0.78 0.76 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.03 5.23 62.36 99.65
ARB11 47.38 1.02 25.40 1.27 0.10 0.02 0.32 0.17 0.02 0.92 0.05 1.79 21.31 99.77
ARB13 60.63 0.96 15.21 4.91 0.08 0.13 1.65 2.51 0.07 3.89 0.08 0.55 8.77 99.44
ARC1 39.89 1.69 16.97 1.05 0.18 0.01 0.10 0.08 0.02 0.75 0.03 2.06 36.22 99.05
A2-12
ARC2 6.31 0.33 4.11 1.89 1.17 0.00 0.25 0.97 0.00 0.11 0.01 8.44 76.27 99.86
ARC3 81.07 1.28 7.45 1.25 0.03 0.04 0.17 0.55 0.04 1.42 0.03 0.28 6.06 99.67
ARC4 52.88 1.04 19.91 0.90 0.10 0.01 0.12 0.06 0.06 1.45 0.04 1.26 21.85 99.68
ARC5 3.09 0.21 2.46 2.87 1.90 0.00 0.23 1.02 0.00 0.10 0.00 9.93 78.93 100.74
ARC6 10.72 0.43 5.57 0.21 0.27 0.00 0.08 0.84 0.00 0.03 0.00 7.72 74.15 100.02
ARC7 84.99 2.18 5.65 2.96 0.53 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.03 0.37 0.03 0.23 3.57 100.60
AR01 34.53 1.39 14.04 0.82 0.25 0.01 0.05 0.12 0.02 0.71 0.03 2.23 44.97 99.17
ARD2 9.84 0.51 6.08 1.64 0.94 0.00 0.18 0.65 0.00 0.16 0.04 5.64 74.22 99.90
AR03 76.66 0.71 4.42 2.62 0.14 0.07 1.63 4.71 0.02 1.29 0.02 0.26 7.84 100.39
AR04 54.67 0.97 19.85 0.81 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 1.48 0.06 1.38 20.13 99.59
ARD5 14.37 0.50 5.44 0.09 0.18 0.00 0.07 0.38 0.00 0.03 0.00 10.71 66.59 98.36
ARD6 8.59 0.38 6.44 3.22 0.67 0.00 0.29 1.47 0.00 0.10 0.02 3.46 75.44 100.08
AR07 84.76 3.44 6.14 1.85 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.17 0.01 0.21 0.12 0.29 3.15 100.19
Table A2-28: Major element oxide concentrations for Arnot-North Colliery (values presented as wt%)
Site Name sio, Ti02 AI203 Fe203 5 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O' LOl Total
3936 57.33 1.10 22.10 7.11 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.18 1.47 0.21 0.87 8.62 99.28
3937 57.70 1.15 21.64 5.50 0.04 0.03 0.17 0.11 0.17 1.86 0.14 1.05 9.76 99.32
3938 13.98 0.55 8.74 1.28 0.37 0.00 0.09 0.40 0.14 0.18 0.07 4.52 69.38 99.70
3939 47.62 1.24 14.47 3.55 0.32 0.03 0.08 0.45 0.21 0.72 0.17 2.95 28.31 100.12
3940 69.89 1.21 15.32 2.57 0.86 0.03 0.29 0.18 0.26 2.32 0.07 0.73 7.05 100.78
3941 54.54 1.38 11.39 14.34 0.14 0.22 1.25 2.68 1.57 2.83 0.51 0.35 9.20 100.40
3942 57.40 1.04 19.65 8.55 0.05 0.18 0.41 0.09 0.20 2.54 0.11 1.76 7.60 99.58
3943 42.42 0.93 20.19 10.86 0.43 0.21 0.43 0.38 0.19 1.26 0.38 1.26 20.74 99.68
3944 43.51 0.89 16.15 16.35 0.58 0.23 0.75 0.40 0.20 2.02 0.17 0.62 18.40 100.27
3945 16.57 0.40 6.84 1.65 0.65 0.00 0.03 0.10 0.14 0.19 0.07 2.44 70.48 99.56
3946 59.80 3.80 10.96 3.84 0.51 0.05 0.00 0.11 0.19 1.32 0.05 0.69 17.64 98.96
3947 74.53 2.06 10.43 2.33 0.15 0.04 0.01 0.33 0.17 2.71 0.05 0.28 5.85 98.94
3948 50.86 1.18 20.19 14.00 0.05 0.21 0.36 0.04 0.18 2.24 0.18 1.12 8.47 99.08 I
3949 58.48 1.52 20.28 5.18 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.28 0.15 0.90 0.20 1.19 10.58 98.92
3950 52.72 2.17 14.55 5.04 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.60 0.15 0.71 0.11 2.61 20.38 99.21
3951 21.93 0.61 6.86 2.47 0.67 0.00 0.02 0.26 0.14 0.23 0.04 3.09 63.04 99.36
· A2-13
3952 67.55 4.25 10.97 3.47 0.16 0.04 0.00 0.15 0.15 0.96 0.04 0.56 10.67 98.97
3953 61.04 0.85 10.08 11.05 0.43 0.25 0.98 2.52 0.53 2.30 0.15 0.43 9.89 100.50
3954 57.23 1.20 20.56 3.96 0.04 0.04 0.21 0.51 0.21 1.22 0.18 1.76 12.29 99.41
3955 24.49 0.52 8.97 1.79 0.53 0.00 0.07 0.35 0.15 0.32 0.06 3.72 59.05 100.02
3956 84.73 2.25 5.17 0.86 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.20 0.86 0.03 0.34 5.10 99.90
3957 55.72 2.31 12.99 2.04 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.17 1.28 0.06 1.18 23.09 99.67
3958 72.97 4.09 8.49 4.11 0.42 0.07 0.00 0.19 0.19 1.74 0.03 0.44 6.87 99.61
3959 55.59 2.15 11.48 2.16 0.22 0.04 0.02 0.18 0.15 0.76 0.03 0.94 25.70 99.42
---
Table A2-29: Major element oxide concentrations for Bank Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 Ah03 Fe203 5 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O LOl Total
BAN1 3.27 0.15 3.77 0.61 0.77 0.00 0.30 2.77 0.00 0.11 0.54 1.13 85.53 98.95
BAN2 5.87 0.20 5.46 0.45 0.62 0.00 0.25 1.69 0.00 0.15 0.39 1.71 81.41 98.20
BAN3 6.25 0.36 5.77 0.47 0.61 0.00 0.13 1.30 0.00 0.39 0.66 1.86 81.15 98.95
BAN4 0.95 0.18 3.03 0.58 0.77 0.00 0.56 3.22 0.00 0.03 0.55 1.24 89.05 100.16
BAN5 6.48 0.49 6.26 0.04 0.33 0.00 0.18 0.61 0.02 0.12 0.01 1.30 82.98 98.81
BAN6 5.53 0.21 3.91 0.24 0.49 0.00 0.15 0.98 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.62 85.73 98.00
BAN7 12.14 0.99 8.34 0.09 0.32 0.00 0.31 0.97 0.02 0.11 0.01 2.23 73.01 98.54
BAN8 3.99 0.18 3.84 0.62 0.68 0.00 0.36 1.44 0.00 0.20 0.01 2.14 85.48 98.94
BAN9 0.57 0.16 2.94 0.96 0.76 0.00 0.24 1.23 0.00 0.13 0.26 2.09 89.48 98.82
BAN10 49.79 1.07 24.34 1.71 0.07 0.01 0.45 0.31 0.06 1.22 0.34 1.20 18.68 99.25
BAN11 54.37 0.90 23.21 1.36 0.08 0.00 0.53 0.21 0.02 2.40 0.03 2.34 13.73 99.18
BAN12 8.54 0.15 2.84 0.78 0.81 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 6.64 80.54 100.66
BAN13 5.79 0.12 2.17 1.70 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 16.64 72.36 99.98
BAN14 26.48 0.28 10.49 20.03 0.93 0.44 1.70 3.24 0.00 2.07 1.76 2.30 29.42 99.14
BAN15 55.18 0.94 22.37 1.50 0.08 0.01 0.63 0.21 0.02 2.42 0.03 2.53 13.89 99.81
BAN16 8.17 0.10 2.65 3.15 1.82 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 2.87 81.03 100.00
BAN17 13.35 0.21 4.52 1.97 1.12 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 2.64 75.63 99.91
BAN18 56.34 0.72 14.48 7.41 0.75 0.02 1.85 0.35 0.18 4.66 0.08 3.79 9.37 100.00
BAN19 7.56 0.55 6.24 0.32 0.33 0.00 0.08 0.85 0.00 0.05 0.07 2.35 80.25 98.65
BAN20 5.67 0.66 6.03 0.06 0.23 0.00 0.12 1.50 0.00 0.07 0.10 1.69 83.38 99.51
- ----~-
A2-14
I BAN21 5.64 0.44 6.17 0.77 0.52 0.00 0.15 -_n1~j8-o.00 0.08 0.21 1.74 82.13 99.63 I
Table A2-30: Major element oxide concentrations for Bankfontein Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O. LOl Total
BK1 3.45 0.24 3.76 0.10 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.23 5.94 85.37 99.55
BK2 0.94 0.01 2.24 2.31 2.06 0.00 0.14 6.31 0.00 0.00 3.48 5.54 76.73 99.76
BK3 10.15 0.29 7.72 0.15 0.38 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 2.50 78.32 99.71
Table A2-31: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole 1 (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O. LOl Total
BH1-1 27.24 0.50 13.11 3.10 0.51 0.00 0.98 0.17 0.51 1.40 0.00 9.53 42.87 99.93
BH1-2 26.11 0.34 10.98 0.76 0.65 0.00 0.34 0.17 0.36 0.68 0.00 14.15 45.74 100.28
BH1-3 83.89 0.15 3.13 5.47 1.57 0.02 0.00 1.40 0.12 1.06 0.01 0.25 3.10 100.17
BH1-4 5.08 0.12 6.08 0.60 1.46 0.00 0.48 2.81 0.22 0.82 2.05 13.90 67.11 100.73
BH1-5 6.30 0.31 4.78 0.25 0.80 0.00 0.39 2.34 0.25 0.35 0.31 3.06 82.66 101.80
BH1-6 6.47 0.31 5.42 0.25 0.92 0.00 0.59 2.78 0.50 0.41 0.07 11.61 70.23 99.56
BH1-7 63.91 1.15 19.84 0.96 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.67 2.12 0.05 1.32 9.46 99.69
Table A2-32: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole wedge 1 (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O. LOl Total
BHW1-1 84.30 0.31 7.46 1.31 0.26 0.02 0.00 0.43 0.96 3.24 0.03 0.08 1.65 100.05
BHW1-2 81.35 0.44 8.90 2.01 0.73 0.02 0.08 0.19 0.95 3.28 0.04 0.19 2.44 100.62
BHW1-3 81.00 0.38 6.08 1.53 0.44 0.02 0.00 3.10 0.74 2.77 0.03 0.15 3.74 99.98
BHW1-4 45.77 0.53 10.44 17.38 1.79 0.15 1.82 3.12 0.28 2.50 0.10 0.63 17.17 101.68
BHW1-5 69.21 0.60 6.39 6.25 2.00 0.05 0.18 2.80 0.31 1.82 0.02 0.54 11.87 102.04
BHW1-6 13.09 0.57 5.53 0.96 0.68 0.00 0.15 0.70 0.11 0.08 0.01 5.88 72.06 99.82
BHW1-7 13.64 0.44 5.68 1.36 0.85 0.00 0.42 2.15 0.11 0.07 0.00 6.26 69.57 100.55
BHW1-8 8.08 0.34 3.53 1.10 0.92 0.00 0.49 2.75 0.08 0.04 0.00 9.76 73.03 100.12
BHW1-9 6.70 0.21 3.94 0.80 0.71 0.00 0.23 1.44 0.09 0.04 0.02 11.05 75.33 100.56
BHW1-10 66.93 0.68 14.24 2.48 0.44 0.02 0.14 0.35 0.24 0.77 0.04 0.76 13.50 100.59
A2-15
BHW1-11 56.11 0.65 27.34 0.98 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.28 3.08 0.06 0.73 9.86 99.25
BHW1-12 76.91 0.52 13.71 0.66 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.25 3.04 0.02 0.27 4.24 99.67
Table A2-33: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole wedge 2 (values presented as wt%)
Site Name sro, Ti02 AI203 Fe203 5 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P205 H2O. LOl Total
BHW2-1 77.50 0.27 9.45 2.04 0.84 0.01 0.06 0.24 1.77 3.16 0.02 0.37 5.14 100.87
BHW2-2 31.93 0.65 13.72 2.27 0.85 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.35 0.89 0.01 6.99 40.35 98.38
BHW2-3 27.94 0.22 14.91 5.90 2.87 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.40 0.71 0.00 3.72 42.46 99.54
BHW2-4 66.85 0.86 15.41 2.86 0.92 0.01 0.23 0.03 0.75 3.49 0.03 0.69 7.64 99.77
BHW2-S 67.73 0.41 7.83 9.22 2.46 0.05 0.36 1.41 0.67 3.03 0.03 0.31 5.76 99.27
BHW2-6 18.04 0.52 6.99 1.18 0.52 0.00 0.11 0.45 0.10 0.10 0.00 5.39 65.84 99.24
BHW2-7 8.20 0.15 4.14 0.69 0.33 0.00 0.50 2.95 0.10 0.08 0.00 8.43 74.64 100.21
BHW2-8 2.13 0.14 2.14 2.77 1.88 0.00 0.57 4.38 0.06 0.04 0.00 13.92 71.53 99.56
BHW2-9 43.67 1.34 26.09 1.37 0.11 0.01 0.23 0.19 0.28 1.16 0.05 1.36 23.51 99.37
Table A2-34: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole wedge 3 (values presented as wt%)
SiteName sio, Ti02 AI203 Fe203 5 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P205 H2O. LOl Total
BHW3-1 85.36 0.39 4.98 0.96 0.15 0.02 0.00 0.29 0.38 2.82 0.02 0.22 4.54 100.13
BHW3-2 4.91 0.28 2.85 2.70 2.47 0.00 0.14 0.82 0.04 0.30 0.00 5.64 80.09 100.24
BHW3-3 52.80 0.26 5.80 8.83 1.39 0.01 0.81 0.15 0.29 2.80 0.03 1.61 26.18 100.96
BHW3-4 10.58 0.14 5.40 1.77 1.57 0.00 0.38 0.71 0.18 0.27 0.00 4.15 74.53 99.68 I
BHW3-S 38.63 0.66 14.73 4.88 0.39 0.03 1.13 0.28 0.45 2.07 0.03 3.60 32.95 99.83 I
BHW3-6 71.67 0.26 8.39 1.95 0.09 0.07 0.12 6.36 1.32 2.52 0.04 0.27 6.62 99.68
BHW3-7 53.98 0.19 5.77 9.33 1.31 0.11 3.57 3.49 0.24 2.61 0.09 0.81 18.81 100.31
BHW3-8 5.72 0.28 3.16 2.78 2.61 0.00 0.08 0.63 0.05 0.33 0.01 2.78 81.37 99.80
BHW3-9 66.65 0.75 17.27 1.41 0.16 0.01 0.17 0.00 0.24 3.37 0.03 0.56 9.28 99.90
BHW3-10 77.49 0.90 9.69 2.60 1.04 0.01 0.24 0.00 0.52 1.80 0.04 0.36 5.57 100.26
BHW3-11 9.40 0.40 5.16 0.45 0.58 0.00 0.16 0.67 0.09 0.14 0.17 4.16 79.02 100.40
BHW3-12 6.89 0.26 4.26 1.33 1.04 0.00 0.40 1.92 0.09 0.11 0.21 4.68 77.38 98.57
BHW3-13 7.04 0.29 5.13 0.36 0.77 0.00 0.23 1.52 0.10 0.25 0.34 4.27 77.83 98.13
A2-16
I BHW3-14 65.38 0.51 17.92 1.24 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.24 1.96 0.03 0.63 11.41 99.55 I
Table A2-35: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole wedge 4 (values presented as wt%)
Site Name sio, Ti02 AI203 Fe203 5 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O' LOl Total
BHW4-1 13.63 0.25 6.44 1.62 1.23 0.00 0.30 0.41 0.16 0.41 0.00 3.31 72.51 100.27
BHW4-2 54.31 0.83 13.24 10.09 1.54 0.02 0.75 0.18 0.59 2.40 0.05 0.97 15.86 100.83
BHW4-3 11.91 0.29 5.89 3.98 3.18 0.00 0.16 0.35 0.11 0.54 0.01 2.70 71.01 100.13
BHW4-4 70.36 0.66 13.66 4.46 1.33 0.01 0.03 0.13 0.41 2.05 0.04 0.00 7.63 100.77
BHW4-5 83.80 0.41 4.26 3.09 0.99 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.21 1.24 0.02 0.29 6.20 100.60
BHW4-6 11.43 0.37 6.12 0.50 0.36 0.00 0.32 1.27 0.13 0.18 0.01 4.21 75.11 100.01 I
BHW4-7 29.15 0.73 10.67 0.47 0.15 0.00 0.32 0.62 0.19 0.34 0.00 3.18 53.65 99.47 I
BHW4-8 19.28 0.40 9.22 0.24 0.19 0.00 0.39 1.52 0.16 0.11 0.00 4.30 63.42 99.24
BHW4-9 9.59 0.39 4.88 0.22 0.39 0.00 0.44 1.99 0.13 0.07 0.00 3.39 78.45 99.94
BHW4-10 2.93 0.17 2.45 3.50 2.29 0.00 0.33 3.20 0.08 0.01 0.04 3.74 81.24 99.97
BHW4-11 74.11 0.60 12.73 0.82 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 3.75 0.02 0.43 6.78 99.65
Table A2-36: Major element oxide concentrations for Borehole wedge 5 (values presented as wt%)
SiteName sio, Ti02 AI203 Fe203 5 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O' LOl Total
BHW5-1 43.56 0.82 17.12 8.05 1.45 0.03 0.87 0.15 0.55 2.29 0.08 1.53 23.19 99.69
BHW5-2 10.64 0.36 6.59 5.99 2.97 0.00 0.11 0.27 0.07 0.40 0.02 2.02 69.03 100.04
BHW5-3 56.15 0.99 21.39 3.21 0.93 0.02 0.52 0.06 0.57 2.47 0.05 0.95 12.77 100.08
BHW5-4 85.19 0.79 7.46 0.93 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.16 2.77 0.02 0.27 2.09 99.72
BHW5-5 82.04 1.04 7.66 2.81 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.14 2.29 0.03 0.25 3.36 99.77
BHW5-6 90.21 0.31 2.75 3.05 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.14 0.73 0.02 0.13 2.23 99.78
BHW5-7 89.25 0.40 3.79 2.74 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.07 0.11 1.45 0.07 0.13 2.11 100.23
BHW5-8 58.46 0.87 19.57 5.48 0.83 0.03 0.20 0.05 0.47 1.96 0.04 0.71 11.68 100.35
BHW5-9 69.16 0.72 14.40 4.26 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.46 1.77 0.04 0.46 8.63 99.96
BHW5-10 8.51 0.53 4.88 3.50 2.18 0.00 0.09 0.82 0.07 0.17 0.32 6.50 72.22 99.79
BHW5-11 4.79 0.34 4.97 0.34 0.71 0.00 0.28 1.58 0.10 0.14 0.42 5.97 80.34 99.98
A2-17
BHW5-12 9.51 0.75 4.26 0.46 0.46 0.00 0.63 2.58 0.10 0.15 0.11 8.61 72.13 99.75
BHW5-13 7.36 0.49 4.92 0.26 0.73 0.00 0.28 1.71 0.12 0.25 0.26 4.38 79.09 99.84
BHW5-14 59.33 0.59 22.31 1.18 0.10 0.01 0.13 0.21 0.29 1.80 0.03 0.98 12.22 99.18
BHW5-15 66.24 0.62 19.81 0.75 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.25 2.14 0.03 0.75 8.58 99.33
Table A2-37: Major element oxide concentrations for Delmas Colliery (values presented as wt%)
Site Name Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O- LOl Total
DEL1 36.32 0.79 17.96 0.51 0.23 0.00 0.38 0.22 0.20 0.53 0.06 2.96 39.13 99.29
DEL2 11.76 0.43 7.46 2.74 1.35 0.00 0.27 2.30 0.15 0.34 0.28 3.08 70.47 100.63
DEL4 1.00 0.17 3.18 11.07 5.49 0.00 0.12 2.71 0.07 0.16 0.44 3.15 71.43 98.99
DEL5 2.84 0.23 2.94 3.04 1.52 0.00 0.17 3.07 0.09 0.22 0.97 5.15 80.36 100.60
DEL6 53.62 1.15 26.00 0.73 1.00 0.00 0.26 0.31 0.22 0.73 0.08 0.33 14.91 99.34
DEL7 4.84 0.41 4.62 0.07 0.83 0.00 0.11 3.69 0.13 0.18 0.46 4.34 80.64 100.32
DEL8 5.31 0.19 4.25 9.22 7.64 0.00 0.50 2.54 0.07 0.11 0.29 3.16 66.92 100.20
DEL9 1.56 0.06 1.95 2.16 1.74 0.00 0.51 6.42 0.11 0.10 1.44 4.97 78.31 99.33
DEL10 6.94 0.44 4.93 0.06 0.70 0.00 0.22 1.98 0.09 0.25 0.24 3.24 79.49 98.58
DEL11 0.08 0.19 2.76 0.09 0.96 0.00 0.30 2.79 0.08 0.20 1.40 6.11 85.30 100.26
DEL12 4.45 0.32 4.04 2.09 2.59 0.00 0.18 4.86 0.07 0.28 0.63 2.64 78.41 100.56
DEL13 6.61 1.62 3.24 0.69 1.37 0.00 0.13 0.61 0.08 0.51 0.01 5.31 79.26 99.44
DEL14 11.78 0.51 8.78 0.64 0.92 0.00 0.56 1.85 0.10 0.49 0.27 3.69 69.24 98.83
DEL15 2.62 0.24 2.73 2.63 3.65 0.00 0.25 2.54 0.07 0.44 0.54 4.06 79.77 99.54
DEL16 8.12 0.78 6.79 0.59 1.15 0.00 0.40 1.87 0.07 0.29 0.09 2.16 77.94 100.25
DEL17 2.79 0.44 3.49 3.31 3.43 0.00 0.24 1.73 0.06 0.23 0.58 5.16 79.12 100.58
A2-18
Table A2-38: Major element oxide concentrations for Douglas Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P205 H2O. LOl Total
DOU1 41.55 1.06 13.86 0.38 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.38 0.03 0.62 41.24 99.36
DOU2 8.74 0.36 4.68 1.22 0.88 0.00 0.18 1.57 0.00 0.07 0.00 2.76 79.55 100.01
DOU3 10.28 0.46 5.69 0.04 0.37 0.00 0.08 0.33 0.00 0.09 0.00 3.51 79.29 100.14
DOU4 73.91 0.83 4.45 1.07 0.12 0.09 0.90 6.81 0.00 0.41 0.02 0.18 10.72 99.51
DOU5 46.34 0.95 15.26 0.60 0.28 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.64 0.03 0.63 35.16 100.00
DOU6 5.05 0.19 3.29 0.34 0.80 0.00 0.22 1.48 0.00 0.07 0.00 2.96 84.35 98.74
DOU7 39.41 1.15 22.70 0.44 0.20 0.01 0.14 0.26 0.03 0.34 0.02 0.74 34.10 99.54
DOU8 0.62 0.12 2.18 6.12 3.08 0.00 0.15 1.56 0.00 0.01 0.04 8.20 74.41 99.33
DOU9 3.90 0.13 2.77 1.32 1.05 0.00 0.66 4.16 0.00 0.01 0.75 3.65 80.22 98.62
DOU10 14.14 0.53 9.83 3.79 1.89 0.00 0.49 2.02 0.01 0.22 0.21 1.82 63.13 98.08
DOU11 48.09 1.02 23.96 1.86 0.14 0.01 0.25 0.13 0.05 1.05 0.34 0.80 21.79 99.49
DOU12 48.21 0.97 29.38 1.19 0.06 0.01 0.43 0.39 0.08 2.77 0.04 0.71 15.70 99.94
DOU13 7.14 0.22 3.45 0.75 0.64 0.00 0.60 4.30 0.00 0.05 0.35 1.65 80.21 99.36
DOU14 8.55 0.38 4.44 1.28 0.83 0.00 0.21 1.33 0.00 0.09 0.15 1.67 79.58 98.51
DOU15 25.73 0.60 11.12 1.14 0.80 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.03 0.41 57.88 98.23
DOU16 62.96 1.08 19.95 1.12 0.10 0.01 0.07 0.03 0.04 1.72 0.06 0.55 12.58 100.27
DOU17 56.48 0.94 22.47 2.42 0.23 0.01 0.74 0.26 0.03 2.85 0.04 2.13 11.10 99.70
DOU18 8.89 0.19 3.43 1.31 1.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 4.62 80.37 100.10
DOU19 74.52 0.53 12.39 1.95 0.63 0.02 0.29 0.09 0.35 2.57 0.05 0.50 6.00 99.89
DOU20 58.36 1.09 21.94 1.38 0.15 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.03 1.41 0.06 0.56 13.63 98.69
DOU21 51.49 0.43 4.25 18.03 5.25 0.01 0.00 0.14 0.08 1.21 0.15 0.16 19.06 100.26
DOU22 0.53 0.22 2.76 6.78 4.66 0.00 0.13 3.38 0.00 0.08 1.59 1.24 78.72 100.09
DOU23 41.13 1.38 28.72 1.31 0.18 0.03 0.56 1.65 0.02 0.45 0.06 0.83 23.49 99.81
DOU24 49.04 1.11 26.51 1.51 0.08 0.01 0.45 0.27 0.03 1.26 0.14 0.83 18.94 100.18
DOU25 21.89 1.02 13.13 0.28 0.27 0.00 0.05 0.21 0.00 0.13 0.04 1.38 59.88 98.28
DOU26 11.48 0.31 9.51 0.56 0.56 0.00 0.12 2.93 0.00 0.25 1.92 1.44 69.45 98.53
DOU27 2.84 0.29 3.42 0.57 0.79 0.00 0.00 1.44 0.00 0.12 0.14 0.60 88.61 98.83
DOU28 0.70 0.41 2.74 0.74 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.12 0.10 1.66 90.32 98.67
A2-19
DOU29 68.99 1.73 16.85 0.79 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.69 0.03 0.31 10.58 100.10
DOU30 52.99 1.13 26.04 1.64 0.06 0.02 0.41 0.11 0.04 1.49 0.18 0.77 15.10 99.98
DOU31 6.24 0.29 4.06 1.42 1.40 0.00 0.04 0.77 0.00 0.18 0.39 4.25 81.09 100.13
DOU32 17.81 0.67 6.63 0.16 0.31 0.00 0.04 0.51 0.00 0.06 0.61 14.29 57.96 99.06
DOU33 6.10 0.32 3.23 1.46 1.46 0.00 0.22 0.67 0.00 0.06 0.07 2.49 83.80 99.88
DOU34 55.75 1.17 23.15 2.69 0.26 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.03 1.97 0.04 0.81 13.88 99.86
DOU35 54.20 1.80 15.18 4.59 0.52 0.03 1.43 0.75 0.05 1.29 0.09 0.61 19.26 99.80
DOU36 8.21 0.41 6.48 0.13 0.31 0.00 0.04 0.28 0.00 0.11 0.00 2.91 81.04 99.92
DOU37 7.99 0.27 3.91 0.12 0.63 0.00 0.09 1.25 0.00 0.07 0.00 1.25 84.67 100.25
DOU38 17.61 0.40 7.46 0.10 0.27 0.00 0.17 0.65 0.00 0.13 0.00 1.42 72.00 100.21
DOU39 47.42 1.16 10.19 1.02 0.23 0.03 0.74 2.95 0.01 0.41 0.02 0.67 34.42 99.27
DOU40 12.49 0.27 3.91 3.41 1.67 0.00 0.01 0.20 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.57 77.47 100.01
DOU41 62.38 2.20 9.26 1.64 0.07 0.02 0.27 0.79 0.02 0.16 0.02 0.48 22.41 99.72
Table A2-39: Major element oxide concentrations for Forzando Colliery (values presented as wt%) I
Site Name Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P205 H2O- LOl Total
FOR1 6.82 0.17 3.03 0.19 0.43 0.00 0.48 2.71 0.05 0.00 0.00 5.41 79.79 99.08
FOR2 5.98 2.19 4.04 1.00 1.11 0.00 0.31 3.15 0.05 0.10 0.70 3.99 75.11 97.72
FOR3 57.90 1.14 20.83 2.32 0.24 0.02 0.19 0.39 0.18 1.14 0.04 0.88 14.71 99.98
FOR4 55.35 1.30 21.83 0.74 0.15 0.02 0.18 0.31 0.17 1.09 0.04 1.25 17.59 100.02
FOR5 9.33 0.23 5.67 1.22 0.94 0.00 0.20 1.24 0.03 0.14 0.01 1.71 78.33 99.05
FOR6 12.89 0.29 5.74 0.61 0.71 0.00 0.30 1.55 0.06 0.16 0.00 1.76 75.50 99.57
FOR7 76.99 0.49 12.59 1.62 0.26 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.53 4.23 0.04 0.25 3.28 100.34
FORS 42.58 0.67 14.02 4.46 0.60 0.01 0.16 0.17 0.08 1.24 0.03 1.33 35.22 100.57
FOR9 38.54 0.99 18.23 10.37 1.73 0.01 0.12 0.17 0.21 0.92 0.07 1.20 27.58 100.14
FOR10 57.18 1.30 18.82 6.87 0.82 0.02 0.13 0.05 0.16 1.04 0.04 0.63 13.56 100.62
FOR11 4.69 0.13 3.50 0.38 0.60 0.00 0.09 0.98 0.01 0.00 0.00 3.18 86.36 99.91
FOR12 9.79 0.24 4.96 0.31 0.72 0.00 0.39 1.82 0.02 0.09 0.00 1.17 80.28 99.79
FOR13 79.08 0.48 10.11 2.65 0.60 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.46 3.67 0.03 0.21 3.22 100.58
------
A2-20
Table A2-40: Major element oxide concentrations for Greenside Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P205 H2O' lOl Total
GRE1 24.43 0.49 9.43 5.77 1.70 0.03 1.30 3.84 0.00 0.52 0.02 1.12 51.26 99.91
GRE2 8.29 0.35 6.29 3.33 1.92 0.00 0.25 2.11 0.00 0.10 0.49 1.77 74.95 99.85
GRE3 7.06 0.43 5.61 5.81 3.03 0.00 0.13 1.51 0.00 0.08 0.27 1.59 74.04 99.56
GRE4 9.83 0.37 4.79 1.07 0.78 0.00 0.10 1.63 0.00 0.03 0.00 2.25 78.46 99.31
GRE5 68.06 0.39 6.43 6.84 1.93 0.02 0.47 0.14 0.06 1.66 0.02 0.37 14.56 100.95
GRE6 46.84 1.04 20.39 0.43 0.11 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.82 0.06 0.74 28.66 99.24
GRE7 3.92 0.23 3.68 0.83 0.84 0.00 0.06 3.34 0.00 0.06 1.33 2.08 83.53 99.90
GRE8 5.78 0.28 4.20 0.47 0.61 0.00 0.08 3.10 0.00 0.08 1.56 2.99 80.92 100.07
GRE9 5.74 0.25 3.04 1.21 0.89 0.00 0.28 2.95 0.00 0.00 0.13 2.02 83.03 99.54
GRE10 69.83 1.76 16.95 0.82 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.15 0.70 0.03 0.30 8.69 99.34
GRE11 41.37 0.99 21.39 0.48 0.17 0.01 0.24 0.31 0.11 0.69 0.03 1.29 32.83 99.91
GRE12 3.92 0.26 2.86 2.60 1.97 0.00 0.54 3.29 0.00 0.05 0.03 3.04 80.99 99.55
GRE13 10.68 0.39 4.29 0.11 0.36 0.00 0.35 2.59 0.00 0.03 0.00 2.41 78.66 99.87
GRE14 4.61 0.38 2.09 3.08 2.18 0.00 0.74 3.77 0.00 0.00 0.01 2.67 79.45 98.98
GRE15 92.94 0.12 2.76 0.87 0.17 0.02 0.19 0.71 0.09 0.67 0.01 0.21 1.71 100.47
NGT1 52.99 0.92 17.97 4.95 0.56 0.04 1.43 0.40 0.21 3.16 0.09 2.46 14.48 99.66
NGT2 29.27 0.47 11.15 0.58 0.34 0.00 0.28 0.08 0.00 0.62 0.00 2.98 54.79 100.56
NGT3 6.90 0.08 3.10 0.23 0.48 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 3.19 85.22 99.40 i
NGT4 9.69 0.13 4.13 2.69 1.68 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.00 2.99 78.14 99.83 I
NGT5 54.87 0.91 22.26 2.90 0.03 0.00 1.02 0.35 0.03 2.97 0.04 4.46 9.73 99.57
NGT6 53.86 0.91 17.70 4.16 0.99 0.02 1.53 0.39 0.22 3.22 0.08 2.82 14.33 100.23
NGT7 21.85 0.31 7.04 0.42 0.41 0.00 0.24 0.08 0.00 0.51 0.00 1.98 67.23 100.07
NGT8 9.10 0.16 2.91 0.22 0.44 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.17 0.00 2.78 84.02 99.89
NGT9 8.01 0.12 3.63 0.84 0.83 0.00 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.33 0.00 2.40 83.66 99.95
NGT10 51.60 0.86 21.41 2.70 0.64 0.00 0.95 0.32 0.04 2.64 0.05 4.12 14.34 99.67
NGT11 52.86 0.91 17.77 6.10 0.65 0.05 1.68 0.44 0.32 3.16 0.10 2.03 13.94 100.01
NGT12 16.02 0.18 6.47 1.43 0.94 0.00 0.23 0.09 0.00 0.39 0.00 1.77 72.56 100.08
NGT13 6.88 0.07 3.23 0.75 0.66 0.00 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.16 0.00 2.64 85.01 99.66
NGT14 21.32 0.28 6.05 1.16 0.79 0.00 0.28 0.01 0.02 1.04 0.00 1.96 67.44 100.35
L_
A2-21
I NGT15 52.94 0.87 21.48 3.22 0.05 0.01 1.16 0.35 0.08 3.01 0.04 4.29 11.64 99.14 I
Table A2-41: Major element oxide concentrations for Kleinkopje Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 Ah03 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O- LOl Total
KK1 10.39 0.88 7.68 0.59 0.47 0.00 0.35 1.90 0.00 0.11 0.65 1.62 74.04 98.68
KK2 1.03 0.00 1.15 8.09 8.36 0.00 0.42 16.90 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.91 61.76 99.12
KK3 11.88 0.88 8.85 0.43 0.29 0.00 0.08 1.05 0.00 0.12 1.17 1.65 72.64 99.04
KK4 27.65 0.98 15.99 2.36 0.17 0.00 0.54 1.97 0.03 0.80 1.19 1.26 46.15 99.09
KK5 54.70 1.66 26.40 0.66 0.04 0.01 0.07 0.07 0.03 0.80 0.04 0.82 14.13 99.43
KK6 87.99 0.79 5.89 0.71 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.03 1.33 0.02 0.02 2.78 99.67
KK7 7.46 0.34 4.39 0.47 0.33 0.00 0.16 1.50 0.00 0.12 0.00 2.36 82.97 100.10
KK8 64.52 1.16 20.36 0.63 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.03 1.93 0.05 0.65 10.38 99.83
KK9 2.06 0.21 2.75 2.67 1.73 0.00 0.54 3.40 0.00 0.07 0.11 1.68 83.23 98.45
KK10 96.02 0.05 1.16 0.80 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.01 0.10 1.03 99.50
KK11 46.82 1.07 25.31 2.91 0.08 0.04 0.70 0.38 0.05 1.97 0.32 0.83 19.51 99.99
KK12 9.03 0.37 6.89 0.51 0.51 0.00 0.09 2.03 0.00 0.24 0.59 2.11 75.96 98.33
KK13 0.00 0.55 2.10 0.19 0.83 0.00 0.05 0.64 0.01 0.31 0.01 1.64 92.70 99.04
KK14 65.85 1.57 20.01 1.27 0.58 0.00 0.04 0.15 0.04 3.11 0.12 0.28 7.40 100.42
KK15 91.04 0.29 4.55 1.00 0.59 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.87 0.02 0.32 1.34 100.07
KK16 3.74 0.25 4.10 0.14 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.02 0.44 2.05 87.99 99.72
Table A2-42: Major element oxide concentrations for Khutala Colliery (values presented as wt%)
Site Name Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O- LOl Total
KHU1 4.98 0.19 5.99 2.07 1.30 0.00 0.30 1.62 0.00 0.07 0.00 3.11 80.42 100.05
KHU2 4.03 0.30 4.96 0.88 0.89 0.00 0.31 2.17 0.01 0.09 0.18 3.52 81.99 99.33
KHU3 3.46 0.19 5.11 0.50 0.61 0.00 0.64 4.33 0.02 0.10 1.38 2.14 81.34 99.81
KHU4 16.08 0.77 14.07 0.16 0.21 0.00 0.05 0.32 0.02 0.06 0.04 1.51 65.41 98.71
KHU5 10.45 0.76 8.78 0.75 0.65 0.00 0.19 1.25 0.00 0.15 0.07 11.33 65.54 99.92
KHU6 5.53 0.11 3.86 1.56 0.97 0.00 0.01 1.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.51 75.03 99.19
A2-22
KHU7 72.37 0.73 10.05 1.49 0.30 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.30 0.02 0.55 14.48 100.35
KHU8 5.58 0.16 4.87 5.75 3.40 0.00 0.10 1.54 0.00 0.04 0.00 12.01 65.88 99.33
KHU9 8.51 0.44 7.86 0.28 0.51 0.00 0.19 1.55 0.00 0.10 0.08 6.29 74.45 100.26
KHU10 4.73 0.44 5.12 0.71 0.67 0.00 0.63 3.95 0.00 0.07 0.07 3.29 78.36 98.04
KHU11 3.99 0.50 4.48 6.17 3.65 0.00 0.45 3.18 0.00 0.12 0.39 6.32 70.21 99.46
KHU12 14.72 0.55 6.97 0.70 0.65 0.00 0.86 4.24 0.01 0.48 0.20 9.66 60.65 99.69
KHU13 9.85 0.57 6.43 0.61 0.56 0.00 0.40 1.99 0.01 0.16 0.19 4.34 73.92 99.03
KHU14 14.23 0.45 7.57 0.32 0.64 0.00 0.27 1.98 0.01 0.36 0.85 10.62 62.42 99.72
KHU15 8.30 0.46 5.62 0.44 0.72 0.00 0.48 3.65 0.00 0.20 0.58 5.03 75.14 100.62
KHU16 2.58 0.22 3.66 0.08 0.85 0.00 0.02 1.81 0.00 0.12 0.91 5.06 84.33 99.64 I
Table A2-43: Major element oxide concentrations for Koornfontein Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O- LOl Total
KOR1 5.83 0.21 3.88 0.59 0.59 0.00 0.40 2.16 0.23 0.16 0.07 2.32 81.65 98.09
KOR2 8.42 0.23 4.71 0.89 0.57 0.00 0.29 1.83 0.04 0.14 0.00 3.14 78.82 99.07
KOR3 12.27 0.42 5.66 0.36 0.31 0.00 0.27 1.53 0.03 0.10 0.00 3.16 74.63 98.73
KOR4 2.01 0.13 3.42 1.98 1.58 0.00 0.37 6.33 0.45 0.13 0.34 1.88 79.59 98.20
KOR5 4.73 0.26 3.78 0.74 0.56 0.00 0.39 3.12 0.06 0.10 0.45 3.06 80.97 98.21
KOR6 5.33 0.18 2.89 0.17 0.29 0.00 0.29 2.12 0.01 0.00 0.00 3.13 84.39 98.80
KOR7 5.99 0.34 6.08 0.53 0.52 0.00 0.37 1.48 0.07 0.21 0.05 2.01 81.64 99.29
KOR8 6.12 0.35 4.84 0.93 0.69 0.00 0.42 2.89 0.03 0.05 0.18 2.18 80.22 98.90
KOR9 8.91 0.27 4.79 3.81 1.68 0.00 0.36 1.42 0.01 0.08 0.00 1.75 75.99 99.07
KOR10 7.48 0.55 6.63 0.28 0.38 0.00 0.34 1.93 0.02 0.11 0.07 2.49 81.43 101.71
KORSST 43.34 0.79 13.08 5.22 0.07 0.16 6.12 8.42 1.71 0.62 0.11 1.36 19.74 100.74
KOR11 3.75 0.20 4.19 1.59 0.90 0.00 0.49 2.22 0.02 0.01 0.01 3.02 81.62 98.02
KOR12 15.62 0.44 6.74 0.64 0.48 0.00 0.37 1.55 0.02 0.16 0.00 2.25 70.81 99.08
KOR13 6.74 0.25 5.13 0.18 0.31 0.00 0.49 2.13 0.10 0.16 0.32 3.22 79.20 98.23
KOR14 4.47 0.29 5.03 1.44 0.82 0.00 0.36 2.38 0.02 0.05 0.21 3.36 81.45 99.88
KOR15 3.14 0.08 3.58 1.59 1.17 0.00 0.35 8.95 0.01 0.00 0.99 3.06 75.31 98.24
KOR16 0.56 0.19 2.59 2.57 1.12 0.00 0.12 1.22 0.01 0.08 0.20 2.28 87.45 98.40
- - _._------
A2-23
KOR17 6.08 0.21 3.93 0.57 0.55 0.00 0.20 1.32 0.01 0.05 0.00 2.18 83.31 98.41
KOR18 12.95 0.43 7.61 0.96 0.55 0.00 0.11 0.39 0.02 0.09 0.00 1.84 73.76 98.71
Table A2-44: Major element oxide concentrations for Kromdraai Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 5 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O. LOl Total
KRD1 13.78 0.66 11.27 0.77 0.70 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.24 6.11 66.83 100.54
KRD2 9.65 0.50 8.23 1.95 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.20 0.22 10.47 66.67 99.12
KRD3 11.19 0.76 10.08 0.45 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.28 7.57 69.15 100.13
KR04 91.25 1.21 3.15 1.26 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.27 1.62 99.94
KR05 87.21 1.44 3.13 4.01 1.44 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.12 0.02 0.33 1.94 99.68
KRD6 4.01 0.45 4.63 0.26 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 5.94 84.08 99.97
KRD7 0.00 0.26 2.18 0.22 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 8.92 87.68 99.92
KRD8 5.57 0.34 4.69 0.80 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 2.22 83.78 98.20
KRD9 3.39 0.21 3.11 1.31 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 1.66 88.54 99.68
KRD10 6.11 0.45 6.65 1.76 1.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.14 2.28 81.20 99.87
KRD11 3.31 0.24 4.02 2.15 1.51 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.06 0.64 2.00 84.22 98.44
Table A2-45: Major element oxide concentrations for Lakeside Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 5 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O. LOl Total
LK1 2.11 0.08 2.17 7.51 1.44 0.00 0.40 3.25 0.04 0.00 0.00 3.30 78.76 99.06
LK2 12.50 0.26 7.67 0.15 0.17 0.00 0.06 1.32 0.00 0.19 0.01 5.11 71.62 99.06
LK3 3.89 0.10 2.96 1.56 1.09 0.00 0.08 0.77 0.02 0.05 0.00 6.06 83.09 99.67
LK4 4.49 0.05 4.61 8.36 5.12 0.00 0.09 2.04 0.00 0.08 0.00 3.77 71.52 100.13
LK5 12.24 0.24 7.76 0.69 0.55 0.00 0.23 1.32 0.00 0.12 0.00 4.12 72.93 100.20
LK6 3.93 0.16 3.69 0.79 0.60 0.00 0.06 0.70 0.04 0.00 0.01 4.89 84.93 99.80
LK7 4.07 0.16 4.69 3.70 2.45 0.00 0.24 2.70 0.02 0.02 0.00 4.42 77.28 99.75
A2-24
Table A2-46: Major element oxide concentrations for Leeufontein Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O- LOl Total
LU1 5.00 0.20 3.48 0.92 0.64 0.00 0.08 0.89 0.04 0.04 0.00 4.38 82.37 98.04
LU2 3.87 0.13 3.10 0.11 0.32 0.00 0.09 0.80 0.00 0.04 0.00 4.76 86.02 99.24
LU3 0.32 0.11 1.93 1.05 1.10 0.00 0.15 5.48 0.00 0.01 0.00 5.26 83.92 99.33
LU4 1.88 0.08 2.42 0.03 0.39 0.00 0.26 1.44 0.00 0.01 0.00 3.79 89.08 99.38
LU5 50.88 1.08 29.00 1.67 0.13 0.03 1.76 6.12 0.00 0.40 0.06 0.19 7.85 99.17
LU6 4.12 0.15 3.07 1.00 0.91 0.00 0.45 2.77 0.05 0.01 0.01 4.95 81.87 99.36
LU7 32.77 0.95 6.80 0.13 0.23 0.00 0.07 0.13 0.04 0.08 0.02 3.54 53.82 98.58
LU8 33.81 1.36 9.76 0.32 0.26 0.00 0.11 0.14 0.02 0.28 0.03 3.72 49.92 99.73
LU9 4.20 0.12 3.00 0.71 0.60 0.00 0.24 1.50 0.01 0.03 0.00 3.85 85.29 99.55
LU10 4.18 0.22 2.57 0.31 0.43 0.00 0.14 1.40 0.00 0.04 0.00 5.50 84.33 99.12
LU11 9.74 0.36 4.85 0.34 0.35 0.00 0.20 1.35 0.00 0.04 0.01 5.75 75.47 98.46
LU13 4.32 0.14 2.76 0.08 0.55 0.00 0.04 0.67 0.01 0.07 0.00 3.64 87.31 99.59
LU14 2.21 0.10 2.37 4.89 3.23 0.00 0.79 4.33 0.00 0.01 0.00 3.22 77.91 99.06
LU15 6.40 0.26 4.70 0.15 0.28 0.00 0.32 1.86 0.02 0.04 0.00 5.24 80.65 99.92
LU16 8.82 0.28 5.23 0.14 0.31 0.00 0.37 0.99 0.00 0.18 0.00 4.98 79.06 100.36
LU17 2.46 0.33 3.81 1.47 1.10 0.00 0.35 3.20 0.03 0.04 0.20 4.80 82.05 99.84
LU18 2.85 0.41 3.08 0.06 0.31 0.00 0.06 0.42 0.04 0.03 0.00 5.80 86.28 99.34
LU19 0.00 0.10 1.85 6.27 4.36 0.00 0.23 2.72 0.04 0.03 0.03 3.17 81.09 99.89
LU20 0.27 0.05 2.18 3.73 2.61 0.00 0.19 2.28 0.03 0.02 0.00 3.01 84.68 99.05
LU21 30.03 1.24 15.42 0.27 0.15 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.00 3.17 47.89 98.33
LU22 5.67 0.20 3.99 0.08 0.22 0.00 0.07 0.74 0.04 0.02 0.00 4.88 83.52 99.43
LU23 4.09 0.12 3.16 1.61 1.07 0.00 0.24 1.62 0.03 0.00 0.00 3.07 84.92 99.9.3
LU24 0.51 0.16 2.97 0.86 0.92 0.00 0.13 1.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.46 89.01 99.95
LU25 3.32 0.20 4.64 3.83 2.26 0.00 0.77 2.65 0.00 0.02 0.14 4.58 77.51 99.92
LU26 0.00 0.11 2.60 1.33 1.17 0.00 0.22 1.90 0.00 0.08 0.24 4.73 87.22 99.60
LU27 9.14 0.70 8.18 0.16 0.31 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.19 0.12 6.06 74.66 99.67
LU28 7.48 0.41 6.98 0.96 0.99 0.00 0.42 1.87 0.00 0.10 0.23 5.17 75.05 99.66
LU29 3.79 0.47 4.82 0.13 0.40 0.00 0.13 0.87 0.00 0.18 0.10 4.45 84.60 99.94
--- - - _.- ----
A2-25
LU30 0.00 0.17 2.24 2.03 1.27 0.00 0.23 1.46 0.00 0.08 0.00 4.72 87.27 99.47
LUP1 3.44 0.46 4.33 2.37 1.97 0.00 0.03 1.08 0.00 0.15 0.00 6.26 79.61 99.70
LUP2 0.00 0.15 1.62 2.76 2.15 0.00 0.06 1.92 0.00 0.03 0.05 7.59 83.68 100.01
LUP3 0.00 0.20 0.44 0.68 0.97 0.00 0.28 3.54 0.00 0.03 0.00 3.36 90.13 99.63
LUP4 6.93 0.37 6.75 1.06 1.32 0.00 0.05 0.32 0.00 0.56 0.53 6.32 75.72 99.93
Table A2-47: Major element oxide concentrations for Middelburg Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O. LOl Total
M1 17.01 0.73 8.38 2.75 0.72 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 1.33 66.88 98.01
M2 7.89 0.37 4.40 1.85 0.68 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.00 1.30 83.08 99.68
M3 87.98 0.55 6.30 0.95 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.58 0.02 0.25 2.83 99.52
M4 77.01 0.56 10.71 0.94 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.20 0.01 0.58 0.02 0.37 9.33 99.78
M5 10.09 0.50 6.12 1.48 0.80 0.00 0.47 2.03 0.00 0.15 0.00 1.62 75.36 98.63
M6 15.62 1.24 9.56 0.46 0.22 0.00 0.19 0.75 0.01 0.18 0.00 2.64 67.86 98.73
M7 6.47 0.50 5.70 1.74 0.45 0.00 0.21 1.21 0.00 0.17 0.06 2.81 78.91 98.23
M8 8.09 0.37 7.51 3.33 1.37 0.00 0.21 0.65 0.00 0.11 0.02 2.32 74.56 98.54
M9 11.63 0.70 9.53 0.68 0.45 0.00 0.11 0.48 0.00 0.12 0.53 2.34 73.02 99.59
M10 37.49 1.54 31.06 1.05 0.24 0.01 0.24 0.10 0.00 0.52 0.23 1.68 25.77 99.93
M11 11.30 0.48 5.50 0.55 0.27 0.00 0.08 0.55 0.00 0.14 0.00 1.59 79.28 99.74
M12 10.73 0.38 5.45 1.22 0.72 0.00 0.08 1.57 0.01 0.15 0.00 1.54 76.37 98.22
M13 79.19 0.38 4.42 1.63 0.19 0.03 1.39 3.23 0.25 0.47 0.01 0.35 8.71 100.25
M14 12.76 0.33 7.65 0.35 0.41 0.00 0.20 1.34 0.03 0.08 0.00 1.69 75.51 100.35
M15 2.79 0.35 3.87 0.98 0.74 0.00 0.10 0.75 0.03 0.04 0.00 2.19 87.66 99.50
M16 3.71 0.36 4.51 2.90 1.73 0.00 0.41 2.40 0.03 0.06 0.24 3.22 80.29 99.86
M17 4.50 0.22 4.92 0.36 0.51 0.00 0.23 4.69 0.00 0.13 1.42 3.18 80.07 100.23
M18 8.96 0.26 3.77 0.60 0.46 0.00 0.34 2.68 0.00 0.07 0.00 4.16 78.33 99.63
M19 16.69 0.47 5.83 3.80 0.72 0.00 0.10 0.35 0.00 0.17 0.00 5.11 66.56 99.80
M20 7.59 0.21 3.19 4.68 2.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.01 0.95 80.30 100.05
M21 77.48 0.69 12.20 1.10 0.24 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.06 2.82 0.03 0.49 4.77 99.92
M22 62.16 0.90 18.73 3.00 0.45 0.02 0.43 0.11 0.04 2.81 0.06 0.73 10.99 100.43
A2-26
Table A2-48: Major element oxide concentrations for Optimum Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O. LOl Total
OPT1 15.94 0.27 6.88 7.38 4.11 0.00 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.24 0.00 4.95 58.44 98.31
OPT2 0.00 0.14 1.45 0.21 0.77 0.00 0.03 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.10 94.72 99.85
OPT3 79.66 0.70 11.28 0.48 0.01 0.01 1.01 0.03 0.10 2.94 0.05 0.23 3.42 99.92
OPT4 7.23 0.25 4.52 0.35 0.62 0.00 0.51 1.33 0.00 0.06 0.00 8.32 76.31 99.50
OPT5 4.03 0.09 2.83 0.30 0.61 0.00 0.12 0.42 0.00 0.07 0.00 2.65 87.66 98.78
OPT6 14.35 0.38 7.30 0.20 0.41 0.00 0.03 0.16 0.00 0.17 0.01 2.46 72.95 98.42
OPT7 3.43 0.19 2.75 0.04 0.59 0.00 0.08 1.15 0.00 0.12 0.06 2.63 87.41 98.45
OPTS 69.03 0.36 5.28 9.20 2.70 0.04 0.18 3.96 0.03 1.05 0.03 0.26 7.73 99.85
OPT9 7.24 0.30 4.36 0.08 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.02 4.07 82.60 99.15
OPT10 7.65 0.33 5.43 0.09 0.23 0.00 0.13 0.41 0.00 0.09 0.09 4.47 81.51 100.43
OPT11 89.35 0.44 4.73 1.38 0.38 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.78 0.02 0.16 2.81 100.11
OPT12 11.01 0.78 4.51 0.15 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.04 3.11 79.61 99.91
,
OPT13 7.74 0.34 4.34 0.11 0.48 0.00 0.33 0.88 0.00 0.10 0.00 2.46 83.07 99.85
Table A2-49: Major element oxide concentrations for Rietspruit Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O. LOl Total
R2RO 53.64 1.06 22.35 2.01 0.14 0.01 0.56 0.37 0.54 1.61 0.10 1.10 15.95 99.44
R2M 7.35 0.33 5.92 0.36 0.40 0.00 0.07 1.87 0.00 0.10 1.40 2.47 78.05 98.32
R2M2 3.63 0.10 3.68 1.52 1.57 0.00 0.14 6.08 0.00 0.13 0.65 2.47 78.80 98.77
R2LW 2.34 0.21 3.97 0.30 0.49 0.00 0.44 2.77 0.04 0.05 0.93 3.24 84.02 98.80
R4UROOF 53.88 0.93 20.00 2.43 0.41 0.02 0.76 0.16 0.21 2.35 0.06 0.85 17.29 99.35
R4U 27.63 0.37 11.21 0.92 1.06 0.00 0.31 0.52 0.03 0.56 0.00 1.73 54.44 98.78
R4PT 53.74 0.95 23.10 0.58 0.26 0.01 0.29 0.17 0.61 1.25 0.04 0.99 17.23 99.22
R4L 10.77 0.45 5.06 0.38 0.74 0.00 0.37 1.39 0.00 0.13 0.09 2.26 77.78 99.42
R4FUG 80.67 1.59 8.99 0.54 0.54 0.01 0.00 0.05 1.38 0.16 0.02 0.27 5.56 99.78
R4FLG 75.43 3.84 5.03 6.10 0.34 0.20 0.50 0.35 1.55 0.25 0.03 0.20 6.38 100.20
R4F1 63.67 3.55 17.22 1.95 0.24 0.05 0.15 0.14 1.48 0.27 0.02 0.73 10.47 99.94
- - --
A2-27
R4F2 52.73 5.68 25.73 1.48 0.05 0.03 0.24 0.15 1.75 0.87 0.03 0.94 10.07 99.75
R4F3 73.17 1.98 10.37 2.39 0.79 0.06 0.16 0.14 1.30 0.32 0.02 0.59 9.44 100.73
Table A2-50: Major element oxide concentrations for South Witbank Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O' LOl Total
SW1 8.75 0.23 5.45 1.90 1.66 0.00 0.32 3.59 0.16 0.08 0.21 7.31 70.28 99.94
SW2 17.37 0.46 8.17 0.18 0.52 0.00 0.28 1.82 0.14 0.08 0.03 2.41 66.85 98.31
SW3 16.01 0.49 7.63 0.20 0.61 0.00 0.24 1.69 0.16 0.11 0.09 2.58 68.23 98.04 i
SW4 7.62 0.35 3.88 0.14 0.72 0.00 0.32 2.88 0.08 0.07 0.70 3.42 78.23 98.40
SW5 11.75 0.33 5.32 2.11 1.77 0.00 0.52 3.35 0.06 0.13 0.41 2.66 70.60 99.01
SW6 20.90 0.65 8.68 0.66 0.65 0.00 0.30 1.43 0.09 0.22 0.03 2.73 61.78 98.12
SW7 6.54 0.26 4.25 0.55 0.90 0.00 0.32 2.56 0.09 0.11 1.04 9.66 73.52 99.80
SW8 4.93 0.23 3.13 1.00 1.20 0.00 0.42 3.38 0.09 0.11 1.00 2.94 80.39 98.82
SW9 9.86 0.33 4.69 0.33 0.81 0.00 0.30 2.19 0.07 0.19 0.74 2.79 77.58 99.88
SW10 5.53 0.22 4.71 1.60 1.65 0.00 0.29 3.79 0.08 0.05 0.37 2.98 77.21 98.48
Table A2-51: Major element oxide concentrations for Tavistock Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O' LOl Total
TAV1A 6.50 0.11 3.84 1.82 1.69 0.00 0.60 5.13 0.00 0.10 1.82 2.38 74.79 98.78
TAV18 4.28 0.11 4.15 0.25 0.64 0.00 0.39 4.01 0.00 0.12 3.07 3.08 79.69 99.79
TAV1C 3.48 0.14 3.38 3.28 2.35 0.00 0.23 3.55 0.00 0.06 2.06 2.43 78.76 99.72
TAV2A 6.29 0.24 4.11 0.14 0.64 0.00 0.30 3.36 0.00 0.08 2.01 2.02 80.78 99.97
TAV28 6.69 0.22 4.66 0.56 0.84 0.00 0.45 4.54 0.00 0.08 1.72 2.39 76.32 98.47
TAV2C 10.74 0.52 5.33 0.19 0.56 0.00 0.41 1.89 0.00 0.10 0.21 2.50 77.18 99.63
TAV3A 8.21 0.23 2.84 1.30 1.01 0.00 0.24 1.53 0.00 0.01 0.08 2.36 80.83 98.64
TAV38 8.58 0.28 3.47 0.36 0.64 0.00 0.25 2.02 0.00 0.02 0.07 2.52 80.39 98.60
TAV3C 5.79 0.14 3.16 4.86 3.26 0.00 0.49 4.26 0.00 0.00 0.08 5.96 70.84 98.84
TAV4A 53.87 1.02 23.25 0.64 0.06 0.01 0.18 0.13 0.04 1.35 0.04 1.08 17.52 99.19
TAV4B 53.90 1.04 23.17 0.65 0.07 0.00 0.18 0.09 0.04 1.43 0.04 1.12 17.66 99.39
TAV4C 53.87 1.03 23.15 0.63 0.06 0.01 0.22 0.10 0.04 1.39 0.04 1.15 17.44 99.13
A2-28
TAV5A 5.98 0.61 4.43 0.98 1.36 0.00 0.14 1.65 0.00 0.37 1.10 2.89 80.35 99.86 !
TAV5B 10.32 0.56 7.86 0.67 1.09 0.00 0.29 1.48 0.00 0.42 0.98 2.38 74.09 100.15 I
TAV5C 11.04 0.47 7.02 0.64 1.00 0.00 0.21 0.74 0.00 0.38 0.62 2.60 74.97 99.69
TAV6A 5.64 0.26 3.62 1.04 1.29 0.00 0.30 3.32 0.00 0.14 0.80 2.76 79.09 98.26
TAV6B 5.62 0.29 5.22 0.35 0.77 0.00 0.33 2.42 0.00 0.14 0.65 2.23 81.66 99.68
TAV6C 5.49 0.31 4.95 0.76 0.99 0.00 0.35 2.42 0.00 0.15 0.77 3.47 80.11 99.77
TAV7A 6.04 0.33 3.79 2.05 1.49 0.00 0.48 2.52 0.00 0.07 0.23 2.83 78.30 98.13
TAV7C 23.58 0.83 12.89 0.16 0.32 0.00 0.18 0.20 0.03 0.28 0.01 2.22 59.22 99.92
Table A2-52: Major element oxide concentrations for Union Colliery (values presented as wt%)
SiteName Si02 Ti02 AI203 Fe203 S MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20S H2O' LOl Total
UN1 6.59 0.29 4.44 0.75 1.28 0.00 0.10 1.25 0.00 0.12 0.04 2.83 81.90 99.59
UN2 5.96 0.32 4.35 0.68 1.05 0.00 0.11 0.98 0.00 0.12 0.04 3.36 82.75 99.72
UN3 6.27 0.25 4.35 0.96 0.88 0.00 0.02 0.52 0.00 0.12 0.02 4.34 81.08 98.81
UN4 6.65 0.24 4.25 0.67 0.78 0.00 0.02 0.51 0.00 0.12 0.01 5.64 80.53 99.42
UN5B 7.16 0.25 3.87 0.67 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.20 0.00 2.46 83.32 98.95
UN6B 5.79 0.25 3.47 0.64 0.93 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.10 0.00 4.79 83.44 99.50
A2-29
Table A2-53: Trace element concentrations for Arnot Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
ARA1 - 28.90 393.20 109.10 360.00 19.20 30.20 35.80 89.00 136.10 481.80 112.70 119.40 94.60
ARA2 - 29.70 318.30 78.70 389.80 11.40 25.00 33.20 528.10 89.70 657.80 145.40 102.50 76.50
ARA3 - 21.00 244.40 42.10 210.50 12.30 3.60 11.80 257.70 12.90 336.40 27.60 20.20 7.70
ARA4 - 0.80 200.40 60.00 182.60 9.30 7.50 25.90 307.90 64.10 403.10 31.70 50.00 16.70
ARA5 63.59 1.87 77.53 81.22 48.67 3.48 40.44 6.67 27.17 9.81 24.82 7.28 38.22 -
ARA6 - 38.60 285.10 62.20 229.10 11.40 15.20 8.80 174.90 13.60 72.30 44.80 19.40 7.10
ARA7 - 41.70 315.80 85.20 250.70 15.60 25.20 27.10 201.70 20.90 185.80 116.10 39.60 5.40
ARA8 - 31.90 278.70 82.20 235.30 13.90 24.70 17.50 140.70 21.50 134.80 67.50 37.70 6.80
ARA9 99.48 3.61 202.54 158.02 79.02 9.01 14.94 10.85 43.50 7.53 48.49 10.55 34.81 -
ARA10 89.49 3.61 293.05 239.42 59.73 7.96 11.87 7.51 27.77 6.99 17.37 32.22 14.15 -
ARA11 - 17.10 145.80 34.10 268.80 15.60 7.10 9.90 268.60 11.60 142.50 110.60 45.70 22.30
ARA12 - 30.50 221.80 49.20 228.60 14.40 27.40 11.30 89.90 22.00 115.00 89.70 26.40 0.00
ARA13 0.00 10.40 255.09 114.56 116.17 5.93 43.56 23.78 150.80 21.80 191.91 56.77 26.85 -
ARA14 - 32.30 346.50 62.30 168.30 10.60 6.20 18.20 171.00 26.10 215.20 33.60 27.40 6.30
ARA15 15.77 21.62 167.48 103.48 155.14 10.73 43.75 21.90 87.62 17.17 86.32 10.52 14.57 -
ARA16 - 126.30 605.40 117.30 248.10 14.50 16.70 6.50 35.20 1.50 46.80 33.00 18.50 4.40
ARB1 - 33.70 224.40 57.50 190.90 17.50 16.10 12.50 187.20 24.10 194.50 56.70 382.20 69.10
ARB2 34.18 9.15 231.88 98.39 103.58 10.33 27.95 11.47 110.22 46.01 111.20 15.60 51.66 -
ARB3 - 37.40 271.20 135.30 237.30 12.60 15.60 9.50 162.70 2.90 58.10 36.10 25.30 4.50
ARB4 - 27.10 257.60 103.10 205.40 12.20 14.00 13.40 122.50 8.30 95.70 44.60 20.00 0.70
ARB5 59.59 18.61 309.79 140.54 103.13 6.75 15.19 12.20 123.32 12.87 109.52 18.73 61.51 -
ARB6 - 27.00 209.50 319.40 160.80 11.10 12.00 7.40 79.10 6.60 28.50 30.00 20.90 6.80
ARB7 88.74 2.56 200.70 118.99 42.13 7.51 4.63 4.17 57.34 4.52 66.63 10.34 21.76 -
ARB8 - 6.60 95.90 31.70 119.20 8.20 0.60 1.50 87.00 3.00 103.40 38.50 32.60 6.90
ARB9 - 25.70 260.70 50.60 248.10 13.70 18.60 12.20 131.20 20.20 166.00 60.80 32.50 8.90
ARB10 0.00 9.03 168.40 85.22 91.95 7.23 38.32 18.98 41.91 15.64 64.90 15.51 37.87 -
ARB11 - 51.70 236.50 62.90 151.90 16.90 9.80 18.90 109.60 30.20 129.40 32.40 27.50 5.10
ARB13 - 143.00 538.30 207.10 359.00 19.80 30.10 18.40 68.20 5.50 74.70 77.90 16.90 16.50
ARC1 - 5.80 247.40 51.70 232.40 8.50 15.50 36.40 412.80 42.00 542.70 66.90 69.00 21.40
---
A2-30
ARC2 139.86 4.92 157.12 112.85 83.68 3.43 40.94 13.45 105.94 15.44 86.24 26.48 60.72 -
ARC3 - 34.50 223.10 61.60 336.70 13.90 19.50 7.70 178.00 6.30 69.30 47.20 17.00 5.10
ARC4 - 38.80 317.80 50.90 224.70 12.60 183.60 16.40 152.60 19.50 17.50 43.60 37.90 7.00
ARC5 63.22 5.68 270.30 116.35 33.12 4.95 9.05 3.23 15.37 13.75 23.90 10.14 38.54 -
ARC6 103.67 2.07 236.15 96.66 80.86 9.28 13.90 7.30 33.79 6.39 24.55 11.54 5.59 -
ARC7 - 4.60 134.20 45.70 142.50 10.30 0.80 3.80 130.60 7.00 298.10 24.90 48.40 10.10
AR01 - 2.00 251.50 49.10 243.00 5.20 23.20 24.80 341.30 20.40 335.00 50.10 43.40 21.30
ARD2 117.44 6.11 156.03 101.34 113.18 6.00 44.86 17.73 233.61 18.03 174.29 23.99 61.46 -
AR03 - 29.40 186.40 208.80 181.60 10.10 14.00 8.60 101.60 3.30 39.60 21.60 32.60 1.90
AR04 - 38.40 300.60 58.60 191.70 11.40 37.60 20.20 167.60 19.60 135.00 82.50 27.40 6.10
ARD5 33.51 2.40 256.08 91.20 101.17 10.47 22.24 9.80 39.87 5.66 32.92 8.84 19.15 - I
ARD6 269.78 6.77 173.14 122.53 87.72 7.41 12.31 6.47 109.58 19.98 654.02 45.93 19.32 - I
AR07 - 0.00 174.60 70.10 113.80 9.00 1.30 7.90 171.30 10.20 1276.00 76.20 6.70 3.50
Table A2-54: Trace element concentrations for Arnot-North Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
3936 - 93.50 461.40 320.10 320.10 25.20 57.10 23.20 232.40 42.70 187.90 110.10 59.60 36.50
3937 - 98.70 387.20 132.70 350.80 23.10 58.10 25.00 183.00 30.70 154.40 88.80 30.70 26.00
3938 194.23 0.00 6.50 14.60 19.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.30 0.00 0.00 2.30 0.20 -
3939 - 27.70 783.90 435.00 210.30 13.50 24.50 25.00 276.50 29.80 270.40 66.70 45.70 29.00
3940 - 89.80 310.50 88.60 300.70 17.40 31.00 12.90 361.40 49.20 237.70 112.70 38.90 16.50
3941 - 119.70 495.50 165.10 302.40 19.90 58.50 28.20 65.20 34.00 85.00 135.20 7.50 53.90
3942 - 135.90 551.30 190.50 317.10 22.40 62.40 20.50 179.60 50.20 211.50 146.30 57.00 42.40
3943 - 73.70 467.70 641.20 226.30 22.50 61.00 26.40 215.30 54.60 204.10 150.40 69.40 54.90
3944 - 92.70 371.70 167.30 345.40 24.30 45.50 17.00 125.70 36.80 135.90 135.00 54.00 64.30
3945 117.62 0.00 310.40 136.70 75.50 0.00 0.00 14.50 156.30 0.00 102.50 22.10 15.50 -
3946 - 37.60 330.20 75.40 594.60 24.70 19.40 15.90 752.80 29.50 338.20 71.10 42.40 23.90
3947 - 76.80 364.10 52.90 347.60 18.00 25.10 11.10 371.30 20.40 178.70 87.10 24.10 15.70
3948 - 166.00 450.60 142.60 312.20 27.60 48.00 21.60 178.00 47.40 206.30 248.70 86.40 69.40
3949 - 51.30 362.10 372.60 474.20 28.50 62.80 23.00 218.90 36.90 148.50 70.20 45.60 23.20
3950 - 27.30 427.60 180.70 283.80 18.70 35.90 22.10 261.20 30.00 578.40 95.10 68.50 33.60
3951 98.65 0.00 272.20 63.10 119.50 1.10 0.10 14.50 260.20 0.00 198.50 26.40 47.50 -
---
A2-31
3952 - 25.60 222.30 53.70 360.70 20.20 18.60 18.40 429.30 30.70 1018.70 89.30 46.40 14.90
3953 - 92.30 336.60 76.80 312.80 19.50 41.20 17.70 171.70 47.50 151.10 104.40 33.40 40.00
3954 - 60.00 593.50 361.80 431.90 9.30 229.50 37.10 239.90 92.90 134.80 68.20 59.40 16.50
3955 237.44 0.00 457.70 119.00 135.60 0.40 37.90 31.40 544.10 4.60 684.40 32.50 46.00 -
3956 - 20.10 194.70 45.60 142.00 12.90 11.80 6.50 149.20 9.20 329.80 22.20 17.80 1.10
3957 215.67 30.20 370.60 80.00 328.30 14.80 34.70 20.20 491.40 29.50 594.00 74.00 63.70 -
3958 - 51.30 385.80 88.70 383.90 25.50 22.50 13.10 489.40 19.80 241.70 62.10 51.60 21.00
3959 - 16.10 227.40 63.50 391.40 15.60 31.30 27.30 285.80 27.50 362.00 52.90 37.80 16.60
Table A2-55: Trace element concentrations for Bank Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
BAN1 78.64 5.48 652.38 407.09 17.82 4.97 7.19 3.13 1.03 6.44 12.96 5.39 8.00 -
BAN2 80.13 7.22 734.42 482.43 23.54 4.86 7.58 6.67 11.59 8.20 17.93 7.74 8.68 -
BAN3 63.07 12.81 802.73 646.05 40.12 4.70 21.26 7.30 15.52 9.78 25.06 11.99 14.20 -
BAN4 110.52 3.46 524.21 540.07 9.90 4.56 7.30 4.48 8.80 7.74 13.85 3.30 12.81 -
BAN5 82.83 4.88 421.63 88.31 86.87 10.06 12.74 7.51 32.15 6.02 26.06 2.86 8.08 -
BAN6 108.91 3.62 413.80 213.10 40.37 7.39 5.71 1.15 5.46 5.83 16.99 2.13 8.54 -
BAN7 91.62 5.83 307.75 148.11 233.50 17.21 30.44 12.72 71.98 9.37 54.45 8.32 24.55 -
BAN8 142.96 6.00 865.77 172.14 42.73 6.60 4.81 4.17 0.00 6.82 14.88 17.97 33.56 -
BAN9 143.49 5.57 932.92 613.00 0.00 3.44 2.51 2.81 2.92 8.51 13.75 3.49 24.33 -
BAN10 - 57.80 530.70 527.70 256.10 17.70 38.60 24.60 218.50 34.70 178.50 127.70 51.30 27.60
BAN11 - 138.80 257.20 54.70 225.40 16.90 23.30 14.70 142.10 5.10 72.20 60.50 12.80 3.70
BAN12 0.00 13.96 24.38 17.34 43.09 7.59 4.46 1.67 2.12 6.41 18.50 1.36 0.00 -
BAN13 0.00 5.56 0.00 2.85 44.31 6.56 2.52 0.10 0.00 7.32 11.13 2.53 0.00 -
BAN14 - 204.60 188.40 113.20 159.80 11.30 78.80 17.70 51.30 3.60 35.20 38.00 15.30 127.00
BAN15 - 139.90 246.70 68.70 200.70 15.60 22.10 16.10 166.80 5.70 66.70 59.60 19.50 6.50
BAN16 0.00 6.55 0.00 3.76 42.26 6.81 3.09 1.46 0.00 9.93 9.40 0.88 0.00 -
BAN17 0.00 15.26 6.50 9.12 79.46 13.99 8.63 3.44 0.58 9.51 18.64 4.77 0.00 -
BAN18 - 388.40 315.10 93.10 293.20 10.00 32.60 21.60 103.50 5.40 86.20 83.50 34.60 36.10
BAN19 36.20 2.94 524.79 184.85 98.71 10.22 18.49 10.64 44.65 9.53 31.03 4.53 10.90 -
BAN20 61.05 3.90 712.45 355.64 100.37 11.65 18.24 9.07 3.45 10.19 36.57 4.30 7.29 -
A2-32
I BAN21 nn68~:t9 ---4.60 830.46 584.36 58.94 6.82 15.27 8.13 25.43 14.17 25.55 3.62 9.55 - I
Table A2-56: Trace element concentrations for Bankfontein Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
BK1 5.92 0.00 392.35 448.17 41.24 8.83. 12.04 3.32 27.37 11.02 20.55 3.89 17.54 -
BK2 106.40 0.00 25.76 286.29 34.28 7.19 16.91 2.99 0.00 8.48 1.29 3.13 32.68 -
BK3 3.75 19.72 51.43 18.34 328.47 15.68 9.38 0.23 65.71 9.37 40.14 26.10 28.50 -
Table A2-57: Trace element concentrations for Borehole 1 (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
BH1-1 75.98 94.60 204.56 118.78 248.29 14.91 23.86 10.43 52.37 24.87 51.70 71.27 34.27 -
BH1-2 21.01 38.54 117.58 105.80 176.78 10.93 26.35 10.95 40.51 15.31 43.40 21.27 5.58 -
BH1-3 - 30.80 113.90 107.90 108.50 9.50 6.90 1.30 46.10 4.80 5.50 16.10 11.90 14.20
BH1-4 85.15 16.78 3950.45 3962.84 0.00 0.00 33.98 7.72 20.65 27.38 16.91 17.79 11.03 -
BH1-5 92.26 11.60 1491.04 1035.59 4.90 4.29 10.14 8.45 27.02 19.86 27.60 10.60 9.42 -
BH1-6 115.42 11.28 1539.55 793.86 44.94 4.86 19.10 8.13 25.83 12.73 35.06 9.50 12.41 -
BH1-7 - 54.60 446.70 112.90 459.10 18.20 19.60 10.60 81.50 9.80 90.10 37.80 18.20 0.80
---_._------
Table A2-58: Trace element concentrations for Borehole wedge 1 (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
BHW1-1 - 87.90 432.10 120.40 127.50 7.70 8.70 5.80 42.30 0.00 34.30 19.50 5.80 0.40
BHW1-2 - 91.10 447.40 113.60 187.90 9.90 10.20 3.10 51.10 0.00 50.00 28.80 7.50 5.20
BHW1-3 - 74.60 364.30 267.00 179.20 9.00 11.70 5.40 42.50 0.00 41.50 17.40 5.40 0.40
BHW1-4 - 119.50 312.60 148.70 209.90 18.40 34.60 18.40 126.90 7.80 101.90 76.60 28.10 66.80
BHW1-5 - 63.70 238.30 253.80 247.20 14.30 25.40 7.00 106.10 6.20 54.70 23.80 15.30 18.80
BHW1-6 55.55 6.60 178.46 159.69 103.59 3.68 93.76 8.66 58.54 15.69 53.21 6.05 23.87 -
BtIW1-7 112.13 5.81 257.81 365.33 80.00 7.24 44.02 10.01 32.70 17.99 32.36 2.10 22.42 -
BHW1-8 186.18 4.15 331.73 612.99 33.83 3.49 37.20 7.40 44.45 14.56 32.16 1.24 10.44 -
BHW1-9 132.07 2.84 228.30 235.55 59.16 0.00 155.66 9.91 87.97 9.22 44.31 1.60 24.22 -
BHW1-10 - 19.90 187.50 59.20 147.90 11.10 49.30 13.40 149.00 0.00 129.90 18.10 26.00 9.10
A2-33
BHW1-11 78.60 420.30 91.80 58.80 J 73.90 0.00 76.30 38.80 20.10 1.00
BHW1-12 72.10 459.10 75.50 143.50 12.4u 6.30 38.50 0.00 42.10 20.00 10.90 0.00
Table A2-59: Trace element concentrations for Borehole wedge 2 (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
BHW2-1 - 92.50 423.00 115.00 130.70 8.60 8.50 2.90 51.90 1.90 37.60 20.90 9.60 3.50
BHW2-2 3.91 65.25 235.16 154.48 216.21 21.52 44.67 11.26 45.15 39.09 70.01 31.26 20.09 -
BHW2-3 6.49 47.57 183.95 152.03 195.71 7.40 33.99 6.05 46.14 38.78 78.95 29.02 30.24 -
BHW2-4 - 143.80 389.20 91.30 605.80 22.90 44.60 12.20 136.00 10.10 95.50 58.20 32.50 8.90
BHW2-5 - 97.50 424.30 158.90 183.30 13.70 20.90 11.50 121.90 15.20 81.50 19.40 16.40 23.40
BHW2-6 31.86 7.91 173.09 139.11 137.06 12.46 23.55 8.45 24.33 18.36 38.57 2.92 6.91 -
BHW2-7 172.90 4.90 333.80 434.91 34.56 5.29 10.36 6.47 9.74 8.93 9.40 0.77 2.70 -
BHW2-8 248.56 3.96 291.34 918.37 0.00 3.57 2.78 6.67 30.56 14.28 18.39 2.88 64.02 -
BHW2-9 - 35.90 294.10 88.00 209.20 19.50 3.80 14.50 232.60 2.60 165.00 34.80 37.30 11.20
Table A2-60: Trace element concentrations for Borehole wedge 3 (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
BHW3-1 - 77.70 365.70 76.60 275.10 8.10 9.60 2.20 47.30 0.00 24.40 6.80 5.10 0.00
BHW3-2 40.28 11.51 269.11 163.43 138.14 5.56 39.33 18.15 133.88 13.45 140.88 8.66 1.36 -
BHW3-3 - 161.90 276.90 110.90 122.60 6.50 15.00 8.60 91.00 3.00 55.90 13.50 12.20 38.00
BHW3-4 61.05 11.97 98.43 150.55 93.95 5.73 13.91 5.63 18.90 9.75 27.55 14.42 1.65 - I
BHW3-5 - 145.70 359.60 142.00 189.40 8.70 23.40 22.10 164.00 9.00 137.80 80.00 42.20 42.90
BHW3-6 - 79.50 329.70 285.00 126.50 8.70 16.90 7.40 32.20 2.60 25.40 26.30 13.60 3.10
BHW3-7 - 188.40 149.10 182.70 124.20 13.00 25.80 13.10 42.10 5.10 31.40 20.80 11.00 93.50
BHW3-8 30.51 11.12 213.36 111.52 293.04 5.35 39.09 21.38 167.44 14.82 190.66 10.28 5.57 -
BHW3-9 - 124.60 419.80 60.00 494.40 20.00 29.30 10.20 158.10 12.50 122.10 55.60 35.60 8.10 '
BHW3-10 - 68.40 240.50 86.50 1222.60 26.40 46.80 4.00 205.10 9.50 53.70 46.60 32.90 13.00
BHW3-11 122.90 7.72 336.55 353.64 203.07 6.93 15.56 9.07 95.39 12.17 66.36 16.36 4.86 -
BHW3-12 189.48 5.83 444.93 671.78 20.77 4.15 9.69 7.30 19.10 14.86 26.20 0.87 10.31 - i
BHW3-13 138.25 8.72 1366.50 1832.38 0.00 0.00 9.69 8.86 66.90 17.00 56.67 5.46 24.59 -
--
A2-34
I BHW3-14 - 47.90 386.60 63.10 106.30 12.60 0.00 6.50 68.50 0.00 71.10 14.90 35.70 6.60 J
Table A2-61: Trace element concentrations for Borehole wedge 4 (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
BHW4-1 38.15 18.39 99.72 132.69 103.16 7.39 18.51 7.93 19.95 12.21 12.55 5.45 15.92 -
BHW4-2 - 125.50 319.70 100.90 520.20 20.40 35.20 15.70 144.80 9.60 74.50 79.50 37.30 34.30
BHW4-3 20.67 24.47 159.16 109.16 104.29 6.37 41.62 6.88 55.30 16.51 59.93 16.21 14.30 -
BHW4-4 - 86.90 306.30 78.60 420.30 24.60 42.60 7.90 75.10 13.00 51.20 62.50 39.90 19.50
BHW4-S - 39.20 178.80 44.40 299.90 13.80 14.50 4.00 54.60 5.40 41.70 23.30 9.20 7.70
BHW4-6 86.64 9.01 256.40 193.62 139.06 6.27 31.81 10.74 60.78 10.58 88.59 39.38 5.54 -
BHW4-7 54.29 9.00 381.20 183.50 183.50 10.50 14.70 21.10 42.16 24.59 46.29 5.33 25.32 -
BHW4-8 37.96 30.92 299.66 218.51 199.05 20.96 29.12 9.39 40.02 16.82 24.31 10.58 9.01 - i
BHW4-9 64.90 10.12 325.22 301.49 103.47 11.17 18.85 11.06 21.10 8.99 27.71 13.18 16.71 - i
BHW4-10 99.74 5.32 357.96 411.35 48.10 7.44 17.46 5.53 43.15 18.22 23.74 11.22 31.19 -
BHW4-11 - 93.40 608.20 93.00 211.40 12.80 10.50 3.10 73.70 0.00 51.90 12.50 11.20 0.00
Table A2-62: Trace element concentrations for Borehole wedge 5 (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
BHWS-1 - 110.00 376.80 114.00 206.60 14.00 31.90 18.20 146.80 16.80 116.20 94.10 36.90 36.60
BHW5-2 18.80 18.30 234.79 140.58 445.11 3.82 53.19 8.66 141.74 26.45 126.70 30.52 19.66 -
BHWS-3 - 109.90 378.70 80.40 504.40 21.50 50.90 10.90 207.40 18.60 144.10 103.30 52.00 20.50
BHWS-4 - 88.60 279.20 43.90 1212.40 25.10 41.20 5.20 181.10 2.50 47.50 36.10 10.60 0.00
BHWS-S - 77.40 256.40 43.60 2063.50 34.10 61.10 2.90 85.70 1.00 57.80 39.80 10.60 5.40
BHWS-6 - 18.20 77.90 28.00 272.00 12.20 11.60 0.10 44.60 3.90 27.80 31.40 6.80 9.40
BHWS-7 - 41.30 146.10 83.40 574.00 15.90 22.00 2.90 50.60 2.20 31.60 18.70 8.50 7.80
BHWS-8 - 94.70 289.40 70.70 553.40 28.70 45.10 12.00 201.80 22.90 96.70 77.40 49.20 26.70
BHWS-9 - 74.50 243.10 68.30 744.10 23.60 42.00 8.40 163.90 14.30 64.40 56.70 37.40 15.40
BHW5-10 145.36 9.79 313.87 420.53 685.28 4.03 31.03 8.86 92.70 22.19 51.18 8.59 30.08 -
BHW5-11 136.38 6.42 781.83 1096.17 1.52 3.75 11.94 5.42 16.81 12.82 29.71 25.45 80.19 -
A2-35
BHW5-12 162.20 8.33 525.16 653.64 90.04 11.16 15.84 7.93 21.44 14.61 48.37 4.45 28.38 -
BHW5-13 145.58 11.52 608.15 958.87 11.50 4.27 26.64 11.06 85.98 10.52 85.27 6.38 39.88
BHW5-14 - 49.30 447.00 83.20 77.50 15.10 0.00 10.60 89.90 0.00 105.80 24.80 25.70 4.90
BHW5-15 - 51.00 482.50 70.90 131.30 14.10 1.10 5.60 61.40 0.00 69.00 26.50 17.30 -
Table A2-63: Trace element concentrations for Delmas Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
DEL1 - 5.30 752.70 256.20 198.90 8.70 13.70 35.80 209.80 0.00 154.60 7.40 13.30 2.30
DEL2 194.95 18.31 598.85 905.96 96.17 7.06 23.58 7.35 65.21 23.76 38.46 8.66 41.18 -
DEL4 54.24 0.00 259.74 506.57 26.15 8.18 11.05 0.30 0.00 39.28 11.53 3.16 10.05 -
DEL5 188.86 0.00 412.18 696.16 20.34 5.00 19.14 2.63 21.10 15.30 24.44 3.21 4.48 -
DEL6 - 77.70 441.70 108.40 366.10 16.70 13.20 5.20 169.40 3.20 59.80 12.80 69.30 14.70
DEL7 28.35 0.80 539.31 786.79 63.51 10.07 16.74 3.26 18.46 15.94 32.60 5.58 14.00 -
DEL8 57.90 0.00 143.15 365.56 58.39 10.61 6.99 0.00 0.00 53.77 11.53 5.19 6.04 -
DEL9 175.31 0.00 394.41 755.95 6.04 3.28 19.88 5.02 5.76 10.73 8.29 4.52 4.38 -
DEL10 43.57 3.79 509.26 949.52 57.53 8.08 ·16.26 3.47 29.11 14.00 35.98 2.64 11.58 -
DEL11 64.83 0.36 560.35 1505.83 15.96 3.12 18.91 3.09 12.58 15.15 18.39 1.37 14.12 -
DEL12 37.59 3.31 348.36 576.08 28.32 9.64 11.61 2.14 9.00 11.90 27.49 5.46 2.60 -
DEL13 30.78 41.45 195.64 112.68 650.61 10.13 17.63 37.70 1049.21 36.73 468.68 7.45 102.38 -
DEL14 81.35 21.49 991.41 1553.61 79.70 9.13 16.95 6.01 21.20 20.60 37.87 2.68 10.34 -
DEL15 62.76 0.38 1284.51 1013.35 31.19 6.16 20.77 4.45 42.61 13.01 26.01 3.23 6.41 -
DEL16 53.08 11.19 257.33 300.67 97.09 16.83 12.00 0.90 11.78 15.67 50.34 1.28 10.24 -
DEL17 52.60 0.00 546.56 727.53 48.48 8.40 11.48 3.40 29.71 15.59 36.65 6.62 6.61 -
A2-36
Table A2-64: Trace element concentrations for Douglas Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Mn
DOU1 - 0.00 115.20 16.30 331.40 14.30 29.10 20.20 287.70 3.20 231.70 39.90 18.80 -
DOU2 97.23 0.00 119.20 126.17 84.67 10.00 19.81 4.48 27.02 11.24 26.77 29.52 83.63 97.23
DOU3 32.05 0.00 150.43 84.05 123.10 10.42 38.22 5.99 37.58 6.54 39.73 9.13 13.11 32.05
DOU4 - 7.70 125.60 498.10 294.70 13.10 20.40 12.90 86.10 0.60 50.70 29.00 15.70 -
DOUS - 16.70 230.50 46.00 241.00 13.40 8.60 20.50 180.90 31.70 217.60 29.30 30.10 -
DOU6 100.59 0.00 171.30 146.48 61.96 9.09 12.59 4.73 41.41 7.80 40.81 20.20 25.40 100.59
DOU7 - 1.90 214.00 53.40 210.10 9.60 2.00 11.50 269.10 36.40 151.40 27.80 46.90 -
DOU8 165.82 0.00 191.38 173.61 37.79 6.47 3.41 1.60 27.37 22.53 28.01 12.69 21.75 165.82
DOU9 129.34 0.00 404.67 528.99 26.47 5.67 9.08 1.46 0.00 8.83 8.94 25.84 3.05 129.34
DOU10 68.46 26.21 394.28 491.09 202.71 14.43 16.98 10.36 47.44 26.10 57.75 11.37 25;99 68.46
DOU11 - 43.40 658.40 879.00 239.30 17.70 27.20 24.30 238.00 25.60 129.90 115.60 32.80 -
DOU12 - 84.10 472.30 73.40 95.20 17.30 3.30 10.20 163.80 0.00 119.20 68.10 29.90 -
DOU13 272.11 0.00 388.53 354.97 51.43 8.19 14.74 5.33 15.87 10.10 8.12 3.10 25.80 272.11
DOU14 125.29 0.00 465.29 315.28 82.62 8.96 9.12 5.18 25.93 16.15 28.28 2.14 24.96 125.29
DOU15 41.52 43.28 293.65 116.80 657.48 10.76 30.59 3.85 74.77 24.64 39.73 22.84 19.73 41.52
DOU16 - 61.00 320.90 117.80 545.00 24.30 39.40 10.60 167.30 18.80 173.20 88.30 26.30 -
DOU17 - 176.50 272.20 66.60 225.20 16.90 25.80 16.60 192.20 8.60 95.70 64.50 41.40 -
DOU18 3.74 12.50 26.15 26.11 83.72 9.86 11.40 2.15 2.77 6.62 17.42 1.62 9.88 3.74
DOU19 - 88.10 346.40 76.60 196.50 10.20 14.70 10.90 75.30 10.70 62.80 52.60 14.50 -
DOU20 - 57.60 289.70 76.80 508.50 28.40 36.80 10.60 169.70 15.50 146.70 127.90 28.70 -
DOU21 - 39.40 287.30 118.10 591.80 18.70 27.90 0.00 63.50 12.00 23.80 77.50 23.20 -
DOU22 134.53 0.00 929.53 1095.64 224.92 0.61 37.80 19.71 124.32 36.71 99.75 40.14 61.86 134.53
DOU23 - 9.20 296.40 93.70 368.90 24.00 33.10 23.20 243.90 27.80 194.50 47.10 50.50 -
DOU24 - 53.10 403.50 255.50 250.60 21.10 21.60 16.10 186.40 30.40 128.00 144.90 40.10 -
DOU25 18.37 17.48 192.16 92.01 347.92 29.03 38.03 17.92 19.95 18.58 85.57 5.09 22.55 18.37
DOU26 73.43 30.57 2348.00 3160.53 0.00 0.00 30.29 17.85 36.03 27.76 27.63 3.84 15.14 73.43
DOU27 42.47 0.00 331.21 229.55 74.04 9.69 18.65 5.28 17.61 9.71 35.22 6.08 7.82 42.47
DOU28 60.19 0.00 155.45 117.83 118.55 11.20 12.58 9.79 105.49 11.83 89.29 7.82 40.44 60.19
A2-37
DOU29 - 27.40 99.90 25.70 293.10 18.70 7.40 3.60 257.70 5.40 155.00 24.90 27.40 -
DOU30 - 74.70 440.00 382.10 246.60 22.90 44.30 20.00 162.10 29.80 145.30 133.20 31.20 -
DOU31 49.59 8.65 947.85 743.95 152.90 5.75 22.35 12.44 50.47 13.73 63.99 9.99 49.83 49.59
DOU32 26.40 2.59 1136.62 1110.60 121.17 9.57 22.61 12.11 47.19 14.40 38.00 1.44 16.73 26.40
DOU33 66.91 0.00 195.75 172.34 89.97 9.12 9.78 7.65 51.27 10.03 44.13 33.47 44.28 66.91
DOU34 - 56.30 387.80 65.90 285.60 20.30 8.10 3.80 171.70 1.80 110.80 62.80 32.30 -
DOU35 - 49.40 368.70 210.80 815.50 26.20 33.40 15.40 358.90 20.60 114.90 72.10 77.10 -
DOU36 16.16 1.24 161.20 84.96 184.02 12.55 19.80 8.96 40.17 9.80 50.51 7.35 34.84 16.16
DOU37 39.26 0.97 178.46 74.72 111.86 12.22 17.85 3.87 24.68 8.22 31.68 5.94 0.91 39.26 i
DOU38 74.51 6.35 132.07 96.17 104.46 12.65 21.72 7.02 40.12 10.63 34.87 7.00 26.63 74.51
DOU39 - 5.60 227.40 223.30 209.50 9.80 16.10 12.00 199.40 3.60 154.90 22.00 38.00 -
DOU40 25.32 14.70 24.48 55.76 85.40 9.42 14.83 2.97 18.01 23.18 17.53 23.62 202.47 25.32
DOU41 - 0.00 98.40 41.70 250.30 12.90 18.60 21.10 359.50 4.30 258.70 64.30 68.70 -
Table A2-65: Trace element concentrations for Forzando Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
FOR1 213.69 2.38 159.99 290.07 35.97 5.91 8.07 4.38 6.06 7.22 9.59 2.45 6.58 - I
FOR2 96.45 7.79 577.84 600.97 23.65 6.13 3.27 4.90 0.00 10.11 15.31 1.70 9.12 -
FOR3 - 35.30 251.80 101.50 401.00 17.20 15.50 9.70 81.60 18.90 93.60 39.10 37.90 4.50
FOR4 - 29.70 286.10 70.60 279.80 16.40 7.60 11.50 74.80 15.50 99.60 20.20 16.40 1.40
FOR5 136.86 5.78 170.37 162.28 144.36 3.94 50.98 20.76 69.44 12.47 68.12 14.07 24.79 -
FOR6 116.84 12.04 157.05 192.61 80.40 9.93 8.30 5.94 5.14 7.36 23.52 19.52 20.07 -
FOR7 - 127.50 605.60 140.40 152.30 13.60 12.20 6.50 58.10 24.10 60.10 46.80 10.90 3.30
FORS - 34.70 325.00 76.30 318.20 8.40 22.50 16.60 141.70 9.10 68.70 31.50 22.90 14.20
FOR9 - 32.40 204.10 68.20 279.60 17.60 18.90 14.10 139.90 23.60 157.30 63.20 74.00 38.40
FOR10 - 35.70 276.40 64.00 477.60 23.60 18.30 10.40 70.90 16.60 81.80 53.30 45.70 17.00
FOR11 210.36 1.95 115.23 107.85 42.47 5.57 23.74 7.40 28.74 5.22 16.64 3.49 27.13 -
FOR12 229.67 6.99 501.83 254.58 67.02 9.10 4.82 6.36 0.00 7.20 20.53 0.76 11.73 -
FOR13 - 105.20 518.80 114.80 162.50 11.30 10.60 6.10 29.30 0.00 32.70 21.90 7.20 7.60
--
A2-38
Table A2-66: Trace element concentrations for Greenside Colliery (values presented as ppm)
Site Name Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
GRE1 - 6.00 391.80 231.30 370.70 10.00 16.00 24.60 217.40 0.00 401.70 33.80 23.50 28.10
GRE2 107.52 7.27 807.81 943.30 20.01 4.86 17.22 9.28 24.23 26.93 31.82 7.24 17.18 -
GRE3 76.61 5.34 401.85 344.68 74.88 7.17 8.17 4.48 12.28 32.43 27.31 5.97 17.31 -
GRE4 122.12 2.22 254.72 154.08 83.96 7.34 14.66 7.09 31.50 15.34 24.98 7.61 23.71 -
GRE5 - 46.20 242.50 66.80 186.00 9.60 8.50 4.90 181.80 10.00 89.80 225.00 185.50 47.40
GRE6 - 23.20 363.70 102.50 325.80 20.40 17.50 15.20 177.50 7.00 116.70 16.90 19.50 0.60
GRE7 45.82 3.97 477.60 470.67 29.04 5.52 13.94 5.63 13.63 10.39 26.44 2.49 13.52 -
GRE8 70.40 6.96 1189.80 996.83 0.00 1.88 14.86 4.38 6.71 11.62 22.01 1.18 12.97 -
GRE9 160.25 1.44 429.16 446.27 26.21 4.23 15.28 5.63 20.90 10.51 18.39 2.99 29.42 -
GRE10 - 87.50 519.80 77.80 248.60 16.70 8.40 5.40 177.40 0.00 92.80 15.70 20.00 0.50
GRE11 - 15.10 285.20 59.20 268.60 15.30 16.80 18.40 188.90 7.30 129.60 20.00 20.60 -
GRE12 78.37 2.59 425.15 253.09 41.06 8.30 4.36 5.32 13.38 18.62 2.66 2.52 9.46 - i
GRE13 146.44 2.86 349.21 226.09 79.28 8.16 18.60 8.76 32.80 8.93 25.28 1.28 12.27 -
•
GRE14 122.01 1.24 421.41 248.95 55.40 10.48 15.95 7.40 17.56 16.69 27.58 8.81 52.45 -
GRE15 - 11.10 65.00 62.50 78.30 6.20 1.30 0.60 31.70 0.00 18.10 7.60 4.50 0.00
NGT1 - 153.00 382.40 83.00 221.40 14.10 24.20 18.20 138.30 7.20 110.10 102.90 33.80 26.50
NGT2 2.26 36.09 79.45 26.86 340.10 41.81 29.60 5.94 3.42 15.09 34.63 5.58 0.90 -
NGT3 0.00 5.34 93.40 69.99 34.57 8.12 1.70 0.62 0.00 4.45 7.80 1.07 0.00 -
NGT4 1.51 12.54 36.32 32.82 76.28 6.84 9.07 5.94 2.77 10.67 16.04 3.40 0.00 -
NGT5 - 227.60 243.00 59.90 171.20 14.60 26.60 19.10 180.20 10.50 99.90 61.20 29.40 15.60
NGT6 - 16.20 395.30 97.70 227.10 13.60 24.30 15.00 134.50 6.70 108.60 103.60 34.40 25.50
NGT7 1.88 26.44 101.47 38.00 234.95 29.03 20.43 7.61 15.32 8.36 34.52 9.83 0.32 -
NGT8 - 0.00 5.68 143.39 80.95 7.50 2.90 0.83 0.00 3.73 11.99 0.53 0.00 -
NGT9 5.03 14.71 127.43 51.68 60.48 6.51 11.31 5.21 10.54 6.46 17.77 2.98 0.55 -
NGT10 - 197.70 303.40 94.80 174.90 12.60 31.40 19.50 182.20 9.90 88.00 144.70 276.70 138.10
NGT11 - 158.30 423.40 158.10 234.20 15.80 26.60 13.40 124.80 6.60 105.40 95.50 33.00 34.80
NGT12 0.00 19.57 132.19 76.06 187.44 19.61 17.39 3.44 0.28 11.74 18.96 8.22 0.00 -
NGT13 1.88 5.92 192.99 105.72 34.32 7.12 0.94 0.42 0.00 5.17 5.80 0.00 0.00 -
NGT14 7.50 65.71 751.48 83.19 152.52 8.54 25.62 11.37 107.09 11.95 59.18 9.67 12.39 -
A2-39
I NGT15 - 252.00 557.00 202.10 182.50 14.50 28.50 19.30 203.60 10.30 117.10 74.40 58.40 41.00 I
Table A2-67: Trace element concentrations for Kleinkopje Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
KK1 71.34 8.01 1560.21 904.74 109.80 13.07 24.48 8.66 39.07 15.34 59.37 6.62 10.41 -
KK2 12.36 2.84 129.32 472.18 0.00 3.03 3.52 9.39 0.00 33.41 0.00 12.12 9.93 -
KK3 33.54 11.98 2362.01 1926.10 62.54 9.13 25.68 7.09 47.66 24.13 49.75 15.27 11.57 -
KK4 90.61 59.15 947.77 1353.70 219.31 29.11 62.37 10.01 63.92 60.07 71.33 105.51 31.64 -
KK5 - 25.10 235.60 48.60 390.20 23.20 20.60 20.90 334.50 59.90 352.50 92.80 38.00 4.20
KK6 - 35.50 130.10 41.10 576.40 16.10 14.10 1.00 102.40 1.90 43.30 14.10 10.10 0.00
KK7 141.80 3.50 87.67 83.33 79.34 10.11 12.89 5.74 14.37 4.22 25.20 10.75 25.38 -
KK8 - 74.90 305.70 100.50 602.60 31.60 43.50 9.30 165.20 10.60 124.90 94.70 25.40 0.40
KK9 270.12 3.04 271.34 284.08 65.55 7.47 5.39 4.59 11.04 14.59 17.88 5.06 14.63 -
KK10 - 0.00 8.80 11.50 62.90 4.10 0.00 0.00 50.60 0.00 21.10 2.30 5.40 0.00
KK11 - 92.50 461.60 336.60 183.80 13.00 67.70 25.90 225.00 45.10 246.40 145.10 13.00 40.20
KK12 58.28 12.79 514.37 511.68 82.11 7.35 22.68 9.18 32.60 13.33 32.41 19.06 15.85 -
KK13 132.97 14.54 404.98 135.92 132.65 8.70 8.28 7.40 59.39 15.52 71.14 10.16 26.48 -
KK14 - 108.90 367.30 101.30 1091.30 36.10 57.20 13.40 146.90 8.20 164.10 90.00 28.40 2.20
KK15 - 14.00 77.40 29.00 276.70 8.70 3.60 3.10 58.40 0.00 30.40 30.40 9.20 0.80
KK16 0.00 1.98 93.43 126.60 7.20 5.03 28.86 7.20 26.32 4.37 30.17 45.89 24.74 -
Table A2-68: Trace element concentrations for Khutala Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
KHU1 104.61 3.07 202.47 131.33 54.75 6.00 7.94 5.74 10.09 12.97 16.02 4.53 21.83 -
KHU2 153.78 4.43 373.36 191.93 74.09 8.13 12.00 6.26 17.26 9.79 22.15 4.87 5.32 -
KHU3 110.89 7.35 1588.35 1076.34 0.00 0.48 20.51 6.47 15.52 13.04 16.04 7.84 3.33 -
KHU4 9.59 5.55 172.39 153.63 216.86 19.67 29.11 13.25 65.36 18.16 64.46 7.61 12.01 -
KHU5 99.70 8.48 321.41 239.12 274.33 12.68 15.51 6.57 50.12 15.56 68.06 9.86 10.22 -
KHU6 51.17 1.15 40.38 60.57 78.64 7.34 10.37 4.38 12.03 8.03 16.02 4.66 29.11 -
A2-40
KHU7 - 0.70 55.70 23.90 448.70 13.30 11.50 2.40 104.70 0.00 43.30 12.10 10.10 5.30
KHU8 104.46 2.68 46.40 85.06 45.67 5.21 10.83 3.65 0.93 17.57 12.67 3.71 19.44 -
KHU9 83.76 6.73 369.74 340.53 65.28 10.12 14.53 5.94 12.88 10.94 27.79 2.89 9.13 -
KHU10 138.43 4.24 365.51 332.17 96.77 8.19 23.11 10.12 18.36 15.16 33.22 2.60 3.36 -
KHU11 90.83 5.58 285.68 430.99 31.16 9.18 9.89 5.01 8.35 27.30 33.19 3.28 15.61 -
KHU12 138.02 28.30 489.07 477.59 96.29 11.23 17.83 11.16 25.53 19.00 37.27 3.77 5.42 -
KHU13 120.17 6.67 639.62 852.84 60.55 8.40 19.20 13.45 61.68 19.11 39.05 2.29 9.00 -
KHU14 67.93 22.43 849.83 870.34 56.52 6.69 24.04 11.26 30.21 14.71 39.81 4.32 4.22 -
KHU15 127.66 10.58 803.54 927.44 13.59 5.16 16.96 7.72 20.50 14.09 31.22 2.55 4.46 -
KHU16 32.38 6.64 697.24 513.71 17.56 5.41 21.75 6.57 47.98 9.81 38.35 2.81 23.19 - J
Table A2-69: Trace element concentrations for Koornfontein Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
KOR1 124.59 0.77 341.88 393.65 43.68 7.65 11.66 1.03 7.05 7.17 15.53 6.66 2.40 -
KOR2 106.15 0.46 20.66 274.32 74.37 9.03 16.04 4.36 15.37 8.92 13.15 10.13 3.52 -
KOR3 91.62 0.00 14.29 165.45 112.28 12.40 20.21 5.37 28.22 10.64 21.71 15.77 1.78 -
KOR4 108.13 1.41 339.22 665.69 36.98 6.79 7.74 4.32 0.00 11.38 8.05 4.67 3.77 -
KOR5 111.60 0.00 238.87 646.52 53.02 6.98 18.31 2.65 6.16 8.03 13.18 5.69 1.99 -
KOR6 88.10 0.00 0.00 301.46 63.07 7.32 15.10 1.37 14.82 6.17 11.84 6.22 1.18 -
KOR7 102.07 6.69 415.46 334.32 87.28 10.69 7.81 5.07 4.66 9.68 21.23 5.07 1.92 -
KOR8 136.74 0.00 301.85 573.22 71.59 10.21 11.88 3.84 12.18 11.84 20.93 6.02 3.86 -
KOR9 209.25 0.00 100.88 177.98 93.03 9.16 8.40 1.90 23.64 17.79 14.88 6.20 23.03 -
KOR10 139.74 5.65 298.25 374.00 117.34 13.44 17.91 5.53 20.65 10.53 32.30 5.50 2.41 -
KORSST - 14.70 292.10 498.40 65.10 10.60 19.10 38.50 764.30 96.70 329.20 94.30 194.90 83.00
KOR11 140.70 0.00 100.49 344.53 58.57 7.02 13.83 1.67 7.85 10.17 11.96 4.88 3.48 -
KOR12 99.69 3.12 90.73 168.04 125.53 10.74 16.71 5.73 54.95 13.86 34.17 11.44 13.02 -
KOR13 111.37 5.09 747.17 728.20 26.41 6.08 6.19 2.98 10.74 8.18 17.20 7.77 0.00 -
KOR14 113.89 0.00 94.51 308.12 86.85 9.99 11.16 1.82 7.30 10.23 17.12 6.28 11.11 -
KOR15 141.74 0.00 54.59 804.30 21.33 3.07 15.82 4.59 0.00 13.97 2.56 3.51 0.00 -
KOR16 149.67 0.00 329.63 395.61 42.43 6.29 14.55 2.80 6.11 12.37 17.15 4.90 2.34 -
A2-41
KOR17 82.76 0.00 113.17 125.88 60.32 9.10 11.76 2.35 17.15 6.65 16.15 5.28 1.42
KOR18 62.99 0.00 153.07 80.79 78.94 13.65 15.90 4.33 9.49 11.08 27.04 3.33 6.82
Table A2-70: Trace element concentrations for Kromdraai Colliery (values presented as ppm)
Site Name Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
KR01 6.57 8.85 893.67 524.21 158.53 12.21 24.78 10.04 45.29 15.49 44.67 29.32 13.24 -
KR02 8.83 8.13 652.82 386.60 130.54 11.35 22.20 8.56 32.35 16.71 35.62 17.19 11.24 -
KR03 3.93 8.50 983.96 662.79 143.76 14.08 27.15 9.16 43.25 15.52 50.99 10.90 11.51 -
KR04 - 0.00 24.60 28.10 603.20 21.90 9.40 3.30 88.10 0.00 33.50 252.60 91.30 72.50
KROS - 0.00 25.20 20.80 662.00 26.10 12.50 0.00 104.60 2.70 37.40 91.40 215.90 164.40
KR06 2.82 0.00 23.47 65.70 91.49 12.06 13.83 3.83 23.19 4.45 13.49 17.03 10.95 -
KR07 1.86 0.00 78.94 175.27 58.92 8.29 14.08 1.07 24.23 5.15 34.84 28.15 8.30 -
KR08 1.59 0.00 12.46 73.27 69.60 9.11 14.47 1.57 19.00 5.48 28.49 48.38 15.89 -
KR09 3.69 0.00 246.89 67.08 96.20 10.19 6.48 0.00 11.24 6.91 22.07 8.27 37.11 -
KR010 0.79 0.00 472.37 345.47 85.75 10.67 13.59 3.39 30.66 16.30 31.14 17.51 15.66 -
KR011 2.80 0.00 1457.91 787.10 62.61 7.16 11.01 3.41 15.82 15.37 21.82 57.07 55.02 -
Table A2-71: Trace element concentrations for Lakeside Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
LK1 96.3 3.0 107.8 97.4 24.10 4.13 2.16 0.52 0.00 22.32 1.40 4.23 54.03 -
LK2 14.92 13.3 147.3 163.9 100.37 7.56 27.61 11.10 23.49 8.81 17.47 6.32 10.61 -
LK3 41.96 0.0 79.6 91.8 40.21 7.82 5.79 0.00 7.30 6.95 7.70 5.59 8.72 -
LK4 80.53 0.0 145.8 138.0 83.45 11.30 8.65 4.91 1.48 23.36 7.40 4.79 4.90 -
LK5 106.51 4.2 178.8 127.5 72.47 8.16 12.54 2.26 9.10 9.65 15.96 8.98 3.82 -
LK6 24.24 0.0 132.3 90.1 65.25 10.13 13.34 3.75 15.07 6.48 19.07 4.16 7.33 -
LK7 78.06 0.0 161.4 192.8 55.75 9.30 9.13 1.66 0.00 15.56 15.15 8.68 20.99 -
A2-42
Table A2-72: Trace element concentrations for Leeufontein Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
LU1 29.88 0.00 153.62 119.38 69.64 9.10 16.34 5.82 28.42 7.92 20.09 14.30 12.63 -
LU2 35.05 0.00 143.91 67.69 41.18 8.80 7.73 0.00 0.83 3.79 10.86 5.28 3.46 -
LU3 111.61 0.00 192.23 280.90 33.16 7.89 11.20 2.29 0.00 9.00 8.40 12.62 13.49 -
LU4 61.28 0.00 216.71 125.14 32.56 8.85 5.56 0.00 0.00 5.31 7.26 1.85 10.79 -
LUS - 3.10 109.60 194.30 75.40 6.70 1.70 4.70 40.30 0.00 13.80 11.30 9.10 0.00
LU6 187.22 0.00 216.18 143.99 45.59 7.45 9.48 1.80 5.06 7.24 9.34 6.15 17.10 -
LU7 17.12 2.52 157.55 65.52 216.75 20.77 23.46 0.10 20.10 19.25 40.16 19.08 7.08 -
LU8 25.39 44.41 189.04 71.30 259.40 31.82 46.51 10.31 58.79 22.38 79.22 7.62 16.23 -
LU9 71.29 0.00 216.82 120.99 43.19 8.66 6.99 0.00 3.22 5.45 9.91 4.87 20.27 -
LU10 50.55 0.00 215.36 111.84 58.41 9.34 9.83 2.07 9.10 6.56 17.88 2.93 27.43 -
LU11 59.14 0.00 240.27 139.79 90.63 10.40 14.83 3.85 13.73 8.33 22.17 8.71 17.99 -
LU13 82.90 2.25 123.85 95.41 17.67 6.92 6.07 2.92 8.40 5.66 14.42 3.98 7.23 -
LU14 143.40 0.00 212.10 227.27 59.80 10.62 7.06 2.13 0.00 15.02 6.99 3.49 34.40 -
LU15 60.72 0.00 234.11 170.29 58.32 8.67 8.72 2.87 6.51 5.71 18.31 9.73 9.35 -
LU16 27.82 6.47 214.10 109.51 84.96 10.37 15.65 3.97 14.27 7.12 17.58 23.80 31.66 -
LU17 108.74 0.00 576.63 469.51 50.10 9.51 12.06 2.38 8.25 11.93 23.33 9.71 12.99 -
LU18 35.95 0.00 324.93 94.57 75.84 9.74 12.60 4.03 28.37 7.66 28.22 12.02 10.00 -
LU19 92.01 0.00 272.79 218.09 36.91 8.67 6.33 0.00 0.38 14.08 7.24 4.40 33.45 - i
LU20 50.67 0.00 225.66 211.66 30.09 8.21 7.36 1.55 2.32 10.39 12.50 1.65 71.44 - i
LU21 14.56 3.30 228.48 85.40 358.17 36.81 37.19 7.80 83.88 23.65 69.95 5.54 9.50 - !
LU22 31.03 0.00 282.29 116.74 50.55 7.96 14.52 1.57 12.03 4.84 15.02 5.09 6.11 -
LU23 72.59 0.00 204.39 139.00 46.02 8.77 7.18 0.00 2.12 6.94 8.26 9.67 15.01 -
LU24 58.54 0.00 288.91 266.08 41.16 8.12 13.14 2.44 11.67 7.04 12.75 9.56 33.10 -
LU25 147.22 0.00 439.87 447.31 50.92 6.77 11.88 2.37 7.05 14.37 12.21 4.30 7.34 -
LU26 71.21 0.00 722.44 487.65 21.34 6.17 9.97 0.27 4.22 7.92 11.21 2.83 8.36 -
LU27 12.75 9.76 511.92 370.02 121.45 11.70 24.60 5.03 32.80 10.00 43.48 4.24 10.47 -
LU28 103.23 0.23 744.61 555.25 80.77 8.93 13.80 3.57 10.44 11.93 21.82 4.34 15.37 -
LU29 51.41 5.00 512.53 283.38 90.23 9.43 14.14 6.03 34.34 10.29 34.06 12.64 15.68 -
-
A2-43
LU30 70.24 0.00 398.42 133.56 65.56 7.76 10.41 1.36 4.51 10.75 11.40 11.62 12.57 -
LUP1 59.04 5.17 62.59 49.72 131.31 14.34 13.39 7.03 47.19 15.57 54.02 12.35 42.09 -
LUP2 68.68 0.00 90.00 162.38 42.66 8.29 4.50 0.00 4.42 9.66 14.56 3.58 8.69 -
LUP3 123.18 0.00 231.89 148.97 66.45 12.65 8.34 4.07 13.93 8.26 18.12 3.94 44.11 -
LUP4 9.86 21.97 1440.99 817.38 53.93 7.23 29.54 6.74 20.40 17.18 38.54 8.67 9.44 -
Table A2-73: Trace element concentrations for Middelburg Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
M1 200.01 7.29 106.17 26.37 177.91 16.94 32.46 9.69 44.20 20.24 52.91 15.20 63.60 -
M2 136.93 0.00 185.33 45.88 84.08 8.85 26.62 7.95 42.36 10.46 53.26 10.47 59.22 -
M3 - 11.40 60.70 15.70 230.40 11.10 9.50 1.00 71.70 5.30 32.90 37.90 20.60 5.30
M4 - 12.20 102.50 22.70 151.50 10.60 5.40 9.70 96.50 11.90 68.00 35.10 17.90 3.30
M5 100.12 4.97 288.41 130.48 118.57 11.69 24.28 6.91 33.20 14.41 40.41 8.10 28.21 -
M6 59.69 12.45 312.52 100.94 218.67 27.38 33.43 12.08 68.35 14.65 71.39 5.36 23.07 -
M7 131.22 0.00 443.67 217.31 89.18 10.68 14.46 3.34 32.45 10.85 30.28 3.90 16.87 -
M8 75.77 0.00 152.43 101.43 129.22 9.33 22.54 7.98 54.81 20.27 43.62 11.12 14.88 -
M9 27.28 8.92 1108.43 1041.17 146.84 9.20 34.09 14.21 73.23 17.09 61.34 16.00 20.44 -
M10 - 12.50 406.50 356.70 370.30 25.70 26.30 33.00 225.40 6.20 167.90 44.50 41.30 8.20
M11 64.98 0.00 119.15 87.23 111.25 11.26 21.26 6.96 57.49 12.20 42.62 27.13 28.64 -
M12 79.89 0.00 157.19 129.56 95.98 10.78 16.25 5.10 22.09 12.92 24.58 13.59 23.91 -
M13 - 8.80 160.60 340.10 121.80 9.20 6.40 6.10 59.50 5.30 20.10 12.30 20.80 3.50
M14 89.11 0.00 186.64 172.35 85.77 9.99 18.56 6.31 20.15 11.28 21.47 8.39 6.68 -
M15 51.40 0.00 412.60 117.29 67.18 10.34 8.99 3.51 13.38 7.83 23.70 4.12 4.55 -
M16 105.11 0.00 617.67 405.17 84.46 8.00 14.35 4.12 13.93 14.27 21.77 3.95 7.63 -
M17 55.89 4.37 540.59 768.34 73.09 6.28 18.99 6.31 7.15 11.20 15.37 4.58 22.96 -
M18 197.90 0.00 225.66 219.19 74.29 8.37 13.98 4.85 27.67 7.84 25.06 6.63 24.12 -
M19 401.72 9.05 129.82 67.22 159.88 10.82 26.99 11.00 25.08 19.94 36.38 15.52 25.57 -
M20 8.09 39.85 98.13 66.73 225.49 9.38 18.59 5.04 51.72 21.28 54.29 18.31 15.57 -
M21 - 102.70 250.50 51.60 687.60 25.80 39.30 4.20 92.40 5.50 45.00 22.20 18.70 0.00
M22 - 112.30 364.70 78.90 320.70 15.50 22.90 15.00 168.90 5.30 113.10 81.90 33.20 14.10
A2-44
~
Table A2-74: Trace element concentrations for Optimum Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
OPT1 6.19 14.04 73.35 58.96 81.89 7.81 15.64 9.18 54.11 38.96 47.13 15.67 69.13 -
OPT2 62.26 2.10 90.03 92.04 29.44 7.95 3.35 1.46 14.12 7.05 15.31 1.21 12.23 -
OPT3 - 84.40 400.40 63.00 295.90 14.80 15.90 4.50 52.40 0.00 45.00 43.60 10.40 0.00
OPT4 92.12 0.00 106.10 129.97 98.82 8.10 9.82 1.33 39.87 7.42 21.17 4.66 10.18 -
OPT5 27.68 0.00 144.23 112.98 42.19 9.94 7.92 0.00 21.10 6.54 19.63 2.90 14.48 -
OPT6 18.66 3.12 236.52 133.65 94.82 9.23 42.07 16.16 . 22.69 7.08 29.60 27.57 19.19 -
OPT7 43.41 0.00 389.67 273.74 25.60 6.94 22.19 10.76 6.86 7.84 20.34 50.18 26.46 -
OPTS - 32.90 143.80 153.20 174.20 13.20 21.60 4.20 50.50 10.40 26.40 49.90 164.30 27.20
OPT9 9.93 0.00 154.67 61.50 55.27 5.51 44.07 11.51 23.34 9.87 23.90 64.32 15.19 -
OPT10 38.00 0.00 445.05 272.23 61.39 8.90 17.14 5.97 18.21 6.81 19.28 8.27 6.93 -
OPT11 - 14.20 159.70 34.30 129.50 8.50 5.50 1.70 56.60 4.00 29.90 16.20 14.50 5.10
OPT12 1.17 4.21 276.57 71.94 101.00 7.09 58.52 20.23 62.07 17.16 73.92 28.49 13.70 -
OPT13 38.73 0.00 334.39 96.97 70.69 9.61 17.67 4.89 18.66 8.83 25.95 11.24 20.48 - J
Table A2-75: Trace element concentrations for Rietspruit Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
R2RO - 68.90 436.60 252.80 308.50 19.80 31.50 21.40 190.20 23.00 144.10 121.20 36.30 17.70
R2M 47.34 16.22 1003.04 2662.77 15.36 0.00 74.22 7.90 30.85 18.71 31.84 13.94 29.33 -
R2M2 24.37 0.46 374.10 681.40 26.71 6.50 19.36 5.16 1.68 14.55 10.72 3.84 8.17 -
R2LW 75.70 7.05 3291.85 2070.25 0.00 0.00 22.64 3.72 8.20 13.26 16.91 2.68 6.03 -
R4UROOF - 103.50 379.50 75.10 235.40 14.80 29.40 20.70 197.30 9.90 135.60 94.20 41.40 19.20
R4U 42.23 92.85 154.51 101.66 156.39 14.69 25.48 4.45 20.05 20.27 33.03 14.78 14.73 -
R4PT - 53.40 292.00 78.50 252.30 19.00 32.20 19.50 148.80 12.40 120.00 69.00 25.80 8.30
R4L 59.21 8.75 337.71 282.43 89.31 10.21 25.88 8.41 30.81 10.22 49.86 4.26 11.61 -
R4FUG - 0.00 48.10 18.30 633.50 21.70 15.50 7.20 102.80 12.90 113.00 105.10 11.90 5.30
R4FLG - 5.40 135.00 37.20 408.70 22.50 17.30 12.20 253.80 42.50 269.20 168.60 13.30 27.20
R4F1 - 0.00 271.00 32.20 304.50 15.50 5.90 19.80 84.10 149.00 496.70 136.20 17.40 10.60
A2-45
R4F2 52.73 5.68 25.73 1.48 0.05 0.03 0.24 0.15 1.75 0.87 0.03 0.94 10.07 99.75
R4F3 73.17 1.98 10.37 2.39 0.79 0.06 0.16 0.14 1.30 0.32 0.02 0.59 9.44 100.73
Table A2-76: Trace element concentrations for South Witbank Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
SW1 103.98 0.91 501.40 792.59 51.20 7.05 12.40 5.63 12.73 16.08 28.30 0.34 16.92 -
SW2 76.86 6.81 356.77 452.37 136.41 12.91 17.97 4.57 22.04 13.73 40.68 0.86 12.27 -
SW3 59.97 8.64 425.12 368.18 101.03 12.74 18.33 6.58 24.33 18.64 41.59 1.32 10.15 -
SW4 88.85 4.15 952.47 1325.14 31.55 3.57 14.63 6.39 20.80 13.88 29.71 0.55 9.36 -
SW5 129.53 11.60 484.34 618.11 89.72 8.43 15.16 5.43 8.55 19.28 28.88 2.10 10.60 -
SW6 60.11 17.86 354.04 399.35 116.28 15.04 17.67 7.30 22.69 18.07 44.67 1.86 10.60 -
SW7 87.54 9.71 1267.68 1227.75 0.00 1.97 7.82 4.80 13.63 11.88 24.74 0.73 3.22 -
SW8 89.41 9.27 1194.83 1272.62 0.00 1.81 9.10 5.01 12.38 13.43 22.07 1.37 3.29 -
SW9 66.51 12.47 826.70 814.07 31.01 4.95 11.48 6.57 15.92 10.03 29.87 2.48 3.12 -
SW10 131.55 5.37 538.91 810.27 28.19 6.15 10.39 5.01 5.26 16.43 15.34 1.37 19.25 -
-----_._-- --
Table A2-77: Trace element concentrations for Tavistock Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb Y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
TAV1A 137.24 5.93 1290.49 1774.47 0.00 0.00 23.06 7.20 9.05 19.73 15.80 2.67 8.77 -
TAV1B 96.60 20.10 2902.38 3646.04 0.00 0.00 22.89 2.82 7.35 19.84 14.77 1.99 16.10 -
TAV1C 101.84 0.40 1180.33 1957.58 0.00 0.00 26.16 1.28 4.22 21.45 13.56 4.50 23.62 -
TAV2A 82.24 10.25 1344.32 2237.95 0.00 0.00 28.78 4.15 9.89 16.66 19.58 42.31 19.91 -
TAV2B 104.36 7.00 1409.73 1824.59 0.00 0.00 13.25 3.20 3.27 16.96 15.72 32.23 16.63 -
TAV2C 95.18 5.27 520.46 443.18 104.05 11.36 17.68 6.28 32.15 13.10 35.71 1.68 15.83 -
TAV3A 82.90 0.00 235.71 258.58 47.41 7.30 9.59 3.34 22.59 11.64 19.45 5.73 19.47 -
TAV3B 73.10 0.00 237.29 263.01 58.98 8.36 10.69 3.71 27.29 8.31 23.52 8.02 17.24 -
TAV3C 176.06 0.00 237.68 382.26 36.14 6.25 8.09 2.41 9.25 20.48 11.83 7.86 38.49 -
TAV4A - 57.00 311.80 85.30 221.80 19.70 26.60 14.70 142.30 20.70 103.80 33.30 24.70 13.80
TAV4B - 59.00 326.00 85.00 214.00 20.00 24.50 14.10 135.20 22.60 104.30 34.60 24.90 10.00
TAV4C - 57.40 315.00 83.90 218.10 19.50 25.70 14.70 141.90 22.30 99.10 35.60 24.10 11.10
A2-46
TAV5A 36.92 40.81 1205.43 1223.07 50.67 7.01 30.32 12.11 32.85 15.65 93.02 2.77 12.25 -
TAV5B 39.82 63.71 927.72 1126.92 55.05 6.29 28.92 9.19 29.31 14.20 77.71 3.63 10.49 -
TAV5C 34.06 60.80 952.36 954.58 74.40 7.01 20.10 12.41 43.55 14.72 84.51 4.22 8.62 -
TAV6A 52.60 0.00 801.33 945.41 41.09 6.09 17.74 5.66 15.57 13.95 23.98 1.82 17.85 -
TAV6B 56.38 4.20 746.49 1123.31 38.04 4.43 14.76 5.53 19.70 12.85 25.01 1.52 11.45 - ,
TAV6C 60.58 2.75 677.33 945.24 40.26 5.18 17.75 6.39 20.30 12.79 25.90 1.64 10.66 -
TAV7A 104.29 0.00 344.33 601.71 54.47 7.87 14.34 4.62 20.50 16.31 25.21 1.05 15.45 -
TAV7C 20.14 46.84 160.85 120.67 180.80 22.01 23.97 6.57 26.52 21.08 55.15 2.42 9.03 -
-
Table A2-78: Trace element oxide concentrations for Union Colliery (values presented as ppm)
SiteName Mn Rb Ba Sr Zr Nb y Sc Cr Cu V Zn Ni Co
UN1 44.30 2.48 238.19 209.91 82.55 9.88 14.33 6.27 27.22 10.52 33.92 13.98 26.38 -
UN2 40.57 0.00 254.70 202.87 84.57 11.06 14.25 7.30 29.36 8.95 37.19 4.84 33.03 -
UN3 3.9.74 1.81 239.42 160.04 82.85 10.37 12.99 6.00 50.92 8.89 37.89 7.45 21.31 -
UN4 24.95 1.48 226.90 158.80 77.46 9.62 13.12 3.18 64.12 7.64 35.19 9.75 22.96 -
UN5B 10.49 7.60 230.81 107.68 73.92 9.99 10.92 4.52 31.90 7.23 36.25 1.92 12.73 -
UN6B 9.08 0.00 212.29 113.05 76.56 10.16 16.84 5.08 45.05 8.98 42.92 2.60 13.98 -
A2-47
Table A2-79: Mineral composition of samples for Arnot Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
Site Name -Cl) - -Cl) tiCl)t! c Cl) Cl)ns 'u 'E Cl)0 - .-. E .-Cl) -
Cl) -Cl) E Cl);: ëii ::::J I/)ns .-Cl.)I/) Cl) ns
'n0 ·C ns::::J s (ij '0 c.
Cl)
>. c. 'C .
...cc c. ns E (ij
a « I/) en e e>.
- -
:li::: 0 C 0- LI.. «c (ij Cl) 0:I: :I: -I-
ARA2 26.40 52.90 0.10 0.20 0.40 - 9.00 5.40 2.70 - - 2.80 - - 99.90
ARA3 69.90 10.20 0.10 0.40 - - 11.70 - 4.00 - - 3.40 0.10 - 99.80
ARA4 13.70 74.30 - 0.40 0.30 0.10 5.00 3.10 1.70 - - 1.20 - - 99.80
ARA5 16.60 59.60 5.70 2.60 5.60 - 1.10 - 7.40 - - 1.30 - - 99.90
ARA6 18.20 72.20 - 0.20 - - 3.40 2.30 1.60 - - 1.80 - - 99.70
ARA7 27.10 55.60 - 0.40 0.10 0.10 8.60 5.40 1.40 - - 1.30 - - 100.00
ARA8 22.80 62.80 - 0.20 0.10 0.10 6.90 4.30 1.40 - - 1.30 - - 99.90
ARA9 21.50 48.50 17.80 4.50 2.00 0.30 2.90 - 0.90 - - 1.50 - - 99.90
ARA10 11.50 64.90 11.40 4.30 1.50 1.80 3.00 - - - - 1.40 - - 99.80
ARA11 71.00 9.20 0.30 0.30 1.70 - 9.10 5.90 1.00 - - 1.30 - - 99.80
ARA12 73.40 9.60 - - 0.10 - 7.20 - 7.60 - - 1.80 - - 99.70
ARA13 4.20 71.70 - 0.40 8.20 0.40 4.30 - 10.20 - - 1.00 - - 100.40
ARA14 23.70 62.60 - 0.40 0.40 0.20 9.90 - 1.20 - - 1.40 - - 99.80 i
ARA15 25.70 58.00 0.90 0.90 1.50 - 9.50 - 1.50 0.40 - 1.60 - - 100.00
ARA16 50.50 9.80 0.20 0.80 0.30 0.10 21.00 13.10 3.60 - - 0.70 - - 100.10
ARB1 50.10 12.00 - - 4.80 - 5.40 3.80 20.30 - - 2.10 - 1.40 99.90
ARB2 22.00 64.50 0.90 0.60 1.90 - 5.90 - 0.80 0.30 - 3.00 - - 99.90
ARB3 68.00 6.60 5.70 3.40 - - 8.00 4.80 2.10 - - 1.30 - - 99.90
ARB4 55.10 31.70 0.40 - - 0.40 6.30 4.00 1.30 - - 1.00 - - 100.20
ARBS 10.40 57.70 2.70 1.80 4.40 0.30 19.40 - 1.10 - - 2.00 - - 99.80
ARB6 61.50 14.00 6.80 2.90 0.60 - 5.70 3.50 4.10 - - 0.70 - - 99.80
ARB7 5.10 78.60 6.60 1.80 1.70 0.60 1.20 - - 0.70 2.90 0.80 - - 100.00
A2-48
ARBS 83.40 8.00 - - 0.50 0.20 2.80 2.20 2.10 - - 0.80 - - 100.00 I
ARB9 24.30 62.50 - 0.40 0.20 0.20 9.60 - 1.30 - - 1.40 - - 99.90
ARB10 9.10 82.20 - 0.30 2.70 0.20 2.50 - 2.50 - - 0.70 - - 100.20 I
ARB11 18.70 65.70 0.20 0.80 0.10 0.10 10.70 - 2.30 - - 1.20 - - 99.80
ARB13 34.90 16.80 4.30 3.50 0.10 0.20 19.60 11.50 7.90 0.10 - 1.00 - 0.10 100.00
ARC1 27.40 57.70 0.10 0.30 0.30 0.10 5.60 3.40 2.40 - - 2.50 - - 99.80
ARC2 7.50 53.70 9.30 2.90 8.20 - 3.00 - 13.60 - - 1.80 - - 100.00 I
ARC3 72.10 11.10 0.90 0.40 - - 7.40 4.50 2.10 0.10 - 1.30 - - 99.90
ARC4 31.70 50.50 - 0.30 0.20 0.10 8.70 5.50 1.70 - - 1.30 - - 100.00
ARC5 - 35.50 12.00 3.20 16.20 - 6.60 - 24.80 - - 1.40 - - 99.70
ARC6 19.70 66.00 7.20 0.80 1.70 - 1.40 - 1.00 - - 2.10 - - 99.90
ARC7 77.60 11.20 - - 0.70 - 3.70 - 4.50 - - 2.20 - - 99.90
AR01 29.70 51.90 0.30 0.20 0.60 0.10 12.50 - 2.10 - - 2.40 - - 99.80
ARD2 10.30 59.50 4.50 1.60 5.10 0.40 6.80 - 9.40 - - 2.20 - - 99.80
AR03 68.90 3.80 8.40 3.40 0.20 - 6.40 3.80 4.20 0.10 - 0.70 - - 99.90
AR04 33.30 49.50 - 0.10 0.10 0.20 8.80 5.40 1.50 - - 1.20 - - 100.10
ARD5 34.00 57.80 2.90 0.60 1.00 - 1.30 - 0.30 - - 2.20 - - 100.10
ARD6 3.30 57.50 9.70 2.30 3.20 - 3.80 - 18.40 - - 1.40 - - 99.60
AR07 77.50 14.60 - - - 0.30 1.10 - 3.00 - - 3.40 - - 99.90
Table A2-80: Mineral composition of samples for Arnot-North Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -Q) Q) cjQ) Q)Q) E Q)Q) Cf)t! e -Q) -E - .-. E .-t: "-iii :::I -cu .Q) -Q.)cu '0 ëj 0 .t: ti) Q) .a Cf) Q) cuc. cu ;t: E jij:::I cu jij '0 ccu. C.a >. Cf) '0 :e >. c: jij Q)~ o C Q. ct ~ u, fn o 0(!) ct ::t: ::t: I--
3936 28.70 43.10 - 0.20 - 0.50 14.50 - 11.30 0.10 - 1.10 0.50 0.10 100.10
3937 28.30 44.50 - 0.40 - 0.30 9.50 6.80 9.00 - - 1.20 - 100.00
3938 11.40 68.60 1.80 0.60 1.60 0.60 6.00 - 6.30 - - 1.80 1.20 - 99.90
A2-49
3939 37.50 41.90 0.50 0.20 0.50 0.50 4.80 5.00 7.40 0.10 - 1.60 - - 100.00
3940 47.00 25.00 0.20 0.60 1.10 0.20 11.80 8.80 3.80 0.20 - 1.20 - - 99.90
3941 29.00 6.80 3.50 2.60 0.20 1.20 14.00 20.90 16.20 - - 1.40 - 4.30 100.10
3942 28.10 34.60 - 0.90 - 0.30 12.60 8.70 13.70 0.10 - 1.00 - 0.20 100.20
3943 16.90 47.60 - 1.00 0.60 1.00 6.90 5.60 19.10 - - 1.00 - 0.30 100.00
3944 20.40 30.00 0.30 1.60 0.80 0.40 10.50 7.60 27.20 - - 0.90 - 0.30 100.00
3945 27.40 52.20 - 0.20 2.80 0.50 6.30 - 7.90 - - 1.30 1.40 - 100.00
3946 50.80 22.90 - - 0.80 0.10 7.70 6.20 7.00 - - 4.40 - - 99.90 !
3947 58.40 11.30 0.50 - 0.20 0.10 14.10 9.30 3.80 - - 2.10 - - 99.80 i
3948 22.80 31.30 - 0.70 - 0.40 21.60 - 20.50 - - 1.10 0.40 1.00 99.80
3949 34.30 45.10 - 0.10 - 0.50 9.30 - 8.60 - - 1.60 0.40 - 99.90
3950 39.90 38.20 1.00 0.10 0.10 0.30 4.20 3.90 9.60 - - 2.60 - - 99.90
3951 36.50 40.80 1.00 - 2.30 0.30 6.20 - 9.90 0.30 - 1.60 1.00 - 99.90
3952 56.10 23.40 0.20 - 0.20 0.10 5.20 4.20 5.90 - - 4.60 - - 99.90
3953 44.60 6.50 4.00 2.00 0.50 0.30 22.40 - 17.20 - - 0.80 1.30 0.30 99.90
3954 31.60 46.70 0.50 0.50 - 0.40 6.50 5.50 6.80 0.10 - 1.30 - - 99.90
3955 32.40 47.80 1.20 0.40 1.60 0.30 7.70 - 6.40 - - 1.30 0.90 - 100.00
3956 79.30 7.80 - - 0.40 - 4.50 4.30 1.30 - - 2.30 - - 99.90
3957 46.40 31.20 0.30 - 1.00 0.20 8.00 6.20 3.80 - - 2.90 - - 100.00
3958 60.90 11.50 0.30 - 0.60 - 9.00 6.70 6.70 - - 4.20 - - 99.90
3959 51.60 31.10 0.30 - 0.40 - 4.90 4.40 4.40 - - 2.80 - - 99.90
Table A2-81: Mineral composition of samples for Bank Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName
Cl) Cl) u Cl) Cl)
;t::
t! c: Cl) '-e Cl) ;
cu (5 ë-j 0 .-t: - Cl)Cl) -Cl) E Cl)I/): E .t: ë-ii :::J ..I/) cu Cl) -_g cucu fn Cl) ;t:: ëQ:::J cu ëQ (5 c. ......, C. _g C. -cu Ea ~ a>. I/) "CCJ C . ct IL (i) (3 o>. c: ëQ Cl) 0ct :I: :I: I--
BAN1 - 35.90 23.10 4.00 6.20 8.00 6.90 - 4.00 10.90 - 0.90 - - 99.90 I
BAN2 - 59.00 11.50 2.90 4.30 5.00 8.20 - 2.40 5.60 - 1.10 - - 100.00 I
BAN3 - 48.10 4.20 1.50 4.20 8.40 21.10 - 2.60 8.00 - 1.90 - - 100.00
A2-50
BAN4 0.50 10.80 31.50 8.30 7.00 9.20 2.10 - 4.10 25.10 - 1.30 - - 99.90
BAN5 - 71.40 4.80 2.20 1.00 - 6.90 - - 8.10 2.30 2.80 - - 99.50
BAN6 5.90 66.90 11.50 2.30 4.60 1.20 5.10 - 1.20 - - 1.50 - - 100.20
BAN7 7.80 74.00 6.30 2.40 1.50 - 4.10 - - - - 3.70 - - 99.80
BAN8 0.60 41.90 17.70 5.30 6.10 - 13.90 - 4.80 8.40 - 1.20 - - 99.90
BAN9 - - 15.70 5.00 9.70 6.10 10.70 - 11.90 39.30 - 1.60 - - 100.00
BAN10 21.70 57.90 - 1.10 0.10 0.90 13.80 - 3.10 - - 1.20 - - 99.80
BAN11 24.30 49.80 0.30 1.20 0.10 - 13.20 7.50 2.40 - - 1.00 - - 99.80
BAN12 32.30 31.10 - 0.60 7.10 - 21.90 - 6.10 - - 1.00 - - 100.10
BAN13 24.10 34.00 - - 10.80 - 12.00 - 18.10 - - 1.00 - - 100.00
BAN14 20.70 - 1.70 3.60 1.20 4.20 19.20 - 48.30 - - 0.30 - - 99.20
BAN15 26.20 47.30 0.30 1.50 0.10 - 13.30 7.60 2.60 - - 1.00 - - 99.90
BAN16 25.70 27.70 - - 12.60 - 10.30 - 22.90 - - 0.50 - - 99.70
BAN17 31.10 34.70 - 0.90 6.00 - 15.40 - 11.10 - - 0.90 - - 100.10
BAN18 34.10 - 0.50 4.10 1.00 0.20 46.30 - 12.10 - - 0.80 - - 99.10
BAN19 1.10 79.60 7.20 0.90 2.20 0.90 2.60 - 1.90 0.70 - 2.90 - - 100.00
BAN20 - 63.20 13.70 1.40 1.50 1.30 3.90 - - 11.30 - 3.70 - - 100.00
BAN21 - 56.10 13.60 1.60 3.40 2.50 4.00 - 5.10 11.50 - 2.20 - - 100.00
Table A2-82: Mineral composition of samples for Bankfontein Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -Cl) - Cl) cj Cl) Cl) Cl)Cl)t! 'ë Cl)Cl) ï-§ - .-Cl) ECl) . E o-t: i-.ici ::l II)II) cu .Cl) -Cl) cu.cu 0 ë) 0 '1: cu Cl) (ij::l cu (ij "0 >- c.. ......, c.. .c c.. -cu ~'tJa c (ij Ec Cl)~ u a.. II)~ >-u, ëi5 a o ~ 0J: J: -I-
BK1 0.80 69.20 - - 4.60 5.50 3.00 - - 14.60 - 2.40 - - 100.10
BK2 - 9.40 14.60 1.40 12.50 38.60 - - 13.10 10.40 - - - - 100.00
BK3 3.50 83.50 - - 2.30 - 8.90 - 0.30 - - 1.40 - - 99.90
A2-51
Table A2-83: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole 1 as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -Cl) - Cl)e Cl)~ - Clco '0 'u 'Ë0 .-Cl);: .-co. u - -Cl) E -Cl) .-C.l)Cl)) Cl)-E .;: 'in ::::I I/)I/) co Cl)(/) coc.. Cl) .:.c c.. co ~ E jij::::I ~co jij0 o '0C >- <c.. I/) "0Do U. en ee >- e jij Cl)e < 0::I: ::I: I--
BH1-1 17.90 38.90 0.60 3.80 1.20 - 25.50 - 8.70 0.20 - 0.90 2.40 - 100.10
BH1-2 27.00 49.00 0.70 1.60 1.90 - 15.10 - 2.10 - - 0.80 2.00 - 100.20
BH1-3 77.50 1.50 2.50 - 2.00 - 5.30 4.00 5.30 - - 0.10 - 1.80 100.00
BH1-4 - 6.70 0.90 4.40 8.20 21.00 35.70 - 1.30 18.80 - 0.50 2.40 - 99.90
BH1-5 - 45.40 18.00 4.70 5.10 3.20 16.60 - 1.20 1.90 - 1.20 2.80 - 100.10
BH1-6 - 39.90 21.00 5.40 4.90 0.70 17.90 - - 3.10 - 1.40 5.60 - 99.90
BH1-7 38.90 34.00 - 0.10 - 0.10 22.10 - 1.60 - - 1.20 1.80 - 99.80
Table A2-84: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 1 as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -Cl) - -Cl) u Cl)'c 'Ë - .- Cl)Cl.) -Cl) Cl)Cl) E Cl)~ Cl) E .;: ï-ii ::::I I/) .-.co '0 'u 0 .;: co (/) c.. Cl) ....c I/) co......, c c.. -co ~Cl) co jij::::I co jijo '0 E>- c.. I/) "0en e >- e jij Cl)0 ~ C < e < 0Do U. ::I: ::I: I--
BHW1-1 68.60 - 0.70 - 0.30 - 16.40 11.60 2.00 - - 0.30 - - 99.90
BHW1-2 60.80 0.70 0.20 0.20 0.90 - 16.50 17.20 2.90 - - 0.40 - - 99.80
BHW1-3 68.80 - 5.50 - 0.60 - 14.00 8.40 2.30 - - 0.40 - - 100.00
BHW1-4 27.20 11.50 5.30 3.80 2.30 0.20 12.50 9.30 27.10 - - 0.50 - 0.20 99.90
BHW1-5 59.10 4.90 5.10 0.40 2.70 - 9.40 8.00 9.50 0.20 - 0.60 - - 99.90
BHW1-6 25.80 53.00 4.90 1.30 3.50 - 3.20 - 4.90 - - 2.30 1.10 - 100.00
BHW1-7 23.10 46.30 13.00 3.00 3.70 - 2.40 - 6.10 - - 1.50 0.90 - 100.00
BHW1-8 17.90 38.50 22.50 4.70 5.40 - 1.80 - 6.20 0.40 - 1.60 0.90 - 99.90
BHW1-9 11.50 55.20 14.60 2.80 5.30 - 2.30 - 5.60 - - 1.20 1.30 - 99.80
BHW1-10 52.80 31.80 0.60 0.30 0.60 0.10 8.30 - 4.10 - - 0.70 0.70 - 100.00
BHW1-11 17.20 52.70 - 0.20 - 0.10 16.00 11.40 1.60 - - 0.70 - - 99.90
A2-52
I BHW1-12 54.80 17.10 - - - - 15.50 10.80 1.10 0.10 - 0.50 - - 99.90 I
Table A2-85: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 2 as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -Q) - -Q) - cjQ) - Q) Q)'ë: 'Ë Q) Q)Q) E Q)E .;: ë-ii :s I/)ns :;:;~ Q)ns ë5 'u 0 .;: :;:; en Q) -Q) ..Q I/) ns (ij
a:s ~ns (ij ë5
- ns>- Cl.Cl. "C ..Q C>l-. -cnsI/) (-ij EQ) 0CJ C 0. « - LI.. en a e « :I: :I: -I--
BHW2-1 61.70 - 0.40 0.10 1.10 - 29.10 - 2.90 - - 0.30 4.50 - 100.10
BHW2-2 25.30 47.20 - 1.40 1.90 - 15.50 - 5.70 0.20 - 1.10 1.60 - 99.90
BHW2-3 12.10 52.20 - 1.40 6.00 - 5.80 8.70 13.40 - - 0.40 - - 100.00
BHW2-4 40.50 17.50 - 0.50 1.20 - 18.20 16.70 4.40 - - 0.90 - - 99.90
BHW2-5 50.20 0.50 2.50 0.80 3.20 - 15.30 14.20 11.40 - - 0.40 - 1.60 100.10
BHW2-6 30.70 52.80 2.50 0.70 2.10 - 3.20 - 5.30 - - 1.60 0.80 - 99.70
BHW2-7 14.60 44.60 24.10 4.80 1.90 - 3.70 - 4.40 - - 0.70 1.20 - 100.00
BHW2-8 - 20.00 38.30 5.90 11.80 - 2.00 - 17.70 2.90 - 0.70 0.70 - 100.00
BHW2-9 13.30 66.80 0.30 0.60 0.20 0.10 13.80 - 2.60 - - 1.60 0.80 - 100.10
Table A2-86: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 3 as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName
~Q) - -Q) - cj- Q) Q) Q)Q)e Q) 'Ë Q) Q)~ Q) :Es I/) :-;:;ns 'u 0 .;: :;:; eEn .-;: ë-ii I/) ns Q) nsë5 Q) ..Q Cl. ~ (ij:s ns (ij ns0 >- Cl.Cl. ...., -ns« I/) "eCn :e >- «c (ij Ea Q)~ 0CJ C 0. -LI.. (!) (!) :I: :I: I--
BHW3-1 80.20 - 0.50 - 0.20 - 14.80 2.30 1.60 - - 0.40 - - 100.00
BHW3-2 6.70 26.40 8.40 1.70 18.30 - 17.30 - 18.50 0.50 - 1.60 0.60 - 100.00
BHW3-3 54.40 - 0.20 2.10 2.20 - 22.60 - 17.10 - - 0.30 0.90 - 99.80
BHW3-4 15.40 46.10 5.10 3.20 8.20 - 10.90 - 8.60 - - 0.60 1.90 - 100.00
BHW3-5 21.60 33.80 0.60 3.40 0.70 - 14.60 13.50 10.80 - - 0.90 - - 99.90
BHW3-6 51.80 2.00 11.30 0.30 0.10 - 12.70 18.20 3.10 - - 0.30 - - 99.80
BHW3-7 34.30 - 6.10 7.60 1.70 0.20 11.20 - 32.70 - - 0.20 0.60 5.30 99.90
A2-53
BHW3-8 8.20 28.60 6.00 0.90 18.20 - 17.90 - 17.80 - - 1.50 0.70 - 99.80
BHW3-9 40.80 25.60 - 0.40 0.20 - 17.80 12.10 2.30 - - 0.80 - - 100.00
BHW3-10 64.10 9.80 - 0.50 1.40 - 18.20 - 3.80 - - 0.90 1.30 - 100.00
BHW3-11 15.70 60.10 4.10 1.70 3.80 2.00 7.10 - 2.30 - - 2.00 1.20 - 100.00
BHW3-12 8.40 48.00 14.40 4.10 6.60 2.40 5.40 - 8.20 - - 1.30 1.10 - 99.90
BHW3-13 3.20 57.40 10.10 2.60 5.20 4.20 13.20 - 1.20 - - 1.50 1.30 - 99.90
BHW3-14 42.40 36.00 - - 0.30 - 10.60 8.10 2.10 - - 0.50 - - 100.00
- ----- --- - - -
Table A2-87: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 4 as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName
Cl) -Cl) cj~ - Cl)oE .-. Cl) Cl)Cl) E Cl)~ e Cl) Cl)Ou Cl) E 0-;: ë-ii ::::l III ..en ..c III <Il Cl) -<Il<Il 0 0 0;: <Il Cl) (ijQ. Q. <Il ~ E
::::l <Il (ij 0 -
0 ~ >-
Q. ......, ..c
< III " - (ij Cl)0 0 0.. LI.. en (3 e>- c< :::t: :::t: -0I-
BHW4-1 19.30 45.90 2.60 2.30 5.60 - 14.60 - 7.30 - - 0.90 1.50 - 100.00
BHW4-2 33.90 19.00 0.20 1.70 2.10 0.10 12.90 12.50 16.70 - - 0.90 - - 100.00
BHW4-3 13.60 34.10 2.00 1.10 13.40 - 17.70 - 16.20 - - 0.90 0.90 - 99.90
BHW4-4 49.10 21.80 0.10 - 1.70 - 10.40 9.30 6.70 - - 0.70 - - 99.80
BHW4-5 78.30 3.20 - - 1.30 - 6.40 5.40 4.70 - - 0.40 - - 99.70
BHW4-6 16.50 56.30 9.20 2.80 1.90 - 7.40 - 2.60 0.40 - 1.50 1.40 - 100.00
BHW4-7 33.90 50.80 2.30 1.40 0.40 - 7.20 - 1.50 - - 1.50 1.00 - 100.00
BHW4-8 22.60 61.00 7.40 2.30 0.70 - 3.00 - 0.80 - - 1.10 1.10 - 100.00
BHW4-9 17.40 52.00 16.10 4.20 2.30 - 3.20 - 0.80 0.80 - 1.80 1.50 - 100.10
BHW4-10 - 29.60 27.40 3.40 14.30 0.50 0.50 - 22.40 - - 0.80 1.00 - 99.90
BHW4-11 53.30 11.10 - - 0.10 - 19.80 13.70 1.30 - - 0.60 - - 99.90
A2-54
Table A2-88: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 5 as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName
Cl) - -Cl):!::c Cl)~ 'E -Cl)ca 0 ëj 0 .t: .-. c.iCl) -Cl) -Cl) E Cl) Cl)Cl) E .t: ëii :::I 1c/Cf) a1 .Cl) -ca. Ica Cl) .c 1/1:::I ca iii 0 ......, Cl. .c Cl. -ca :!:: E iiia ~ >. «Cl. u1/.1 e"n o e>.0 C Q. «c iii Cl) 0:I: :I: l-- I
BHW5-1 19.80 33.30 - 2.20 2.20 0.20 13.50 13.00 14.60 0.10 - 1.00 - - 99.90
I
BHW5-2 6.60 38.90 1.30 0.70 17.00 - 11.70 - 22.10 - - 1.10 0.50 - 99.90
BHW5-3 25.30 40.50 - 1.20 1.30 0.10 13.10 12.40 5.10 - - 1.10 - - 100.10
BHW5-4 71.30 3.10 - - - - 14.10 9.20 1.50 - - 0.80 - - 100.00
BHW5-5 68.70 6.20 - - 0.10 - 11.60 7.60 4.50 0.10 - 1.10 - - 99.90
BHW5-6 85.90 0.80 - 0.20 - - 7.30 - 4.90 0.10 - 0.30 0.40 - 99.90
BHW5-7 81.50 1.20 - - 0.10 0.20 7.30 5.00 4.40 - - 0.40 - - 100.10
BHW5-8 30.70 38.00 - 0.40 1.10 - 10.20 9.80 8.80 - - 0.90 - - 99.90
BHW5-9 50.60 22.30 - - - - 18.10 - 7.00 - - 0.70 1.20 - 99.90
BHW5-10 10.40 42.80 2.90 0.80 11.30 3.00 6.80 - 18.60 0.50 - 2.10 0.70 - 99.90
BHW5-11 - 51.20 10.90 3.50 5.40 5.90 8.30 - 1.30 9.90 - 2.00 1.50 - 99.90
BHW5-12 18.30 40.70 18.70 5.70 2.50 1.10 6.40 - 2.30 - - 3.20 1.10 - 100.00
BHW5-13 6.10 53.10 12.50 3.00 4.80 3.10 12.80 - 0.40 - - 2.50 1.60 - 99.90
BHW5-14 30.40 48.50 0.30 0.30 0.10 - 9.70 8.00 2.00 - - 0.60 - - 99.90
BHW5-15 39.30 38.90 - - - - 11.20 8.40 1.30 - - 0.60 - - 99.70
-------------- - -
Table A2-89: Mineral composition of samples for Delmas Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -Cl) - -Cl) - .-. c.i - -Cl) E .-Cl.)Cl) Cl) Ic Cl) 'E Cl) Cl)~ Cl) E .t: ëii :::I 1ëj .c 1/1 c/a1 Cl) caca 0 0 .t: Cf) Cl):::I ca iii 0 caCl. ......, Cl. Cl. ca :!:: E iiia ~ >. " .c -« u1/.1 en e o>.0 C Q. «c iii Cl) 0:I: :I: -I-
DEL1 22.40 63.80 0.40 1.30 0.50 0.20 8.30 - 1.10 - - 1.20 0.80 - 100.00
DEL2 7.50 48.60 10.50 1.70 5.30 2.00 10.30 - 11.60 - - 1.30 1.20 - 100.00
DEL4 - 0.80 8.80 0.60 16.30 2.40 3.70 - 57.70 8.90 - 0.40 0.40 - 100.00
A2-55
DEL5 - 18.30 16.50 1.80 10.00 11.70 11.30 - 21.60 6.40 - 1.20 1.20 - 100.00
DELG 22.20 65.10 0.40 0.60 1.40 0.20 3.90 4.20 0.80 - - 1.20 - - 100.00
DEL7 - 42.20 24.40 1.20 1.60 5.50 9.20 - - 5.80 6.40 2.10 1.70 - 100.10
DEL8 - 7.20 5.30 1.40 37.10 0.90 1.50 - 42.30 3.80 - 0.30 0.20 - 100.00
DEL9 - 9.90 36.50 4.80 10.10 15.30 4.50 - 12.10 5.20 - 0.30 1.30 - 100.00
DEL10 3.90 54.60 12.40 2.40 1.40 3.00 13.20 - - - 5.50 2.30 1.20 - 99.90
DEL11 - - 7.90 5.60 3.60 29.20 1.30 - - 36.70 12.30 1.70 1.80 - 100.10
DEL12 0.30 24.40 28.60 1.50 13.20 5.90 11.10 - 8.70 4.20 - 1.30 0.70 - 99.90
DEL13 12.80 22.90 6.40 1.70 10.60 - 30.80 - 2.90 0.80 - 9.80 1.20 - 99.90
DEL14 2.20 58.90 8.70 3.80 3.90 2.10 16.00 - 2.00 - - 1.70 0.80 - 100.10
DEL15 - 3.20 16.90 2.70 24.20 6.60 22.70 - 13.20 8.40 - 1.20 0.90 - 100.00
DEL16 - 57.50 12.80 3.50 6.10 0.90 11.90 - 1.70 1.70 - 3.20 0.70 - 100.00
DEL17 - 16.60 8.60 2.50 21.90 6.80 11.40 - 18.60 10.70 - 2.20 0.80 - 100.10
Table A2-90: Mineral composition of samples for Douglas Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -Cl) - -Cl) - cj - -Cl) E Cl)Cl) Cl) Cl)c Cl)~ 'E Cl)Cl) ;; E .t: 'iii ::::I 1ë3 1/1 n/s1 ;;Cl) -nsns '0 0 -c ns fn Cl) ..Q Cl. ns ~ E '(ij
::::I ns '(ij '0 ->- Cl. ..QCl. -1/1 '0 >- C '(ij Cl) 0CJ ~ CJ C D.. « - u. en a e « J: J: -I-
DOU1 39.60 51.10 - - 0.40 0.10 6.10 - 0.90 - - 1.70 0.10 - 100.00
DOU2 14.60 52.70 13.20 1.80 5.30 - 3.30 - 7.40 - - 1.70 - - 100.00
DOU3 17.60 69.60 1.50 0.90 0.90 - 4.60 - - - 2.50 2.40 - - 100.00
DOU4 70.30 8.10 12.50 2.00 0.20 - 4.20 - 1.70 - - 0.90 - 0.10 100.00
DOUS 39.50 47.80 - - 0.50 0.10 9.20 - 1.20 - - 1.40 0.20 - 99.90
DOU6 8.10 53.90 18.90 3.30 7.40 - 5.00 - 1.30 0.70 - 1.40 - - 100.00
DOU7 16.70 74.70 0.60 0.40 0.40 - 4.70 - 0.90 - - 1.60 0.10 - 100.10
DOU8 - 5.30 11.90 1.40 27.20 0.40 0.40 - 41.70 11.20 - 0.50 - - 100.00
DOU9 3.40 34.70 29.00 7.10 6.90 9.00 0.50 - 8.40 0.30 - 0.70 - - 100.00
DOU10 5.50 57.00 7.80 2.60 6.00 1.20 5.50 - 13.00 - - 1.30 - - 99.90
DOU11 20.40 63.20 - 0.60 0.20 0.90 6.10 3.90 3.40 - - 1.20 - - 99.90
A2-56
DOU12 8.20 63.00 0.60 1.00 - 0.10 14.90 9.00 2.00 - - 1.00 - - 99.80
DOU13 13.20 36.50 30.30 5.60 3.60 3.60 2.20 - 4.00 - - 1.00 - - 100.00
DOU14 15.50 51.00 9.90 2.20 5.20 1.70 4.40 - 8.20 - - 1.90 - - 100.00
DOU15 26.70 58.00 - 0.40 2.30 0.20 5.00 2.80 3.30 - - 1.40 - - 100.10
DOU16 38.40 43.50 - 0.20 0.10 0.20 9.20 5.50 1.90 - - 1.20 - - 100.20
DOU17 25.50 43.30 0.40 1.60 0.30 - 15.10 8.70 4.00 - - 1.00 - - 99.90
DOU18 26.60 38.90 - - 7.80 - 15.50 - 9.80 - - 1.10 - - 99.70
DOU19 55.00 16.30 - 0.60 0.80 0.10 13.20 10.40 2.90 - - 0.50 - - 99.80
DOU20 32.20 51.70 - - 0.20 0.20 7.70 4.60 2.40 - - 1.20 - - 100.20
DOU21 47.70 4.10 - - 7.40 0.40 6.60 4.40 29.10 - - 0.50 - - 100.20
DOU22 - 0.9 8.9 1.1 23 14.4 3.1 - 33.8 14.2 - 0.8 - - 100.20
DOU23 7.50 78.4 3.2 1.3 0.3 0.2 5.1 - 2.3 - - 1.6 - - 99.90
DOU24 16.80 66.4 0.2 1.1 0.1 0.4 7 4.2 2.7 - - 1.2 - - 100.10
DOU25 14.90 76.4 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.2 3.1 - 0.8 - - 2.5 - - 99.70
DOU26 - 68.7 2.3 0.8 2.3 14.4 8 - 2.1 0.5 - 1 - - 100.10
DOU27 0.60 37.3 18.5 - 8.4 2.7 9.9 - 4.6 15.5 - 2.4 - - 99.90
DOU28 0.70 - 16.7 - 13.1 2.6 13.4 - 8.7 40.2 - 4.6 - - 100.00
DOU29 50.70 38.6 - - - - 7.3 - 1.3 - - 1.8 - - 99.70
DOU30 21.40 57 - 0.9 - 0.5 15.9 - 2.8 - - 1.2 0.1 - 99.80
DOU31 7.00 51.6 2.7 0.5 10.8 5.4 10.6 - 9.7 - - 1.7 - - 100.00
DOU32 33.70 55.1 - 0.3 1.4 4.9 2 - 0.4 - - 2.3 - - 100.10
DOU33 13.80 47.8 6.5 2.9 11.8 1 3.8 - 10.5 - - 2 - - 100.10
DOU34 26.20 50.7 - - 0.4 0.1 10.6 6.2 4.5 - - 1.3 - - 100.00
DOU35 37.70 34.8 1.3 3.4 0.8 0.2 7.3 4.5 8.1 - - 2 - - 100.10
DOU36 2.50 83.1 2.7 0.5 2.2 - 6 - 0.4 0.4 - 2.2 - - 100.00
DOU37 18.60 69.2 2 0.5 2 - 4.3 - 1 0.3 - 2.3 - - 100.20
DOU38 28.90 58.8 3.9 1.2 1.2 - 4.3 - - 0.2 - 1.3 - - 99.80
DOU39 49.00 31.4 7.3 2.2 0.4 - 5.8 - 2.2 - - 1.6 - - 99.90
DOU40 18.20 30.3 1.1 - 16.4 - 0.3 - 32.7 - - 0.8 - - 99.80
DOU41 62.70 26.9 1.7 0.7 0.1 - 2 - 3.2 - - 2.7 - - 100.00
----
A2-57
Table A2-91: Mineral composition of samples for Forzando Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -CII - CII cje CII '-E - .-CI.I CIIE -CII CII E CIIt! .t: '-iii :::I -III .CI.ICII IQ -CII IQIQ '0 ï3 0 III:::I (ij '0 'c ti)cIQ.. ....., c.. CII ....cc c.. IQ ~ E (ija IQ >- « III "ti >- «C (ij~ (i) e e CII0 C 0Q. LL J: J: -I-
FOR1 18.50 42.80 27.40 5.70 3.10 - - - 0.60 - - 1.00 0.70 - 99.80
FOR2 4.70 41.50 17.70 2.90 6.30 7.30 4.40 - 4.90 - - 9.70 0.60 - 100.00
FOR3 32.80 49.20 0.70 0.40 0.30 0.10 6.20 5.10 3.90 - - 1.20 - - 99.90
FOR4 30.30 54.40 0.50 0.40 0.20 0.10 6.20 5.00 1.30 0.10 - 1.50 - - 100.00
FOR5 10.70 58.00 9.70 1.90 5.30 - 6.20 - 6.80 - - 1.00 0.30 - 99.90
FOR6 22.90 49.60 10.60 2.40 3.50 - 6.10 - 2.50 0.50 - 1.10 0.60 - 99.80
FOR7 56.30 - - - 0.30 - 38.90 - 2.50 - - 0.50 1.30 - 99.80
FOR8 32.80 39.80 0.30 0.50 1.10 - 8.80 5.80 9.80 - - 0.90 - - 99.80
FOR9 17.40 47.90 0.20 0.30 2.70 0.20 5.50 5.20 19.20 0.20 - 1.20 - - 100.00
FOR10 33.50 42.60 - 0.30 1.10 - 5.40 4.40 11.10 - - 1.40 - - 99.80
FOR11 4.40 70.10 13.90 1.50 6.10 - - - 2.70 - - 1.00 - - 99.70
FOR12 17.40 53.60 14.80 3.80 4.20 - 4.10 - 0.80 - - 1.10 - - 99.80
FOR13 58.30 3.70 - - 0.80 - 18.50 14.20 4.00 - - 0.50 - - 100.00
Table A2-92: Mineral composition of samples for Greenside Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName
~CII - -CII .-. cjCII CII CII- E CII CIIt! c CII 'E CIICII E .t: '-iii :::I III .-.IQ CII IQIQ '0 ï3 0 .t: ti) -IQ CII ..c III ~ (ij
a:::I IQ
(ij '0 >- «c.. - c.. c.. IQ~ III "ti :e(i) e o>- - EC (ij CII 00 C Q. LL « J: J: -I-
GRE1 21.10 36.00 11.70 4.70 3.80 - 4.50 2.50 14.70 - - 0.80 - - 99.80
GRE2 2.50 53.00 9.30 1.90 8.70 4.10 3.50 - 15.90 - - 1.20 - - 100.10
GRE3 1.10 45.10 6.90 0.90 13.10 2.10 2.70 - 26.70 - - 1.40 - 100.00
GRE4 18.70 53.40 13.20 1.00 4.50 1.40 - 6.20 - - 1.70 - - 100.10
GRE5 62.20 7.60 0.20 1.10 2.70 - 9.10 5.60 11.10 - - 0.40 - - 100.00
A2-58
GRE6 27.40 61.00 - - 0.20 0.20 5.40 3.70 0.80 - - 1.40 - - 100.10
GRE7 - 44.10 16.50 0.70 6.20 18.10 3.50 - 5.50 4.00 - 1.30 - - 99.90
GRE8 3.80 53.10 10.10 0.90 4.20 19.70 4.30 - 2.60 - - 1.50 - - 100.20
GRE9 11.70 40.90 26.70 3.20 6.20 1.60 - - 8.30 - - 1.30 - - 99.90
GRE10 49.90 39.80 - - - - 3.60 3.30 1.30 - - 1.80 - - 99.70
GRE11 20.60 65.50 0.70 0.70 0.30 - 9.40 - 0.90 - 1.30 - - 99.40
GRE12 2.20 32.50 27.90 5.50 12.20 0.30 2.40 - 15.80 - - 1.20 - - 100.00
GRE13 24.60 46.60 20.40 3.30 2.00 - 1.30 - - - - 1.70 - - 99.90
GRE14 9.40 23.00 29.40 6.80 12.30 - - - 17.40 - - 1.70 - - 100.00
GRE15 88.30 1.50 1.20 0.40 0.20 - 6.70 - 1.30 - - 0.10 - - 99.70
NGT1 27.00 29.80 0.60 3.30 0.80 0.20 17.30 11.60 8.50 - - 1.00 - - 100.10
NGT2 32.50 49.10 0.30 1.30 0.90 - 13.30 - 1.70 - - 1.00 - - 100.10
NGT3 25.00 54.00 - 0.70 5.10 - 13.30 - 1.20 - - 0.70 - - 100.00
NGT4 20.90 35.70 - 0.70 10.10 - 14.50 - 16.70 - - 0.60 - - 99.20
NGT5 25.00 33.80 0.60 2.30 - - 31.50 - 5.00 - - 1.00 - - 99.20
NGT6 28.20 28.60 0.60 3.50 1.40 - 17.70 11.90 6.90 - - 1.00 - - 99.80
NGT7 38.30 40.60 0.40 1.50 1.60 - 15.30 - 1.50 - - 0.90 - - 100.10
NGT8 38.40 42.10 - 0.90 4.00 - 12.10 - 1.10 - - 1.10 - - 99.70
NGT9 21.00 41.80 0.60 1.10 6.90 - 21.40 - 6.30 - - 0.80 - - 99.90
NGT10 25.00 36.10 0.50 2.20 0.90 0.10 29.50 - 4.50 - - 1.00 - - 99.80
NGT11 26.00 26.90 0.60 3.80 0.90 0.30 16.90 12.30 10.20 - - 1.00 - - 98.90
NGT12 27.40 45.20 0.60 1.70 4.20 - 13.60 - 6.50 0.20 - 0.60 - - 100.00
NGT13 20.80 50.20 1.70 2.00 6.20 - 11.80 - 6.70 - - 0.50 - - 99.90
NGT14 38.00 20.30 - 1.80 3.10 - 31.30 - 4.50 - - 0.80 - - 99.80
NGT15 25.10 32.00 0.60 2.60 - 0.10 32.70 - 5.60 - - 0.90 - - 99.60
-_._-
A2-59
Table A2-93: Mineral composition of samples for Kleinkopje Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName
!
Q) .Q-) cj:c!::
Q)
.Q-) 'E . Q).Q-.) .- .Q-) E Q) .Q-)~ Q) E .t: 'iii ::::I 1c/a1 ..Q) caca '0 'u 0'0 ..t-:ca iii ca Cl) ..c 1/1 .-::::I >- C- -, C- Q) C- ca :!:: iii0 ~ 1/1CJ C D- e:( LI.. ("i) a..c >- e iii E .-Q)C> 0e:( ::I: ::I: I-
KK1 4.30 68.10 6.90 2.70 2.20 5.70 4.10 - 2.70 - - 3.30 - - 100.00
KK2 - 4.10 54.10 1.60 20.00 2.20 - - 17.20 0.80 - - - - 100.00
KK3 4.60 74.40 - 0.60 1.30 9.70 4.20 - 2.00 0.20 - 3.10 - - 100.10
KK4 12.10 60.40 1.20 1.90 0.40 4.80 6.80 4.20 6.30 0.20 - 1.70 - - 100.00
KK5 23.40 66.40 - 0.20 - 0.10 4.30 2.70 1.10 - - 1.80 - - 100.00
KK6 80.30 3.90 - - - - 13.50 - 1.10 0.10 - 0.80 - - 99.70
KK7 12.10 56.00 15.10 1.90 2.40 - 6.80 - 3.40 0.40 - 1.90 - - 100.00
KK8 38.60 42.60 - - - 0.10 10.20 5.90 1.10 - - 1.20 - - 99.70
KK9 - 18.80 30.40 5.90 11.60 1.40 3.70 - 18.40 8.70 - 1.10 - - 100.00
KK10 95.10 0.70 - - - - 2.70 - 1.30 - - - - - 99.80
KK11 14.30 59.00 - 1.70 0.10 0.80 11.00 6.60 5.20 - - 1.20 - - 99.90
KK12 2.30 64.70 9.40 0.80 2.80 5.80 10.10 - 2.50 - - 1.60 - - 100.00
KK13 - - 15.10 1.70 14.20 - - - - 53.20 5.80 9.10 - - 99.10
KK14 36.00 33.90 - - 0.80 0.30 15.90 9.20 1.80 - - 1.60 - - 99.50
KK15 84.40 4.40 - - 0.80 - 8.70 - 1.30 - - 0.30 - - 99.90
KK16 0.50 67.80 - - 5.00 9.20 1.80 - - 13.70 - 2.20 - - 100.20
Table A2-94: Mineral composition of samples for Khutala Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName
.Q-) .Q-) cjQ) Q)Q) E Q) .Q-)
~ e '.
Q-) 'E ..Q-.) .- .-E .t: 'iii ::::I 1c/a1 ..u .Q-) ..c 1/1 .- .Q-)Cl) caca '0 0 .t: ca -, C- Q) ..c C- ca E iii::::I
~ca iii '0
C- .-1/1 >- C iii Q) 0
0 CJ C
>-
D- e:( LI.. "(i) C> C> e:( ::I: ::I: I-
KHU1 - 45.70 13.50 2.90 7.80 - 3.30 - 12.80 13.20 - 0.90 - - 100.10
KHU2 - 42.00 19.20 3.60 6.40 2.40 5.00 - 5.60 14.10 - 1.70 - - 100.00
A2-60
KHU3 0.30 28.50 21.00 6.30 3.70 15.20 4.70 - 2.50 16.90 - 0.90 - - 100.00
KHU4 - 91.00 1.30 0.30 0.70 0.30 1.60 - 0.40 2.20 - 2.10 - - 99.90
KHU5 - 75.10 7.60 1.50 3.10 0.60 5.50 - 3.30 0.70 - 2.80 - - 100.20
KHU6 5.70 57.10 16.90 - 7.30 - - - 12.20 - - 0.60 - - 99.80
KHU7 67.20 25.50 - - 0.40 - 3.40 - 2.50 - - 0.80 - - 99.80
KHU8 - 41.60 10.10 0.80 16.00 - 1.50 - 28.20 1.20 - 0.60 - - 100.00
KHU9 0.30 71.20 10.90 1.70 2.80 0.80 4.20 - 0.90 5.40 - 1.90 - - 100.10
KHU10 - 40.80 30.20 6.80 3.40 0.70 3.40 - 2.70 9.90 - 2.00 - - 99.90
KHU11 - 23.50 15.70 3.10 15.50 3.00 4.00 - 27.30 6.30 - 1.60 - - 100.00
KHU12 16.10 38.00 19.80 5.10 2.30 1.30 13.40 - 2.30 - - 1.50 - - 99.80
KHU13 8.10 59.60 12.50 3.40 2.90 1.80 6.40 - 2.90 - - 2.30 - - 99.90
KHU14 16.00 53.10 5.10 1.90 2.70 6.60 12.00 - 0.70 0.20 - 1.50 - - 99.80
KHU15 5.80 48.80 20.50 4.00 3.70 5.40 7.90 - 1.50 0.50 - 1.80 - - 99.90
KHU16 - 33.90 3.20 - 3.00 17.60 9.80 - - 20.40 10.00 1.80 - - 99.70
Table A2-95: Mineral composition of samples for Koornfontein Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -Cl) - -Cl) - cj- Cl) - Cl) Cl):~ Cl) Cl)Cl) - E Cl)ï§ E "iii :::I cIIaI +-ca:~ Cl) 'C Cl)ca "0 'u 0 +ca: en Cl) ..Q I"0 'C c. ....., C. '0 :e cII. ca ~ iVa:::I ca iV >- III >- -c i:i) o C iV ECl) 0:::c:: CJ e, <C -IL (.!) <C ::I: ::I: I-
KOR1 6.20 45.70 20.50 4.70 4.20 0.90 8.90 - 3.80 0.70 - 1.20 3.20 - 100.00
KOR2 12.90 50.70 15.70 2.90 3.50 - 6.70 - 5.60 0.30 - 1.10 0.50 - 99.90
KOR3 22.20 54.80 11.20 2.30 1.60 - 4.10 - 1.80 - - 1.70 - - 99.70
KOR4 - 11.30 42.30 3.10 8.20 3.20 5.20 - 9.90 11.60 - 0.50 4.60 - 99.90
KOR5 0.60 47.50 24.70 4.50 3.90 5.80 5.50 - 5.10 - - 1.40 0.80 - 99.80
KOR6 13.40 50.80 26.50 4.30 2.60 - - - 1.00 - - 1.30 - - 99.90
KOR7 - 52.80 12.90 4.00 3.40 0.60 10.70 - 3.10 9.90 - 1.70 0.90 - 100.00
KOR8 1.60 55.60 22.40 4.20 4.20 2.00 2.40 - 5.60 - - 1.70 - - 99.70
KOR9 11.90 42.90 9.60 2.90 8.20 - 3.00 - 20.30 - - 1.00 - - 99.80
KOR10 - 65.90 13.70 3.60 2.00 0.80 4.80 - 1.30 5.10 - 2.50 0.30 - 100.00
-~
A2-61
KORSST 11.50 22.10 14.60 12.70 - 0.30 3.10 15.90 16.80 - - 0.80 - 2.20 100.00
KOR11 - 43.50 21.80 5.70 6.40 - 0.60 - 11.90 8.70 - 1.10 - - 99.70
KOR12 24.60 51.90 9.20 2.60 2.00 - 5.30 - 2.70 - - 1.50 - - 99.80
KOR13 2.30 59.40 15.60 5.30 2.00 3.90 8.20 - 0.80 - - 1.30 1.30 - 100.10
KOR14 - 45.20 19.00 3.80 5.30 2.50 2.50 - 9.80 10.10 - 1.50 - - 99.70
KOR15 - 23.50 48.00 2.60 5.30 8.20 - - 7.10 4.90 - 0.30 - - 99.90
KOR16 - 2.40 14.00 2.10 11.80 3.90 6.60 - 29.80 27.80 - 1.60 - - 100.00
KOR17 8.70 60.20 15.00 2.70 4.50 - 3.20 - 4.20 - - 1.30 - - 99.80 I
KOR18 14.40 69.30 2.60 0.90 2.70 - 3.40 - 4.90 - - 1.60 - - 99.80
Table A2-96: Mineral composition of samples for Kromdraai Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEONORM (values presented as wt%)
Site Name
~Cl) .C.l.) u... Cl) Cl)
Cl)
Cl) ...
c Cl)~ 'u 'E .
Cl) .C.l.) ... E I/)
C.l.) ...+:: E 0;: ëii ::s . +::I/) f.t!. Cl) ft!
f::t! '0
0 0;: Cl) .Q
s (ij '0 cft! - c.. Cl).. c.. ~ (" .Q eft!>. (ij E ..ij.a ft! >. I/) Cl)::.::: u c Q. ct 0LI.. ëi) (3 (!) ct :I: :I: I-
KR01 0.80 84.10 - - 2.80 1.80 5.30 - 2.90 - - 2.10 - - 99.80
KR02 0.20 70.00 - - 6.00 2.00 7.70 - 10.00 2.10 - 1.90 - - 99.90
KR03 - 82.00 - - 2.50 2.40 4.40 - 1.80 4.20 - 2.80 - - 100.10
KR04 87.60 7.20 - - 1.20 - 0.90 - 1.60 - - 1.20 - - 99.70
KROS 83.10 6.80 - - 1.80 - 1.20 - 5.10 - - 1.40 - 0.40 99.80
KR06 - 71.30 - - 6.20 - 0.80 - 1.30 16.30 - 3.80 - - 99.70
KR07 - - - - 17.10 3.70 - - 1.90 72.10 - 5.90 - - 100.70
KR08 - 83.60 - - 7.10 - - - 6.60 - - 2.40 - - 99.70
KR09 - 54.90 - - 15.80 - 9.00 - 13.40 5.00 - 1.90 - - 100.00
KR010 - 62.40 - - 7.90 1.70 2.50 - 11.40 11.80 - 2.30 - - 100.00
KR011 - 41.30 - - 12.60 9.80 3.90 - 18.00 12.80 - 1.60 - - 100.00
A2-62
Table A2-97: Mineral composition of samples for Lakeside Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName - IQ)~ c
IV '0 '- Q) cjQ) Q)Q) '-E - Q)u Q) .-. eEn '-;: '.-Q) E Q) Q)i.ii ::::I 1/1 .-.0 c 1/1 IV ~Q) IV-; '0 ';: IV Q) -;::::I Cl. Cl. IV Ea ~IV u >. «Cl. ......, ..c1/1 "C e e>. -c -; Q)Cl ëi) « ::r:: ::r:: -00. LI.. I-
LK1 - 8.70 7.50 1.70 19.80 - 1.10 - 58.50 2.50 - - - - 99.80
LK2 12.20 68.40 9.00 0.50 0.80 - 7.30 - 0.60 - - 1.00 - - 99.80
LK3 3.10 52.80 10.60 1,30 10.80 - 3.90 - 15.50 0.90 - 0.80 - - 99.70
LK4 - 26.70 11.20 0.60 20.30 - 2.50 - 34.30 4.30 - - - - 99.90
LK5 10.90 67.30 8.60 1.80 2.60 - 4.40 - 3.20 0.40 - 0.90 - - 100.10
LK6 - 67.90 10.00 1.00 6.30 - - - 8.10 4.50 - 1.30 0.80 - 99.90
LK7 - 34.70 20.00 2.10 13.10 - 0.80 - 20.10 8.20 - 0.70 - - 99.70
Table A2-98: Mineral composition of samples for Leeufontein Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName
~Q) - -Q) .. cj- - -Q) E Q) .Q)Q)~ C 'u 'E - Q)Q) Q)Q) eEn ';: .'i.i ::::I 1/1 .ci 1/1 -IV -Q) IVIV '0 -; 0 Q)'0 ';: IV :::: Cl. "C ..c Cl. IV ~ E -;a::::I IV u >. «Cl. 1/1 >. e -; Q) 0:::c::: Cl 0. LI.. ëi) (3 e « ::r:: ::r:: I--
LU1 6.70 59.90 11.60 1.20 6,00 - 2.90 - 8.70 0.80 - 1.50 0.70 - 100.00
LU2 1.50 73.20 14.00 1.90 4.00 - 3.90 - - - - 1.30 - - 99.80
LU3 - 3.50 61.00 2.00 8.80 - 0.60 - 7.40 15.90 - 0.70 - - 99.90
LU4 - 42.80 25.00 6.20 1.50 - 1.10 - - 15.10 6.90 0.90 - - 99.50
LUS 14.80 64.30 10.00 3.40 0.20 - 3.70 - 2.40 - - 1.00 - - 99.80
LU6 3.00 45.30 29.40 5.70 7.00 - 0.60 - 7.10 - - 0.90 0.80 - 99.80
LU7 56.40 37.60 0.40 0.30 0.70 - 1.80 - 0.20 - - 2.20 0.20 - 99.80
LU8 44.30 44.50 0.40 0.50 0.70 0.10 5.60 - 0.80 0.20 - 2.70 - - 99.80
LU9 4.70 55.40 20.30 3.80 5.90 - 2.30 - 6.60 - - 0.90 - - 99.90
LU10 9.80 52.70 21.70 2.60 4.80 - 3.50 - 2.60 - - 1.90 - - 99.60
LU11 19.50 58.60 11.80 2.10 2.20 - 2.00 - 1.90 - - 1.80 - - 99.90
A2-63
LU13 - 41.30 25.10 1.80 12.30 - - - 9.40 8.60 - 1.30 - - 99.80
LU14 - 17.80 30.30 6.50 16.30 - 0.40 - 25.10 3.20 - 0.40 - - 100.00
LU15 4.60 65.50 19.00 3.90 2.10 - 2.30 - 0.60 - - 1.50 - - 99.50
LU16 12.90 59.90 9.20 4.10 2.10 - 9.40 - 0.40 0.60 - 1.50 - - 100.10
LU17 0.50 25.30 29.10 4.10 7.80 2.60 2.20 - 10.30 15.80 - 1.80 0.40 - 99.90
LU18 - 64.70 7.10 1.40 3.10 - 3.40 - - 12.20 2.40 4.60 1.10 - 100.00
LU19 - - 21.70 2.20 25.40 0.30 - - 36.70 12.80 - 0.50 0.50 - 100.10
LU20 - 2.10 24.90 2.40 20.50 - 1.20 - 29.50 18.50 - - 0.50 - 99.60
LU21 22.40 72.70 - 0.30 0.40 - 0.90 - 0.70 - - 2.40 0.20 - 100.00
LU22 7.10 75.40 10.10 1.10 2.20 - 1.50 - - - - 1.50 0.80 - 99.70
LU23 2.30 51.60 18.80 3.30 8.90 - - - 13.70 - - 0.80 0.50 - 99.90
LU24 - 9.90 31.40 2.50 10.80 - - - 8.80 35.30 - 1.50 - - 100.20
LU25 - 27.90 18.00 6.60 11.90 1.30 0.80 - 21.00 11.60 - 0.80 - - 99.90
LU26 - - 25.60 4.20 13.60 5.10 - - 14.50 36.00 - 1.00 - - 100.00
LU27 - 79.60 - 0.50 1.80 1.30 8.70 - 0.50 4.80 - 3.20 - - 100.40
LU28 - 61.70 11.70 3.70 5.30 2.30 4.20 - 4.60 4.90 - 1.70 - - 100.10
LU29 - 44.80 9.80 2.00 3.80 1.70 13.40 - - 20.80 - 3.50 - - 99.80
LU30 - - 23.70 4.40 14.80 - - - 24.40 31.10 - 1.50 - - 99.90
LUP1 - 32.20 11.00 0.40 14.50 - 8.60 - 16.70 14.00 - 2.60 - - 100.00
LUP2 - - 26.70 1.00 22.30 0.90 - - 27.90 20.00 - 1.20 - - 100.00
LUP3 - - 65.30 6.10 12.90 - - - 6.70 6.90 - 2.10 - - 100.00
LUP4 - 40.00 - 0.50 8.10 5.90 26.70 - 5.30 11.70 - 1.80 - - 100.00
Table A2-99: Mineral composition of samples for Middelburg Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
Site Name
~QI - -QI cjQI QI -QI E QI QI~ ,: QI 'Ë QI E Cl)QI ';: 'iii ::::J :0::nl -QI nlnl '0 'ij 0 - :-0:: en - .0 Cl)ot:'0 nl ....., c.. QI .0 c.. ëija::::J nl ëij >- «c.. -nl - E~ Cl) "C a >- c: ëij QI0 C Q. LI.. (i) 0(.!) « J: J: -I-
M1 20.20 58.40 - 0.40 2.70 - 4.10 - 12.00 - - 2.10 - - 99.90
M2 14.50 58.60 - - 4.90 - 4.50 - 15.00 - - 2.10 - - 99.60
A2-64
M3 80.70 11.30 - - - - 5.90 - 1.50 - - 0.60 - - 100.00
M4 67.60 23.50 0.30 - - - 6.20 - 1.60 - - 0.60 - - 99.80
M5 10.00 53.50 13.70 3.70 3.90 - 5.70 - 7.60 - - 1.90 - - 100.00
M6 12.60 69.70 4.10 1.20 0.90 - 5.60 - 2.00 - - 3.80 - - 99.90
M7 - 57.80 9.90 2.20 2.80 0.70 8.30 - 12.70 3.20 - 2.40 - - 100.00
M8 0.30 59.00 4.20 1.70 6.60 - 4.10 - 17.70 5.00 - 1.40 - - 100.00
M9 1.00 81.40 - 0.80 2.10 4.40 4.30 - 3.20 0.40 - 2.50 - - 100.10
M10 - 88.40 - 0.60 0.40 0.60 6.20 - 1.90 - - 1.80 - - 99.90
M11 21.50 59.20 4.60 0.80 1.60 - 6.50 - 3.60 - - 2.20 - - 100.00
M12 17.00 52.00 11.70 0.70 3.90 - 6.30 - 6.80 - - 1.60 - - 100.00 '
M13 74.90 7.50 5.90 3.00 0.20 - 4.80 - 2.60 - - 0.40 0.70 - 100.00
M14 13.60 67.80 8.80 1.60 1.90 - 3.00 - 1.40 0.40 - 1.20 0.30 - 100.00
M15 0.60 42.70 10.80 1.70 7.60 - 3.20 - 10.00 20.00 - 2.80 0.60 - 100.00
M16 - 33.20 17.10 4.00 10.20 2.60 2.80 - 17.90 10.20 - 1.70 0.40 - 100.10
M17 - 37.80 23.50 2.30 3.10 15.60 6.10 - 1.60 9.10 - 1.00 - - 100.10
M18 20.90 42.20 22.70 3.40 2.80 - 3.30 - 3.60 - - 1.20 - - 100.10
M19 29.40 40.80 1.90 0.60 2.80 - 5.20 - 17.80 - - 1.40 - - 99.90
M20 19.00 41.20 - 0.30 11.10 - 12.00 - 15.50 - - 0.90 - - 100.00
M21 58.60 15.50 - - 0.30 - 14.50 8.60 1.70 - - 0.70 - - 99.90
M22 36.00 33.00 - 0.90 0.60 0.10 14.70 8.60 4.90 0.20 - 0.90 - - 99.90
Table A2-1 00: Mineral composition of samples for Optimum Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName
~Q) . .Q.) cjQ) Q) Q)Q) E Q) ..e Q)~ . 1~ .QQ) .) .. ..;.::0; E "iii ::I 11/1 cu/1 :0;Q) cucu "0 ·u 0 ..;.: cu CJ) Q) .c .. ~ i6
a::I cu oi6 "0 >. «Co :::
Co .c Co cu E ..
1/1 Q)
:::&:: C Q. u, e"n (3 >. e i6 0(!) « :I: :I: l-
I
OPT1 6.60 32.70 - 0.40 20.30 - 5.10 - 34.10 - - 0.60 - - 99.80
OPT2 - - 18.60 1.50 22.90 - - - - 53.60 - 3.40 - - 100.00 I
OPT3 60.40 12.10 - 2.10 - 0.10 14.80 9.10 0.80 - 0.70 - - 100.10
A2-65
OPT4 10.60 58.90 13.10 5.90 4.40 - 3.30 - 1.50 0.80 - 1.40 - - 99.90
OPT5 5.90 66.00 7.60 2.60 7.90 - 7.10 - 2.10 - - 0.90 - - 100.10
OPT6 21.50 66.40 1.00 0.20 2.10 - 6.70 - 0.50 - - 1.50 - - 99.90
OPT7 - 58.50 13.30 1.70 1.80 1.40 11.80 - - - 9.50 1.90 - - 99.90
OPTS 60.80 4.50 6.90 0.40 3.40 - 10.40 - 11.60 0.10 - 0.40 - 1.20 99.70
OPT9 14.70 77.00 - - 2.60 - 3.70 - - - - 2.20 - - 100.20
OPT10 6.70 77.80 3.10 1.60 1.80 1.30 5.40 - - - - 2.00 - - 99.70
OPT11 82.90 7.50 - - 0.50 - 3.90 2.60 2.10 - - 0.40 - - 99.90
OPT12 20.10 67.10 - - 3.10 0.50 5.70 - - - - 4.30 - - 100.80
OPT13 15.30 59.40 9.40 4.20 3.00 - 6.00 - - 0.70 - 2.00 - - 100.00
Table A2-101: Mineral composition of samples for Rietspruit Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -QI - -QI .-. u QIQI QI QI E QIt! e QI 'Ë QI E - '-iii ::::I I/)QI .;: I/) cu .-.QI cucu "0 'u 0 ';: cu U) QI .a e. cu :!:: E (ij
a::::I cu (ij "0
- e. - e. .a -o >0- I/) "u0; é3 e>0- e (ij QI~ C 0.. <t LI.. <t 0J: J: -I-
R2RO 24.20 50.00 0.50 1.30 0.20 0.30 8.90 10.00 3.50 - - 1.20 - - 100.10
R2M 1.80 71.60 0.60 1.10 1.90 15.10 4.40 - 2.10 - - 1.40 - - 100.00
R2M2 - 26.40 39.30 1.20 8.50 6.40 5.50 - 7.30 5.00 - 0.40 - - 100.00
R2LW - 29.20 18.30 6.10 4.20 14.50 3.30 - 1.70 20.70 - 1.40 0.70 - 100.10
R4UROOF 30.10 34.90 0.20 1.80 0.60 0.20 26.40 - 4.20 - - 1.00 0.60 - 100.00
R4U 29.00 49.50 2.00 1.40 2.90 - 11.90 - 2.10 0.30 - 0.80 - - 99.90
R4PT 24.50 55.30 0.20 0.70 0.40 0.10 7.10 9.80 0.90 - - 1.10 - - 100.10
R4L 20.50 51.80 10.10 3.50 4.20 - 5.80 - 1.20 - - 2.00 - - 99.10
R4FUG 70.40 21.50 - - 0.70 - 1.60 - 0.60 - - 1.60 3.50 - 99.90
R4FLG 67.70 10.40 0.50 1.00 0.40 - 2.50 - 9.50 - - 3.80 3.90 0.20 99.90
R4F1 43.80 41.90 0.20 0.30 0.30 - 2.80 - 3.10 - - 3.60 3.80 - 99.80
R4F2 20.90 57.20 0.20 0.50 - - 8.60 - 2.30 - - 5.60 4.40 - 99.70
R4F3 62.00 24.00 0.20 0.30 1.00 - 3.30 - 3.60 - - 2.00 3.40 - 99.80
A2-66
Table A2-102: Mineral composition of samples for South Witbank Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as
wt%)
SiteName
~Q) -Q)- c.i Q)- Q) Q)'E Q) Q) Q)t! C Q) E 1/1Q) E .-;: '-iii ::::Jta '0 'i3 0 .;: .-.ta fn Q) .Q 1/1::::J ta ftj '0 >- ....., Cl. .Q Cl.Cl. -ta .-.Q) tata ~ E ftjCJ ~ o ct 1/1 "0 >- C ftj Q)C 0Q. LI... en (5 o ct :I: :I: -I-
SW1 7.90 46.00 20.00 2.40 7.60 1.80 2.80 - 8.20 - 1.80 0.80 1.40 - 100.70
SW2 22.90 59.10 9.40 1.80 2.00 0.20 2.40 - - - - 1.40 1.10 - 100.30
SW3 21.70 58.10 8.90 1.60 2.50 0.70 3.50 - - - - 1.60 1.30 - 99.90
SW4 15.00 45.00 16.00 3.40 3.10 8.20 3.50 - - 0.50 2.50 1.70 1.00 - 99.90
SW5 17.20 38.60 16.00 3.50 7.30 3.10 4.10 - 8.30 0.40 - 1.10 0.50 - 100.10
SW6 27.00 52.40 6.50 1.70 2.20 0.20 5.80 - 2.00 - - 1.70 0.60 - 100.10
SW7 6.90 49.90 10.90 3.40 5.90 12.50 5.60 - 2.40 - - 1.30 1.20 - 100.00
SW8 6.00 35.50 19.30 4.60 8.10 12.30 5.70 - 5.50 0.60 - 1.20 1.20 - 100.00
SW9 18.00 45.60 9.70 2.80 4.60 7.80 8.50 - 0.70 - - 1.50 0.80 - 100.00
SW10 - 47.50 25.00 2.60 9.00 3.70 2.10 - 7.70 0.60 - 0.90 0.90 - 100.00
~----- -- --- _._.-
Table A2-103: Mineral composition of samples for Tavistock Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -Q) - -Q) - .-. c.i Q)Q) Q)t! c Q) E Q)Q) E .-;: '-Q) E Q)iii ::::J 1/1 .-.'0 'u 0 .;: fn Q) .Q 1/1 ta Q) tata ftj::::J ta ftj '0 ta>- ....., Cl. Cl. ta ~.Q E~ o Cl. -CJ ct 1/1 "0 >- c ftj Q) 0C Q. LI... en (5 o ct :I: :I: -I-
TAV1A 6.90 33.30 18.40 4.80 8.20 16.10 3.80 - 8.10 - - 0.40 - - 100.00
TAV1B 0.30 40.00 - 4.30 4.30 37.90 6.30 - 0.60 5.90 - 0.60 - - 100.20
TAV1C - 30.20 6.80 2.20 13.50 21.70 2.70 - 18.90 3.50 - 0.60 - - 100.10
TAV2A 6.80 49.80 5.70 3.20 3.20 24.30 4.10 - - - 1.70 1.20 - - 100.00
TAV2B 4.50 46.40 17.10 4.00 4.50 17.00 3.40 - 2.20 - - 0.90 - - 100.00
TAV2C 18.40 53.70 12.30 3.70 3.10 2.10 4.30 - - - - 2.20 - - 99.80
TAV3A 26.30 38.40 13.80 2.70 7.10 1.00 0.50 - 8.90 - - 1.30 - - 100.00
A2-67
TAV3B 23.80 45.70 18.40 2.80 4.40 0.90 1.10 - 1.50 - - 1.50 - - 100.10
TAV3C 7.00 27.10 25.30 3.50 14.30 0.60 - - 21.60 - - 0.50 - - 99.90
TAV4A 27.70 53.80 0.20 0.40 - 0.10 15.30 - 1.10 - - 1.20 0.10 - 99.90
TAV4B 27.70 52.90 - 0.40 0.10 0.10 16.20 - 1.20 - - 1.20 0.10 - 99.90
TAV4C 27.80 53.20 - 0.50 - 0.10 15.80 - 1.10 - - 1.20 0.10 - 99.80
TAV5A 1.10 43.70 2.00 1.60 9.40 13.90 19.90 - 5.10 - - 3.30 - - 100.00
TAV5B 1.60 61.10 1.30 2.30 5.20 8.60 15.70 - 2.20 - - 2.10 - - 100.10
TAV5C 9.10 58.70 - 1.80 5.20 5.90 15.40 - 2.30 0.20 - 1.90 - - 100.50
TAV6A 5.80 39.60 20.20 3.10 8.30 9.40 7.00 - 5.40 - - 1.30 - - 100.10
TAV6B - 53.90 14.50 3.60 5.10 7.90 7.30 - 1.10 5.00 - 1.50 - - 99.90
TAV6C - 50.30 12.80 3.70 6.50 9.20 7.60 - 3.90 4.10 - 1.60 - - 99.70
TAV7A 6.80 41.70 18.40 4.70 8.90 2.50 3.30 - 12.20 - - 1.50 - - 100.00
TAV7C 18.50 70.00 0.80 0.90 1.00 - 6.50 - 0.30 - - 1.90 0.20 - 100.10
Table A2-104: Mineral composition of samples for Union Colliery as determined by normative calculation using SEDNORM (values presented as wt%)
SiteName -<IJ -<IJ .-. cj- <IJ -<IJ -<IJ <IJ <IJ'ë <IJ~ 'u _ 'Ë - <IJ E<IJ eEn .;: 'iii ::::J I/) .-.0 .0 I/) (II <IJ (II(II '0 .;: <IJ c.. (II ~ (ij(II
a::::J (II
(ij '0 >- «c..
c.. 't:J .0I/) >- -C (ij E<IJ
~ -00 C Q. ~ IL en (3 (!) « :J: :J: t- i
UN1 6.70 58.00 12.20 1.20 9.40 0.50 6.80 - 3.50 - - 1.70 - - 100.00
UN2 4.20 61.60 10.30 1.40 8.40 0.60 7.50 - 3.80 - - 2.00 - - 99.80
UN3 6.60 62.80 5.60 - 7.20 - 7.70 - 7.30 0.60 - 1.60 - - 99.40
UN4 9.50 63.50 5.80 - 6.60 - 7.90 - 4.70 - - 1.60 - - 99.60
UN5B 15.60 55.00 1.90 - 7.50 - 13.60 - 4.70 - - 1.70 - - 100.00
UN6B 12.20 62.40 1.30 - 9.40 - 7.90 - 4.80 - - 2.00 - - 100.00
A2-68
Table A2-105: Mineral composition of samples for Arnot Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.1 Smec. K-fsp Plag Siderite
ARA2 X X - - - - - - - - X -
ARA3 XX x - - - - - - - - - -
ARA4 X XX - - - - - - - - <x -
ARA5 X X - <x <x - - - - - - -
ARA6 X XX - - - - - - - - x -
ARA7 XX X - - - - - - x - x -
ARAS X XX - - - - - - x - <x -
ARA9 x X - X - <x - - - - - -
ARA10 x X - x - - - - - - - -
ARA11 XX x - - x - - - - - <x -
ARA12 XX X - - - - - - x - - -
ARA13 X X - - x - - - - - - -
ARA14 X XX - - - - - - x - - -
ARA15 X X - - - - - - - - - -
ARA16 XX x - x - - - - - - X - I
ARB1 XX x - - x - - - - - x -
ARB2 X X - <x - <x - - - - - -
ARB3 XX x - X - - - - - - <x -
ARB4 XX X - - - - - - «x - <x -
ARB5 X X - - - - - - - - - -
ARB6 XX x x X <x - - - - - <x -
ARB? <x XX - x - - - - - - - -
ARBS XX x - - - - - - - - <x -
ARB9 X XX - - - - - - x - - -
ARB10 X XX - - <x - - - - - - -
ARB11 X XX - - - - - - <x - - -
A2-69
ARB13 X X X - - - - - x - X -
ARC1 X xx - - - - - - - - x -
ARC2 x X - x x <x - - - - <x -
ARC3 xx x - - - - - - - - <x -
ARC4 X XX - - - - - - x - x -
ARC5 x x - x x - - - - - - -
ARC6 X X x - - <x - - - - - -
ARC7 xx x - - - - - - - - - -
ARD1 X XX - - - x - - - - - -
ARD2 x X - <x x - - - - - - -
ARD3 X X x - x - - - - - <x -
ARD4 xx X - - - - - - <x - <x -
ARD5 X X - - - <x - - - - - -
ARD6 x X x <x <x - - - - - - -
ARD7 X x - - - - - - - - <x -
Table A2-106: Mineral composition of samples for Arnot-North Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite III./ Smec. K-fsp Plag Siderite
3936 XX X - - - <x - - x - - -
3937 XX X - - - <x - - x x - -
3938 x X - - x x - - - - - -
3939 XX X - <x - - - - <x <x - -
3940 XX X - - - - - - x x - x
3941 XX X x x - - - - - X - X
3942 XX X - - - - - - x X - -
3943 X XX - - - - - - x <x - X
3944 X x - - - - - - X x - X
3945 X X - - x - - - x - - -
3946 XX X - - - - - - - x - x
---
A2-70
3947 XX X - - - - - - - X - x
3948 X XX - - - - - - X - - X
3949 X XX - - - - - - X - - X
3950 XX X - - - - - - <x x - -
3951 XX X - - x - - - - - - -
3952 XX X - - - - - - - <x - x
3953 XX X x - - - - - - - - X
3954 X XX - - - - - - - x - -
3955 X X - - x - - - - - - -
3956 XX x - - - - - - - x - -
3957 XX X - - x - - - - X - x
3958 XX x - - - - - - - x - x
3959 XX X - - - - - - - <x - x
Table A2-107: Mineral composition of samples for Bank Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
BAN1 - x x x <x - x - <x - - -
BAN2 <x X - x <x x - - - - - -
BAN3 x X <x <x <x - <x - - - - -
BAN4 - X x X <x x <x - - - - -
BAN5 x X - <x - x - - - - - -
BAN6 - X - <x - «x - - - - - -
BAN7 X XX <x x - <x - - - - - -
BAN8 - x x x <x <x - - - - - -
BAN9 - x x x x x - - - - - -
BAN10 X XX - - - - -: - «x - - -
BAN11 X X - - - - - - <x <x - -
BAN12 X x - - <x <x - - - - - -
BAN13 X x - - x x - - - - - -
BAN14 x <x - - - - - - <x - - XX
A2-71
BAN15 xx x - - - <x - - <x <x - -
BAN16 X x - - x - - - - - - -
BAN17 X x - - x - - - - - - -
BAN18 X x - - - - - - x - - -
BAN19 <x xx <x «x - X - - - - - -
BAN20 <x XX x «x - X - - - - - -
BAN21 <x X x <x <x x - - - - - - -
Table A2-1 08: Mineral composition of samples for Bankfontein Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-fsp Plag Siderite
BK1 - XX - - - X - - - - - -
BK2 <x x X <x X - X - - - - -
BK3 x XX - - - - - - - - - -
Table A2-1 09: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole 1 as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-fsp Plag Siderite
BH1-1 X x - - X - - - - - - -
BH1-2 XX x - <x - - - - - - - «x
BH1-3 X X - - - - - - x x - -
BH1-4 <x x - x - x - XX - - - x
BH1-5 - X x x - x - - - - - -
BH1-6 - x x x - - - - x - - -
BH1-7 XX X - - - - - - X - - -
Table A2-110: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 1 as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite III./ Smec. K-fsp Plag Siderite
BHW1-1 XX x - - - - - - - x - -
BHW1-2 XX x - - - - - - - x - -
BHW1-3 XX <x - - - - - - - x - -
BHW1-4 X <x - - - - - - - <x - x
BHW1-5 X <x x - - - - - - <x - -
A2-72
BHW1-6 X X - - <x - - - - - - -
BHW1-7 X X x x <x - - - - - - -
BHW1-8 x x x x <x - - - - - - -
BHW1-9 x x x x <x - - - - - - -
BHW1-10 xx x - - - - - - <x - - -
BHW1-11 x X <x - - - - - <x x - -
BHW1-12 XX x <x - - - - - - <x - -
Table A2-111: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 2 as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111S./mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
BHW2-1 XX <x - - - - - - - - - -
BHW2-2 X X - - <x - - - - - - -
BHW2-3 x X - - X x - - - <x - -
BHW2-4 X x - - - - - - «x X - -
BHW2-5 X <x - - - - - - - x - -
BHW2-6 X x <x <x - - - - - - - -
BHW2-7 x x - x - - - - - - - -
BHW2-8 <x <x x x x - - - - - - -
BHW2-9 x XX - - - - - - x - - -
Table A2-112: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 3 as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111S./mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
BHW3-1 XX - <x - - - - - - x - -
BHW3-2 x <x <x - x - - - - - - -
BHW3-3 XX <x - - <x - - - x - - -
BHW3-4 x x - <x x - - - - - - -
BHW3-5 x x - - - <x - - <x - X -
BHW3-6 XX <x - - - - - - - X - -
BHW3-7 x - - - - - - - «x - - -
BHW3-8 <x <x - - <x - - - - - - -
A2-73
BHW3-9 X x - - - - - - - x - -
BHW3-10 xx x - - - - - - - - - -
BHW3-11 x x «x - - - - - - - - -
BHW3-12 x x - <x <x - - - - - - -
BHW3-13 x x x - - - - - - - - -
BHW3-14 X X <x - - - - - <x x - -
------ ---
Table A2-113: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 4 as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
BHW4-1 x x - <x <x - - - - - - -
BHW4-2 X X - - x - - - x x - -
BHW4-3 x x - - x - - - - - - -
BHW4-4 XX X - - x - - - <x <x - -
BHW4-5 XX <x - - <x - - - - <x - -
BHW4-6 x x - x - - - - - - - -
BHW4-7 X XX - <x - - - - - - - - !
BHW4-8 x X x <x - - - - - - - -
BHW4-9 x x x <x - - - - - - - -
BHW4-10 <x x x <x x - - - - - - -
BHW4-11 X x - - - - - - - x - -
Table A2-114: Mineral composition of samples for Borehole wedge 5 as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
BHW5-1 x x - - <x - - - <x <x - -
BHW5-2 x x - - x - - - - - - -
BHW5-3 X X - - - - - - <x <x - -
BHW5-4 XX <x - - - - - - - <x - -
BHW5-5 XX <x - - - - - - - <x - -
BHW5-6 XX - - - - - - - - - - x
BHW5-7 XX - - - - - - - - «x - «x
A2-74
BHW5-8 X x - - - - - - - <x - -
BHW5-9 X x - - - - - - - - - x
BHW5-10 x x - - x - - - - - - -
BHW5-11 <x x - x - - - - - - - -
BHW5-12 x x . x - - - - - - - -
BHW5-13 x X x x - - - - - - - -
BHW5-14 x X - - - - - - <x <x - -
BHW5-15 X x - - - - - - - <x - -
Table A2-115: Mineral composition of samples for Delmas Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
DEL1 X XX - - - <x - - - - - -
DEL2 x XX x x x - - - - - - -
DEL4 - x X - X - - - - - - -
DEL5 - x X - x - x - - - - -
DELG XX X - <x <x - - - - <x «x -
DEL? - X X - - <x - - - - - -
DEL8 - X x X XX - - - - - - -
DEL9 - x X X x <x x - - - - x
DEL10 <x X x x - x - - - - - -
DEL11 - <x - - - - x - x - - -
DEL12 - X XX - x <x <x - - - - -
DEL13 - X x x <x - - - - - - -
DEL14 <x XX - X <x <x - - - - - -
DEL15 - x - x x - <x - - - - -
DEL16 - XX x x <x <x - - - - - -
DEL1? - X x <x X x <x - - - - -
A2-?5
Table A2-116: Mineral composition of samples for Douglas Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mee. K-tsp Plag Siderite
DOU1 X X - - - - - - - - - -
DOU2 x x x x <x - - - - - - -
DOU3 X X <x - - <x - - - - - -
DOU4 XX x X x - - - - - - - -
DOUS XX X - - - - - - «x - - -
DOU6 x X x x <x - - - - - - -
DOU7 X XX - - - - - - - - - -
DOU8 <x x x «x X - - - - - - -
DOUg - x X x x - <x - - - - -
DOU1O X X x x x - - - - - - -
DOU11 X XX - - - - - - - <x - -
DOU12 X XX <x <x - - - - X x - -
DOU13 x X X x <x «x - - - - - -
DOU14 x X <x x <x <x - - - - - -
DOU15 X XX - - <x - - - - «x - -
DOU16 XX X - - - - - - - <x - -
DOU17 XX X - - - - - - <x <x - -
DOU18 X x - «x x <x - - - - - -
DOU19 XX X - «x - - - - <x x - -
001)20 XX X - - - - - - - <x - -
DOU21 XX <x - - X - - - - x - -
DOU22 - <x X «x X - X - - - - -
DOU23 x XX x x - - - - - - - -
DOU24 X XX - - - - - - <x <x - -
DOU25 X XX x - - «x - - - - - -
DOU26 X XX x - - - X - - - - -
DOU27 - X X - - «x - - - - - -
DOU28 - x x - x <x - - - - - -
A2-76
00U29 xx x - - - - - - -, - - -
00U30 X X - - - - - - - - - -
DOU31 X X x - x <x - - - - - -
DOU32 xx X - - - «x - - - - - -
DOU33 x X - x <x «x - - - - - -
00U34 X XX - «x - - - - «x <x - -
00U35 X X - x - - - - <x <x - -
DOU36 x xx - - - <x - - - - - -
DOU37 X X - - - «x - - - - - -
DOU38 X X - x - «x - - - - - -
00U39 xx X x x - - - - - - - -
DOU40 X X - <x X <x - - - - - -
00U41 xx X x x - - - - - - - -
Table A2-117: Mineral composition of samples for Forzando Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mee. K-tsp Plag Siderite
FOR1 X x x x - - - - - - - -
FOR2 X x x <x <x - x - - - - -
FOR3 XX X - - <x - - - x <x - - ,
FOR4 XX X - <x - - - - x <x - -
FOR5 X X <x <x <x - - - - - - - !
FOR6 X X <x <x <x - - - - - - -
FOR7 XX x - - - X - - - - - -
FORS XX X - - <x - - - x x - -
FOR9 X XX - - x - - - x x - -
FOR10 XX X - - x - - - x x - -
FOR11 x XX x x <x - - - - - - -
FOR12 X X x x <x - - - - - - -
FOR13 XX x - x <x - - - - X - -
A2-77
Table A2-118: Mineral composition of samples for Greenside Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-fsp Plag Siderite
GRE1 X X x x x - - - - <x - -
GRE2 x X <x <x x - - - - - - -
GRE3 <x X x <x x - - - - - - -
GRE4 x X x <x x «x - - - - - -
GRE5 XX x - - x - - - - <x - -
GRE6 XX X - - - - - - - <x - -
GRE7 <x x x <x <x «x x - - - - -
GRE8 x X x - <x - x - - - - -
GRE9 x x X x x <x - - - - - -
GRE10 X X <x <x - - - - <x x - -
GRE11 X XX - «x - - - - <x - - -
GRE12 - x x x x - - - - - - -
GRE13 X X x x - «x - - - - - -
GRE14 x x x x x - - - - - - -
GRE15 XX <x - x - - - - <x - - -
NGT1 XX X - - - - - - X - X -
NGT2 X XX - - - X - - - - - -
NGT3 x x - - - <x - - - - - -
NGT4 X x - - X - - - - - - -
NGT5 X X - - - x - - x - - -
NGT6 X X - - - x - - x x - -
NGT7 XX X - - - x - - - - - -
NGT8 X x - - - <x - - - - - -
NGT9 - x x - - <x «x - - - - - -
NGT10 XX X - - - <x - - x - - -
NGT11 X X - - - - - - X X - -
NGT12 X x - - x x - - - - - -
NGT13 x x - - x x - - - - - -
A2-78
I NGT14 X x - - x - - - -
----- - - I
NGT15 X X - - - <x - - <x - - -
Table A2-119: Mineral composition of samples for Kleinkopje Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-fsp Plag Siderite
KK1 - X <x x <x - <x - - - - -
KK2 - <x XX <x x - <x - - - - -
KK3 x X - - - - X - - - - -
KK4 X X <x <x - - X - x <x - -
KK5 X XX - - - - - - - x - -
KK6 X <x - - - - - - - - - -
KK7 x X X <x - - - - - - - «x
KK8 XX X - - - - - - - x - -
KK9 <x x x x X - - - - - - -
KK10 XX - - - - - - - - - - -
KK11 X X - - - - - - <x <x - -
KK12 x X x <x <x - <x - - - - -
KK13 - <x <x - - - - - - - - -
KK14 XX x - - - - - - - <x - <x
KK15 XX - - - - - - - <x - - -
KK16 x X - - - - <x - - - - -
Table A2-120: Mineral composition of samples for Khutala Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite III./Smec. K-fsp Plag Siderite
KHU1 - X <x x <x - - - - - - -
KHU2 - X <x <x <x - - - - - - -
KHU3 - X x x <x - X - - - - - I
KHU4 <x XX <x - - - - - - - - -
KHU5 x X <x <x - - - - - - - -
KHU6 x X x - <x - - - - - - -
A2-79
KHU7 xx x - - - - - - - - - -
KHU8 x X <x «x x - - - - - - -
KHU9 - X x <x - - - - - - - -
KHU10 - X X x <x - - - - - - -
KHU11 <x x <x <x x - <x - - - - -
KHU12 X x x X - - - - - - - -
KHU13 x xx <x x - - - - - - - -
KHU14 X X x <x - - <x - - - - -
KHU15 X X x x <x - <x - - - - -
KHU16 - x <x - - - x - - - - -
Table A2-121: Mineral composition of samples for Koornfontein Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite IJI./ Smec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
KOR1 - x X X x X - - - - - -
KOR2 X X x x <x <x - - - - - -
KOR3 X XX x x - <x - - - - - -
I
KOR4 - <x XX x x <x - - - - - -
KOR5 - XX X X x <x <x - - - - -
KOR6 x X x x x <x - - - - - -
KOR? - XX <x x <x <x - - - - - -
KOR8 - XX x x <x x - - - - - -
KOR9 X X <x x x - - - - - - -
KOR10 - XX x x - - - - - - - - !
KORSST X x x x - - - - - - X X !
KOR11 x XX - X <x «x - - - - - - I
KOR12 XX X x x - - - - - - - -
KOR13 - X <x x <x - «x - - - - -
KOR14 - X <x x <x - - - - - - -
KOR15 - X XX x <x - <x - - - - -
KOR16 - x X <x <x <x «x - - - - «x
A2-80
I KOR1l x X - x <x - - - - - - - J
KOR18 X X - x - - - - - - - -
Table A2-122: Mineral composition of samples for Kromdraai Colliery as interpreted from XRO scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111./ Smec. K-tsp Plag Siderite·
KR01 <x X - - - - - - - - - -
KR02 <x XX - - x - - - - - - -
KR03 x XX - - <x <x - - - - - -
KRD4 XX x - - <x - - - - - - -
KRD5 XX <x - - x - - - - - - -
KR06 - X - - - - - - - - - -
KROl - x - - - x - - - - - -
KR08 - X - - - <x - - - - - -
KR09 - x - - x <x - - - - - -
KR010 <x XX - - x - - - - - - -
KR011 - X - - x - <x - - - - -
---------
Table A2-123: Mineral composition of samples for Lakeside Colliery as interpreted from XRO scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
LK1 x X <x x XX - - - - - - -
LK2 X XX x - - - - - - - - -
LK3 x XX - - x - - - - - - -
LK4 - x X <x X - - - - - - -
LK5 X XX x x <x - - - - - - -
LK6 - XX x <x x <x - - - - - -
LKl - XX X - x - - - - - - -
Table A2-124: Mineral composition of samples for Leeufontein Colliery as interpreted from XRO scans
Site Name Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mee. K-tsp Plag Siderite
LU1 <x XX - X - X - - - - - -
LU2 X x x - - - - - - - - -
A2-81
LU3 <x X xx x - x - - - - - -
LU4 x X X X - <x - - - - - -
LUS XX X <x x - - - - - - - -
LU6 x X x X - - - - - - - -
LU? XX X - - - - - - - - - -
LU8 XX X - - - <x - - - - - -
LU9 x X <x <x <x - - - - - - -
LU10 x X X x <x - - - - - - -
LU11 X XX x x - - - - - - - -
LU13 x XX x x x - - - - - - -
LU14 <x x X XX X - - - - - - -
LU15 x XX X X - - - - - - - -
LU16 <x XX X X x - - - - - - -
LU1? - XX X X x - - - - - - -
LU18 x XX - x x <x - - - - - -
LU19 <x x XX x X - - - - - - -
LU20 <x X XX X x - - - - - - -
LU21 X XX - - - - - - - - - -
LU22 x XX <x <x - x - - - - - -
LU23 x XX Xix Xix Xix - - - - - - -
LU24 - - XX - <x - - - - - - -
LU25 - X <x XX X - - - - - - -
LU26 - XX Xix Xix Xix - - - - - - -
LU2? - XX - - - - - - - - - -
LU28 - XX x x - - - - - - - -
LU29 - XX <x <x - x - - - - - -
LU30 - XX - x x - - - - - - -
LUP1 - XX x <x x - - - - - - -
LUP2 - X X - x - - - - - - -
LUP3 - <x XX X X - - - - - - -
A2-82
I LUP4 x XX - - x - x X - - - - 1
Table A2-125: Mineral composition of samples for Middelburg Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
M1 XX X - - x - - - - - - x
M2 X X - - x - - - - - - x
M3 XX x - - - - - - - - - -
M4 XX x - - - - - - - - - -
M5 X XX x x x - - - - - - -
M6 x XX - x - - - - - - - -
Ml - XX - x x - - - - - - x
M8 - XX - <x x - - - - - - <x
M9 x XX - - <x - x - - - - -
M10 x XX - - - - - - - - - -
M11 X X - x - - - - - - - x
M12 X X x x x - - - - - - -
M13 XX - - x - - - - <x - - -
M14 X X x x - <x - - - - - -
M15 - X x x x X - - - - - -
M16 - XX x X x X x - - - - -
M11 - XX x x <x X x - - - - -
M1~ X X x x - <x - - - - - -
M19 X X - - - - - - - - - x
M20 X X - - X - - - - - - -
M21 XX X - - - - - - - x - -
M22 XX X - - - - - - <x x - <x
Table A2-126: Mineral composition of samples for Optimum Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
OPT1 x X - - X
A2-83
OPT2 <x x x - - - - - - - - -
OPTJ xx X - - - - - - - x - -
OPT4 X x - x <x - - - - - - -
OPT5 <x x - - <x - - - - - - -
OPT6 x X <x - - - - - - - - -
OPT? <x x <x - - - - - - - - -
OPTS XX <x x - x - - - - - - -
OPT9 x X - - - - - - - - - -
OPT10 x X - <x - x - - - - - -
OPT11 XX <x - - - - - - - - x -
OPT12 X X - - - - - - - - - -
OPT13 x x - x <x - - - - - - -
Table A2-12?: Mineral composition of samples for Rietspruit Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
R2RO XX X - - - - - - x - x -
R2M <x X x «x x «x X - - - - x
R2M2 - X XX <x x - <x - - - - <x
R2LW - X X X - - x - - - - -
R4UROOF XX X x x - - - - - - - -
R4U X XX x x <x - - - - - - -
R4PT XX X - - - - - - x - <x -
R4L X X x x - - - - - - - -
R4FUG - - - - - - - - - - - -
R4FLG XX x - - - - - - - - - x
R4F1 XX X - - - - - - - - - x
R4F2 X XX - - - - - - x - - -
R4F3 XX X - - - - - - - - - <x
--------~ ---- ----- -- ----- ------- ----- -- -----~
A2-84
Table A2-128: Mineral composition of samples for South Witbank Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
SiteName Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
SW1 x X X x x - - - - - - -
SW2 X XX x x - - - - - - - -
SW3 X XX x x <x <x - - - - - -
SW4 x x X x - <x - - - - - -
SW5 X X X x x <x - - - - - -
SW6 X X X x x - - - - - - -
SW7 x x x x x <x x - - - - -
SW8 x x X x x «x x - - - - -
SW9 X X x x x «x <x - - - - -
SW10 <x X X x x «x - - - - - -
Table A2-129: Mineral composition of samples for Tavistock Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
Site Name Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-tsp Plag Siderite
TAV1A <x x X x x - x - - - - -
TAV1B <x x - - - - X - - - - -
TAV1C «x <x - - x - x - - - - -
TAV2A <x x x <x - - x - - - - -
TAV2B <x x x <x - - x - - - - -
TAV2C x x x <x - - - - - - - -
TAV3A <x <x <x <x <x - - - - - - -
TAV3B <x x x <x - - - - - - - -
TAV3C <x <x x - x - - - - - - -
TAV4A x X - - - - - - - - - -
TAV4B x X - - - - - - - - - -
TAV4C x X - - - - - - - - - -
TAV5A <x x <x - <x - x - - - - -
TAV5B <x X <x - <x - x - - - - -
TAV5C <x X - - - - <x - - - - -
A2-85
TAV6A <x x x <x <x - <x - - - - -
TAV6B <X x <x «x - - <x - - - -
TAV6C <x x <x <x <x - <x - - - - -
TAV7A <x x <x <x x - - - - - - -
TAV7C X xx - - - - - - - - - -
Table A2-130: Mineral composition of samples for Union Colliery as interpreted from XRD scans
Site Name Quartz Kaolinite Calcite Dolomite Pyrite Montm Fluorapatite Crandallite 111.S/ mec. K-fsp Plag Siderite
UN1 X XX x x <x - - - - - - -
UN2 x X <x - <x - - - - - - -
UN3 x X - - <x - - - - - - -
UN4 x X - - - - - - - - - -
UN5B X XX - - - «x - - - - - -
UN6B X X - - - «x - - - - - -
A2-86
LEGEND
An - Anhydrite C - Calcite Cr - Crandallite Q
D - Dolomite F - Fluorapatite Fsp - Feldspar Q Q
H - Hematite I - Illite K - Kaolinite S - Siderite
M - Montmorillonite Py - Pyrite Q - Quartz Fsp
Q
DOU19
U--"-J Sandstone
DOU18
""'~__"~~"""f/If'~~W"~",,*,'_~~~ .....~~~,.....~~~~.., Coal
DOU17
Sandstone
DOU16
Mudstone
DOU15 W\Jl
e Coal
DOU14
Coal
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Degrees 2 theta
Figure A2-1 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical interpretation
A2-87
K
K Q
Q C D
DOU13 M
~~...-"'~~¥W~iIWI-"",~",.._ .... """,... ~~"-,~""",,, __ _;.;..,. coal
DOU12
Siltstone
DOU11
Mudstone
DOU10
Coal
DOUg
Coal
o 5 15 20 25 45 50 55 65
Degrees 2 theta
Figure A2-2 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical interpretation
A2-88
K
K
Q
DOU7 Mudstone
__ Coal
DOU6
DOU5 Mudstone
DOU4 Sandstone
~" 'if .)'1",. ,,,,,v~
f I" ~~~/
DOU3 '"Yl"? ~.", Coal
Coal
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Degrees 2 theta
Figure A2-3 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical interpretation
A2-89
Q
K
Q K
DOU1
Mudstone
Mudstone
DOU20 ..... ,11', ... ,.."
Mudstone
DOU21 0, •• *r. ibid.... 1 J I ,,-I L.. zW"--~
M pye Py
Coal
o ----- . -~ ~--- ---Carb-shale
I I
DOU23 ~J ~
Mudstone
DOU24~
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Degrees 2 theta
Figure A2-4 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical interpretation
A2-90
K
K Q
DOU25
DOU26~~
Coal
\116'_ ..,,~~~
I Sandstone
DOU29 !WoI.~ .dU' ti' ~V'V'A-J~ ~"'4 ....'.". -""
Coal
~r.......~.~"",,~ ......,.~~fW4I~~~~~~"'-III~1IoI ~oal
LUP4_.~~
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Degrees 2 theta
Figure A2-5 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical interpretation
A2-91
Q
K Q
K Py
BH1-1 Py
Q Py
Coal
BH1~
BH1~
BH14
BH1~
Coal
BH1~
Coal
BH1-7 Siltstone
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Degrees 2 theta
Figure A2-6 - Some X-ray diffraction scans used for qualitative mineralogical interpretation
A2-92
LU1
Q
K
Q K
3500
2500
1500
RawCoal~
J
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Degrees 2 theta
Figure A2-7 - X-ray diffraction scans of sample LU1 heated for experimental purposes
A2-93
LU24
c
3500 K
H H H
2500
1500
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Degrees 2 theta
Figure A2-8 - X-ray diffraction scans of sample LU24 heated for experimental purposes
A2-94
M20 - Not Ashed
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Figure A2-9 - X-ray diffraction scan of sample M20 for experimental purposes
A2-95
M-20
o 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Figure A2-10 - X-ray diffraction scan of sample M20 ashed in LTA for experimental purposes
A2-96
KOR10 - Not Ashed
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Figure A2-11 - X-ray diffraction scan at sample KOR1 0 tor experimental purposes
A2-97
KOR-10
o 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Figure A2-12 - X-ray diffraction scan of sample KOR10 ashed in LTA for experimental purposes
A2-98
APPENDIX 3
ACID-BASE ACCOUNTING RESULTS
Approximately 52 coal and rock samples were analysed by the Institute for
Groundwater Studies (IGS) at the University of the Free State for acid-base
determinations. The purpose and techniques applied in this procedure is briefly
described below.
3.1 Objective of the procedure
Acid-base determinations provide an assessment of the potential of mining wastes
and other rock types to produce acid mine drainage (AMD) conditions. This
procedure is exceptionally useful in terms of the prediction of future pollution
problems, and provides an advantage in knowing which scenarios might arise, thus
planning and implementing precautionary measures is made possible.
3.2 Acid and neutralising potential
The acid potential method used at IGS involves a rapid pyrite oxidation technique.
Approximately 120 or 80ml of H202 reagent is added to 1 to 4g of a pulverised
sample and allowed to effervesce. The final pH is measured once boiling has
ceased. The supernatant is then analysed for sulphate. Alternatively the % S can be
determined by a Leco analyser. The actual acid produced during the oxidation of
pyrite by H202 is termed potential acidity. The reaction which represents the
complete oxidation of Fe2+ and sl- is as follows:
This reaction demonstrates that the complete oxidation of pyrite liberates 2 moles of
H2S04 for every mole of FeS2oxidised (Cruywagen, 2000).
To determine the neutralising potential 15ml of 0.06N standardised H2S04 is added
to 5g of a pulverised sample. The pH of the mixture must be below 2.5 after 24 hours
A3-1
before back titration to a pH of 7 is carried out with 0.06N of NaOH. If the pH is still
above 3 after 24 hours, additional acid is added and the process is repeated until the
correct pH is obtained (Usher et aI., 2001). Further calculations are explained in
Chapter 5.
Since, the solubility of calcite for open and closed systems is different, acid and
neutralising potential for both cases were determined. In an open system carbon
dioxide dissolves into the atmosphere. Therefore, 1 mole of FeS2 is neutralised by 2
moles of CaC03. In a closed system carbon dioxide is dissolved in the water and
carbonic acid or H2C03, is formed. It follows that the required CaC03 needed to
neutralise 1 mole of FeS2 is 4 moles (Cruywagen, 2000). Acid-base determinations
for an open and closed system will be used in further calculations.
Tables A3-1 and A3-4 contain the acid-base potential results for coal samples from
the different seams and some rock samples of floor and roof lithologies for the
Highveld and Witbank Coalfields. Results for samples 3936 to 3959 were provided
by other sources (Fourie, 2003).
Table A3-1: Acid-base determinations for some coal and rock samples from the Witbank Coalfield
(units in kg/t)
Samples Initial pH Final pH Acid Acid Base NNP NNP(Open) (Closed) (Open) (Closed)
BAN 18 7.55 2.42 5.42 10.85 5.28 -0.15 -5.57
BAN 17 4.66 1.74 56.28 112.57 -1.59 -57.88 -114.16
BAN 16 3.80 1.78 94.09 188.18 -3.97 -98.06 -192.16
BAN 15 8.00 3.19 2.99 5.97 2.59 -0.39 -3.38
ARA-16 7.40 2.90 17.32 34.64 6.81 -10.51 -27.83
ARA-15 7.38 1.50 5.87 11.75 5.50 -0.37 -6.24
DEL1 8.90 2.68 0.48 0.95 5.62 5.14 4.67
FOR 13 7.13 2.12 54.27 108.55 1.17 -53.10 -107.38
LU 24 7.26 3.23 18.63 37.25 20.16 1.53 -17.09
DEL2 8.37 2.05 41.75 83.50 54.04 12.29 -29.46
DEL4 7.00 1.86 348.86 697.72 31.59 -317.27 -666.13
DEL5 7.63 2.13 26.80 53.61 34.61 7.81 -19.00
FOR 11 8.21 3.16 10.79 21.58 15.45 4.66 -6.13
LUP2 6.80 1.63 59.94 119.87 13.02 -46.91 -106.85
ARA-14 6.38 2.38 2.14 4.28 1.36 -0.78 -2.92
KHU13 8.37 4.63 16.18 32.36 47.87 31.69 15.51
FOR12 8.75 4.70 9.59 19.18 35.77 26.18 16.59
ARA-13 4.96 1.79 79.35 158.69 -1.02 -80.37 -159.71
A3-2
FOR 10 7.08 1.90 166.31 283.95 -2.50 -168.81 -286.45
ARA-12 6.44 2.38 1.79 3.58 1.71 -0.08 -1.87
DEL6 7.31 2.15 72.28 144.57 -10.58 -82.87 -155.15
ARA-11 5.31 2.09 101.13 202.26 -5.31 -106.44 -207.57
DOU7 7.87 4.55 1.11 2.23 7.07 5.95 4.84
DOU 11 7.44 1.64 16.94 33.87 3.27 -13.67 -30.60
3936 6.79 5.81 0.03 0.06 0.75 0.72 0.69
3937 6.36 2.97 0.03 0.06 0.00 -0.03 -0.06
3942 7.34 6.91 0.06 0.12 1.25 1.19 1.13
3943 6.69 3.69 1.81 3.60 4.25 2.44 0.65
3944 6.44 2.39 11.38 22.57 6.00 -5.38 -16.57
3948 6.72 6.15 0.03 0.06 1.25 1.22 1.19
3949 6.42 3.14 0.03 0.06 0.00 -0.03 -0.06
3950 5.70 2.02 1.56 3.10 0.50 -1.06 -2.60
3954 6.86 3.97 0.03 0.06 0.00 -0.03 -0.06
DOU10 7.91 1.87 95.57 191.15 47.98 -47.60 -143.17
DOU 9 7.91 4.72 32.40 64.81 60.93 28.52 -3.88
DOU 8 7.16 2.04 147.47 294.95 13.81 -133.66 -281.14
ARA-9 8.40 4.86 3.33 6.67 39.26 35.92 32.59
ARA-10 8.34 5.04 0.69 1.38 31.85 31.16 30.47
BAN6 8.52 5.09 7.67 15.35 15.43 7.76 0.08
BAN5 8.90 5.36 0.32 0.65 14.83 14.50 14.18
3938 5.27 1.58 5.84 11.59 -2.50 -8.34 -14.09
3945 5.37 1.65 28.81 57.16 1.75 -27.06 -55.41
3951 4.85 1.29 26.44 52.45 0.50 -25.94 -51.95
3955 5.24 1.48 18.03 35.77 0.00 -18.03 -35.77
BAN4 8.31 5.85 20.70 41.40 48.86 28.16 7.46
3939 5.25 1.82 9.69 19.22 -3.75 -13.44 -22.97
3940 6.25 3.94 1.09 2.17 2.75 1.66 0.58
3941 8.44 7.40 3.19 6.32 20.50 17.31 14.18
3946 6.28 2.77 9.50 18.85 2.00 -7.50 -16.85
3947 7.80 6.65 1.97 3.91 4.50 2.53 0.59
3952 6.34 3.32 2.53 5.02 2.25 -0.28 -2.77
3953 8.25 7.44 2.53 5.02 17.50 14.97 12.48
3956 6.10 2.12 3.59 7.13 -0.25 -3.84 -7.38
ARA-8 6.92 3.01 0.53 1.07 2.21 1.68 1.14
DOU4 8.89 6.17 4.82 9.64 130.60 125.78 120.96
ARA-6 7.51 4.20 1.55 3.11 7.06 5.51 3.96
3957 5.86 2.13 14.25 28.27 0.00 -14.25 -28.27
DOU 3 8.51 5.17 0.25 0.49 10.35 10.10 9.85
ARA-5 7.60 1.78 37.32 74.64 12.11 -25.21 -62.53
DOU 2 7.90 1.73 42.33 84.65 25.96 -16.37 -58.69
DOU 1 7.95 2.11 0.97 1.93 1.81 0.84 -0.12
ARA-4 6.86 2.53 1.04 2.08 1.92 0.88 -0.16
3958 6.39 3.18 7.63 15.13 2.25 -5.38 -12.88
3959 6.55 3.62 6.59 13.08 3.00 -3.59 -10.08
A3-3
Table A3-2: Average acid-base potential results for the different lithologies of the Witbank Coalfield
(units in kg/t)
Samples Initial pH Final pH Acid Acid NNP NNP(Open) (Closed) Base (Open) (Closed)
Below 1 6.94 2.86 4.06 8.06 2.24 -1.81 -5.81
1 Seam 8.00 2.89 26.63 53.26 16.14 -10.49 -37.12
2 to 1 6.99 4.25 4.60 9.14 15.45 10.84 6.30
2Seam 7.18 3.40 32.27 64.44 22.72 -9.55 -41.72
4 to 2 6.72 3.45 24.97 46.68 0.51 -24.46 -46.17
4 SeamL 7.36 3.71 35.04 70.08 27.54 -7.50 -42.54
4SeamPT 6.38 2.38 2.14 4.28 1.36 -0.78 -2.92
4 SeamU 7.55 2.34 84.46 168.92 28.14 -56.32 -140.78
5 to 4 7.76 2.48 16.19 32.37 4.34 -11.85 -28.03
5Seam 4.23 1.76 75.19 150.38 -2.78 -77.97 -153.16
Above 5 7.55 2.42 5.42 10.85 5.28 -0.15 -5.57
Table A3-3: Acid-base determinations for some coal and rock samples from the Highveld Coalfield
(units in kg/t)
Samples Initial pH Final pH Acid Acid NNP NNP(Closed) (Open) Base (Closed) (Open)
BHW 5-1 6.21 2.18 222.16 111.08 0.40 -221.76 -110.68
BHW 5-2 7.24 1.86 308.58 154.29 -1.85 -310.43 -156.14
BHW 5-3 7.43 2.44 61.35 30.68 1.87 -59.49 -28.81
BHW 2-1 7.66 2.40 46.44 23.22 2.26 -44.18 -20.96
BHW 3-10 5.08 2.28 86.87 43.43 -3.68 -90.55 -47.11
BHW 2-2 8.42 1.81 78.87 39.44 -2.50 -81.37 -41.94
BHW 2-3 7.70 2.01 288.65 144.33 -4.67 -293.33 -149.00
BHW 3-11 7.89 1.65 19.69 9.85 10.00 -9.70 0.15
BHW 3-12 7.73 1.73 95.50 47.75 33.08 -62.42 -14.67
BHW 3-13 8.43 3.89 23.72 11.86 25.77 2.05 13.91
BHW 2-4 6.49 2.32 73.09 36.54 -0.21 -73.30 -36.76
BHW 3-14 7.59 2.20 30.16 15.08 0.51 -29.65 -14.57
Table A3-4: Average acid-base potential results for the different lithologies of the Highveld Coalfield
(units in kg/t)
Samples Initial pH Final pH Acid Acid NNP NNP(Closed) (Open) Base (Closed) (Open)
Below4 7.04 2.26 51.62 25.81 0.15 -51.48 -25.66
4Seam 8.03 2.22 101.29 50.64 12.33 -88.95 -38.31
5 to 4 6.72 2.37 64.89 32.44 0.15 -64.74 -32.29
5Seam 7.24 1.86 308.58 154.29 -1.85 -310.43 -156.14
Above 5 6.21 2.18 222.16 111.08 0.40 -221.76 -110.68
These results were used in further calculations briefly illustrated and discussed in
Chapter 5.
A3-4
APPENDIX 4
BOREHOLE LOGS
The following borehole logs have been provided by the mine geologists at the
respective mines.
Legend:
Symbol Lithology
OVERBURDEN
SANDSTONE
MUDSTONE
SILTSTONE
SHALE
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
COAL
DOLERITE
DWYKA TILLITE/ DIAMICTITE
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Sasol Mining,
BOREHOLE NUMBER: V317301 (BH1)
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2947146.93, Y = -15989.31
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1621.24
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
5.51 5.51 OVERBURDEN
21.30 15.79 DOLERITE
23.55 2.25 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
25.12 1.57 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
31.43 6.31 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
52.80 21.37 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
A4-1
laminated
65.34 12.54 SANDSTONE, fine grained
65.93 0.59 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
85.27 19.34 SANDSTONE, fine grained
85.32 0.05 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
86.22 0.90 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
90.45 4.23 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
91.32 0.87 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
irregular and cross bedded
91.93 0.61 CORE LOSS
95.03 3.10 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
irregular and cross bedded
95.13 0.10 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
glauconitic
95.36 0.23 BH1-1 5H NO.5 upper COAL seam
95.58 0.22 BH1-2 5M NO.5 middle COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
126.26 30.68 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
128.18 1.92 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
131.75 3.57 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
134.31 2.56 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
136.26 1.95 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
136.30 0.04 4H NO.4 upper COAL seam
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
A4-2
SANDSTONE, very coarse
137.00 0.70 grained
138.75 1.75 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
139.28 0.53 BH1-3 ROOF SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
141.15 1.87 BH1-4 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
BH1-5 lustrous coal
142.69 1.54 BH1-6 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
mainly dull coal
143.23 0.54 BH1-7 FLOOR SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
144.70 1.47 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded and
laminated
144.72 0.02 3 NO.3 COAL seam
144.81 0.09 3 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
144.94 0.13 3 NO.3 COAL seam
145.00 0.06 3 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
145.29 0.29 3 NO.3 COAL seam
148.22 2.93 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
150.61 2.39 SILTSTONE, carbonaceous
162.94 12.33 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
178.32 15.38 DOLERITE
191.16 12.84 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
228.60 37.44 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
233.96 5.36 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
A4-3
234.11 0.15 DOLERITE
235.41 1.30 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
240.68 5.27 DWYKA TILLITE
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Sasol Mining,
BOREHOLE NUMBER: S341034 (BHW1)
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2950042.5, Y = -23166.14
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1639.30
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
3.39 3.39 OVERBURDEN
17.08 13.69 DOLERITE
39.87 22.79 DOLERITE
49.96 10.09 DOLERITE
64.52 14.56 DOLERITE
66.02 1.50 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
86.39 20.37 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
90.26 3.87 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
95.82 5.56 SANDSTONE, fine grained
101.22 5.40 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
108.96 7.74 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
118.09 9.13 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
128.58 10.49 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
irregular and cross bedded
129.02 0.44 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
glauconitic
129.40 0.38 SM NO.5 middle COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
129.52 0.12 5L NO.5 lower COAL seam, dull
A4-4
lustrous coal
129.59 0.07 5L No.5 lower COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
129.77 0.18 5L No.5 lower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
150.26 20.49 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
168.88 18.62 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
174.20 5.32 BHW1-1 SANDSTONE, very coarse
BHW1-2 grained, gritty
BHW1-3
175.40 1.20 BHW1-4 ROOF SILTSTONE, fine grained,
BHW1-5 laminated
175.51 0.11 BHW1-6 4L No. 410wer COAL seam, dull
coal
176.40 0.89 BHW1-7 4L No.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
176.69 0.29 4L No. 410wer COAL seam, dull
coal
177.07 0.38 BHW1-8 4L No.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
177.49 0.42 4L No.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
178.64 1.15 BHW1-9 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
179.10 0.46 BHW1-10 FLOOR SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
258.62 79.52 BHW1-11 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
BHW1-12
263.10 4.48 DOLERITE
273.90 6.72 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
287.48 13.58 DWYKA TILLITE
A4-5
290.79 3.31 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
291.57 0.78 DWYKA TILLITE
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Sasol Mining,
BOREHOLE NUMBER: V333144 (BHW2)
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2954192.99, Y = -17751.51
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1605.50
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
0.42 0.42 OVERBURDEN
2.64 2.22 DOLERITE
4.11 1.47 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained
9.26 5.15 DOLERITE
12.54 3.28 DOLERITE
19.53 6.99 DOLERITE
28.60 9.07 DOLERITE
33.10 4.50 DOLERITE
35.55 2.45 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
36.70 1.15 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
37.01 0.31 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
37.35 0.34 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
cross bedded
40.14 2.79 DOLERITE
40.80 0.66 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
44.08 3.28 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, fine bedded
46.97 2.89 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
A4-6
laminated
-
47.06 0.09 DOLERITE
60.86 13.80 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
66.04 5.18 SANDSTONE, fine grained
67.85 1.81 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
69.94 2.09 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
86.97 1.19 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
87.97 1.00 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated and bioturbated
• 88.61 0.64 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,laminated90.25 1.64 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
fine bedded
93.85 3.60 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
94.22 0.37 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
95.28 1.06 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
98.76 3.48 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
I98.95 0.19 MUDSTONE, with sandstonebands
105.25 6.30 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
109.93 4.68 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
111.11 1.18 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
A4-7
grained
111.52 0.41 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
112.63 1.11 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
113.49 0.86 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
113.78 0.29 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
116.55 2.77 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated, carbonaceous
130.72 14.17 SANDSTONE, medium to
coarse grained
130.89 0.17 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
130.99 0.10 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
131.02 0.03 5 NO.5 COAL seam,
SILTSTONE, laminated
131.05 0.03 5 NO.5 COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
139.82 8.77 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
140.51 0.69 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
140.60 0.09 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
140.99 0.39 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
141.43 0.44 MUDSTONE, massive
142.53 1.10 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
146.74 4.21 BHW2-1 ROOF SANDSTONE, medium
grained
147.06 0.32 BHW2-2 4H NO.4 upper COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
A4-8
147.25 0.19 BHW2-3 4H NO.4 upper COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
with bright coal bands
147.68 0.43 BHW2-4 FLOOR SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
SANDSTONE, very coarse
147.74 0.06 grained
148.07 0.33 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
150.66 2.59 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded and
laminated
158.23 7.57 BHW2-5 ROOF SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
158.39 0.16 BHW2-6 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
158.78 0.39 BHW2-6 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
heavy dull coal
158.81 0.03 BHW2-6 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
mudstone
158.88 0.07 BHW2-6 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
heavy dull coal
159.20 0.32 BHW2-6 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
159.24 0.04 BHW2-6 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
heavy dull coal
159.40 0.16 BHW2-7 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
coal
160.36 0.96 BHW2-7 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
160.95 0.59 BHW2-7 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
mainly dull coal
A4-9
161.01 0.06 BHW2-8 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, bright
coal
161.19 0.18 BHW2-8 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
161.36 0.17 BHW2-9 FLOOR SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
164.66 3.30 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated and micaceous
172.78 8.12 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded and
laminated
180.61 7.83 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
181.62 1.01 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
182.88 1.26 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
192.79 9.91 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
199.99 7.20 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
201.66 1.67 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
202.10 0.44 SILTSTONE, carbonaceous
and bioturbated
202.24 0.14 2 NO.2 COAL seam, heavy dull
coal
204.06 1.82 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
204.98 0.92 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
207.69 2.71 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
A4-10
212.21 4.52 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
212.53 0.32 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
213.76 1.23 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
232.06 18.30 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
240.55 8.49 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
250.12 9.57 DWYKA TILLITE
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Sasol Mining,
BOREHOLE NUMBER: G293581 (BHW3)
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2933495.01 , Y = -27629.99
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1672.42
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
6.57 6.57 OVERBURDEN
7.33 0.76 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
8.15 0.82 DOLERITE
17.52 9.37 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
- 18.46 0.94 SILTSTONE, fine grained,laminated18.65 0.19 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, thinly bedded
19.27 0.62 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated, fine bedded
20.32 1.05 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, thinly bedded
24.56 4.24 SANDSTONE, very ~oarse
A4-11
grained, gritty
4.74 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
29.30 grained
39.71 10.41 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
70.32 30.61 DOLERITE
72.84 2.52 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, laminated
SANDSTONE, fine to medium
77.78 4.94 grained
78.95 1.17 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, ripple cross-bedded
79.94 0.99 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
80.04 0.10 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
81.80 1.76 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
86.82 5.02 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, laminated
87.74 0.92 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
97.84 10.10 SANDSTONE, medium to
coarse grained
98.67 0.83 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, laminated
100.00 1.33 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
107.32 7.32 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, laminated
109.01 1.69 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
A4-12
109.54 0.53 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
118.93 9.39 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, laminated
120.70 1.77 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
121.05 0.35 BHW3-1 ROOF SANDSTONE, coarse grained
121.09 0.04 5M NO.5 middle COAL seam,
SHALE, fine grained,
laminated
121.12 0.03 BHW3-2 5M NO.5 middle COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
121.90 0.78 BHW3-3 5M NO.5 middle COAL seam,
SHALE
121.94 0.04 BHW3-4 5L No. ë Iower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
121.97 0.03 BHW3-4 5L NO.5 lower COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
122.24 0.27 BHW3-5 5L NO.5 lower COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
138.59 16.35 BHW3-6 FLOOR SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
139.55 0.96 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
139.79 0.24 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
145.61 5.82 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
148.24 2.63 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
149.63 1.39 SANDSTONE, medium to
coarse grained
A4-13
153.31 3.68 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, cross bedded
154.12 0.81 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
155.46 1.34 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, cross bedded
159.54 4.08 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated, fine bedded
159.76 0.22 BHW3-7 ROOF SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty, glauconitic
159.81 0.05 BHW3-8 4H NO.4 upper COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
159.87 0.06 4H NO.4 upper COAL seam,
SANDSTONE
160.17 0.30 BHW3-9 FLOOR SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded,
micaceous
164.34 4.17 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
164.54 0.20 BHW3-10 ROOF SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
164.76 0.22 BHW3-11 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
164.95 0.19 BHW3-11 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
165.01 0.06 BHW3-11 4L . NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
165.06 0.05 BHW3-11 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
SILTSTONE
165.21 0.15 BHW3-11 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
165.35 0.14 BHW3-11 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, bright
A4-14
coal
165.38 0.03 BHW3-12 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
SANDSTONE
165.55 0.17 BHW3-12 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
165.63 0.08 BHW3-12 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
165.93 0.30 BHW3-12 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
coal
165.97 0.04 BHW3-12 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
166.26 0.29 BHW3-12 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
166,35 0.09 BHW3-12 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
166.48 0.13 BHW3-12 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
166.52 0.04 BHW3-12 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
166.73 0.21 BHW3-12 4L No. 410wer COAL seam, dull
coal
166.79 0.06 BHW3-13 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
mixed coal
167.32 0.53 BHW3-13 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
167.46 0.14 BHW3-13 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
167.52 0.06 BHW3-13 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
167.71 0.19 BHW3-13 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
mixed coal
169.94 2.23 BHW3-14 FLOOR SILTSTONE, fine to medium
A4-15
grained, fine bedded,
laminated
172.44 2.50 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
183.43 10.99 SANDSTONE, medium to
coarse grained
183.75 0.32 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
185.58 1.83 SANDSTONE, irregular
bedded, bioturbated
188.58 3.00 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
SANDSTONE, fine to medium
189.93 1.35 grained, irregular bedded,
bioturbated
190.10 0.17 2 NO.2 COAL seam, mainly
bright coal
190.21 0.11 2 NO.2 COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
191.12 0.91 SHALE, fine grained,
laminated
191.44 0.32 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
196.80 5.36 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
198.81 2.01 SHALE, fine grained,
laminated
240.07 41.26 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
massive
240.95 0.88 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
242.64 1.69 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
A4-16
250.79 8.15 DOLERITE
253.41 2.62 SilTSTONE, fine grained,
F laminated270.48 17.07 DWYKA TilLITE
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Sasol Mining,
BOREHOLE NUMBER: S277075 (BHW4)
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2936351.00, Y = -1032.19
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1566.71
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
0.70 0.70 OVERBURDEN
7.90 7.20 CORE lOSS
SilTSTONE, fine grained,
11.27 3.37 laminated
14.58 3.31 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
iii 16.04 1.46 Sil TSTONE, fine grained,laminated
20.00 3.96 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded and
laminated
34.35 14.35 SANDSTONE, fine grained
34.50 0.15 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
34.88 0.38 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
alternately bedded
35.37 0.49 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
37.57 2.20 SANDSTONE, fine grained
37.74 0.17 CORE lOSS
38.26 0.52 SANDSTONE, fine grained
41.24 2.98 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
fine bedded
A4-17
42.12 0.88 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
45.45 3.33 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, massive
50.32 4.87 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
massive
50.66 0.34 BHW4-1 5 NO.5 COAL seam, bright coal
50.70 0.04 BHW4-1 5 NO.5 COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
50.78 0.08 BHW4-1 5 NO.5 COAL seam, banded
coal
50.88 0.10 BHW4-1 5 NO.5 COAL seam, mainly dull
coal
50.97 0.09 BHW4-1 5 NO.5 COAL seam, bright coal
51.05 0.08 BHW4-1 NO.5 COAL seam,
5 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
51.12 0.07 BHW4-1 5 NO.5 COAL seam, mainly
bright coal
51.18 0.06 BHW4-1 5 NO.5 COAL seam, banded
coal
51.27 0.09 BHW4-1 5 NO.5 COAL seam, mainly dull
coal
52.40 1.13 SILTSTONE, medium grained,
bioturbated
54.50 2.10 SILTSTONE, fine grained
60.51 6.01 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
fine bedded
69.30 8.79 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
alternately bedded
70.52 1.22 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
massive
78.90 8.38 SANDSTONE, very fine
A4-18
grained, fine bedded
78.94 0.04 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
80.80 1.86 SILTSTONE, bioturbated
80.81 0.01 COAL, bright coal
80.87 0.06 BHW4-2 ROOF SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, massive
80.89 0.02 BHW4-3 4H No.4 upper COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
80.90 0.01 BHW4-3 4H No.4 upper COAL seam,
bright coal
80.92 0.02 BHW4-3 4H No.4 upper COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
80.93 0.01 BHW4-3 4H No.4 upper COAL seam,
SANDSTONE
81.00 0.07 BHW4-3 4H No.4 upper COAL seam,
SANDSTONE
81.07 0.07 BHW4-3 4H No.4 upper COAL seam,
bright coal
81.15 0.08 BHW4-3 4H No.4 upper COAL seam,
mainly dull coal
81.28 0.13 BHW4-3 4H No.4 upper COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
81.60 0.32 BHW4-3 4H No.4 upper COAL seam,
banded coal
81.70 0.10 BHW4-3 4H No.4 upper COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
82.08 0.38 BHW4-4 FLOOR SANDSTONE, medium
grained
82.78 0.70 BHW4-5 ROOF SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
83.27 0.49 BHW4-6 4L No.4 lower COAL seam,
A4-19
mainly dull coal
83.64 0.37 BHW4-7 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
83.76 0.12 BHW4-7 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
83.94 0.18 BHW4-7 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
coal
84.02 0.08 BHW4-7 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
84.06 0.04 BHW4-8 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
84.60 0.54 BHW4-8 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
mainly dull coal
85.06 0.46 BHW4-9 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
coal
86.55 1.49 BHW4-10 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
86.91 0.36 BHW4-11 FLOOR SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, fine bedded and
micaceous
87.75 0.84 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
fine and cross bedded
88.24 0.49 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, micaceous
94.04 5.80 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, fine bedded
94.28 0.24 SILTSTONE, fine grained, fine
and cross bedded
109.56 15.28 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
118.53 8.97 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
118.76 0.23 SANDSTONE, very coarse
A4-20
grained, gritty
118.77 0.01 COAL, bright coal
122.26 3.49 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
122.47 0.21 2 NO.2 COAL seam, mainly
bright coal
122.68 0.21 2 NO.2 COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
122.77 0.09 2 NO.2 COAL seam, mainly dull
coal
122.89 0.12 2 NO.2 COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
122.99 0.10 2 NO.2 COAL seam, bright coal
123.56 0.57 2 NO.2 COAL seam, bright coal
123.78 0.22 2 NO.2 COAL seam, mainly
bright coal
124.00 0.22 2 NO.2 COAL seam,
CARBONACEOUS SHALE
124.26 0.26 2 NO.2 COAL seam, dull coal
127.58 3.32 SILTSTONE, coarse grained,
alternately bedded
134.22 6.64 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
137.54 3.32 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
137.77 0.23 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
139.00 1.23 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
139.06 0.06 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
139.73 0.67 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
139.94 0.21 SILTSTONE, very fine grained,
laminated
A4-21
140.46 0.52 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
alternately bedded
141.54 1.08 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
142.57 1.03 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
alternately bedded and
micaceous
145.59 3.02 SANDSTONE, fine grained
148.89 3.30 DOLERITE
160.30 11.41 DWYKA TI LUTE
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Sasol Mining,
BOREHOLE NUMBER: G2935890 (BHW5)
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2935040.00, Y = -25124.98
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1630.63
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
0.12 0.12 OVERBURDEN
23.22 3.22 DOLERITE
SILTSTONE, fine grained,
25.28 2.06 laminated
29.84 4.56 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
fine bedded
36.72 6.88 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
44.20 7.48 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
49.64 5.44 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
50.45 0.81 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
59.96 9.51 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
A4-22
60.88 0.92 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
69.90 9.02 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded,
laminated
70.58 0.68 BHW5-1 ROOF SANDSTONE, coarse grained
70.71 0.13 BHW5-2 5M NO.5 middle COAL seam,
bright coal
71.20 0.49 BHW5-2 5M NO.5 middle COAL seam,
SHALE
71.64 0.44 BHW5-2 5L NO.5 lower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
74.98 3.34 BHW5-3 FLOOR SANDSTONE, coarse grained
75.20 0.22 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
97.62 22.42 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained
97.90 0.28 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
98.32 0.42 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
98.82 0.50 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
103.70 4.88 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded,
laminated
104.57 0.87 SANDSTONE, medium to
coarse grained
104.85 0.28 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, massive
109.04 4.19 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
113.49 4.45 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
A4-23
grained, fine bedded,
laminated
113.51 0.02 BHW5-4 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty, glauconitic
113.88 0.37 4H NO.4 upper COAL seam,
mainly dull coal
114.01 0.13 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
115.72 1.71 BHW5-5 SANDSTONE, medium to
coarse grained
116.70 0.98 BHW5-6 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained
116.74 0.04 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
117.85 1.11 BHW5-7 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained
118.31 0.46 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
118.64 0.33 BHW5-8 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded
BHW5-9 SANDSTONE, very coarse
118.72 0.08 ROOF grained
118.73 0.01 BHW5-10 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, bright
coal
118.76 0.03 BHW5-10 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam,
SILTSTONE
118.79 0.03 BHW5-10 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
118.82 0.03 BHW5-10 4L No. 410wer COAL seam,
SILTSTONE
118.83 0.01 ' BHW5-10 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, bright
coal
A4-24
grained, fine bedded
125.75 0.81 SANDSTONE, medium to
coarse grained
129.07 3.32 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded,
laminated
133.10 4.03 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
135.32 2.22 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained
138.64 3.32 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, bioturbated
138.86 0.22 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
140.45 1.59 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained
141.74 1.29 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, laminated
146.90 5.16 SANDSTONE, fine to medium
grained, bioturbated
148.87 1.97 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
188.53 39.66 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
195.79 7.26 DOLERITE
iii 196.15 0.36 SILTSTONE, fine to mediumgrained
196.24 0.09 DWYKA TILLITE
A4-26
119.02 0.19 BHW5-10 4L No.4 lower COAL seam, dull
coal
119.38 0.36 BHW5-10 4L No.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
119.95 0.57 BHW5-10 4L No.4 lower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
120.48 0.53 BHW5-10 4L No.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
120.53 0.05 BHW5-11 4L No.4 lower COAL seam,
mainly bright coal
120.59 0.06 BHW5-12 4L No.4 lower COAL seam, dull
coal
120.74 0.15 BHW5-12 4L No.4 lower COAL seam, bright
coal
121.64 0.90 BHW5-13 4L No.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
121.73 0.09 BHW5-13 4L No.4 lower COAL seam,
SILTSTONE, fine grained, fine
bedded, micaceous
121.82 0.09 BHW5-13 4L No.4 lower COAL seam, bright
coal
121.90 0.08 BHW5-14 FLOOR SILTSTONE, fine grained, fine
BHW5-15 bedded, micaceous
123.60 1.70 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
grained, fine bedded,
micaceous
123.85 0.25 3 No.3 COAL seam, bright coal
123.93 0.08 3 SANDSTONE
124.27 0.34 3 No.3 COAL seam, bright coal
124.38 0.11 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
laminated
124.94 0.56 SILTSTONE, fine to medium
A4-25
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Ingwe Mining, Douglas Colliery
BOREHOLE NUMBER: WSD21 0
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2881667.00, Y = -30130.00
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1580.70
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
6.27 6.27 OVERBURDEN
7.05 0.78 SILTSTONE, micaceous
11.22 4.17 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
laminated, micaceous, muddy
22.80 11.58 DOU19 ROOF SANDSTONE, fine grained,
laminated, micaceous
24.06 1.28 DOU18 5 NO.5 COAL seam
25.68 1.62 DOU17 FLOOR SANDSTONE, fine grained,
laminated, micaceous and
carbonaceous
32.82 6.94 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
laminated, micaceous
41.14 8.32 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
laminated, micaceous and
carbonaceous. Carbon content
increases downwards
42.75 1.61 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
43.75 1.00 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
laminated, micaceous and
carbonaceous
43.86 0.11 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
greenish, glauconitic
44.06 0.20 4UB NO.4 upper B COAL seam
44.70 0.64 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, muddy
A4-27
44.92 0.22 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
46.27 1.35 4UA NO.4 upper A COAL seam
46.90 0.63 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
47.85 0.95 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
micaceous and carbonaceous
48.62 0.77 SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles, carbonaceous,
micaceous
49.20 0.58 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
50.15 0.95 SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles, carbonaceous,
micaceous
53.37 3.22 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
53.71 0.34 SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles, carbonaceous,
micaceous, sandy
53.86 0.15 DOU16 ROOF SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles, carbonaceous,
micaceous
56.84 2.98 DOU15 4L No. 410wer COAL seam
DOU14
DOU13
57.11 0.27 DOU12 FLOOR SILTSTONE, micaceous with
thin coal bands
59.27 2.16 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, muddy
59.83 0.56 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, muddy, micaceous
60.24 0.41 3 NO.3 COAL seam
A4-28
61.10 0.86 SILTSTONE, sandy,
carbonaceous with thin coal
bands
63.85 2.75 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
micaceous
65.88 2.03 SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous. Carbon content
increases downwards
69.55 3.67 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, micaceous,
carbonaceous
74.10 4.55 DOU11 ROOF SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
80.12 6.02 DOU10 2 NO.2 COAL seam
DOU9
DOU8
80.18 0.06 DOU7 FLOOR! SILTSTONE, micaceous and
ROOF carbonaceous
80.87 0.69 DOU6 2A NO.2 A COAL seam
81.23 0.36 DOU5 FLOOR SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles, carbonaceous,
micaceous
82.27 1.04 SILTSTONE, alternating bands
with grit, scattered pebbles,
carbonaceous, micaceous
83.10 0.83 DOU4 ROOF SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, carbonaceous
84.77 1.67 DOU3 1 NO.1 COAL seam
DOU2
85.05 0.28 DOU1 FLOOR SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
88.70 3.65 DIAMICTITE
A4-29
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Ingwe Mining, Douglas Colliery
BOREHOLE NUMBER: WSL 195
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2879326.00, Y = -28606.00
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1559.30
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
5.85 5.85 OVERBURDEN
7.97 2.12 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
8.08 0.11 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
9.73 1.65 4UA No.4 upper A COAL seam
12.66 2.93 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
13.85 1.19 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, micaceous
14.06 0.21 SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles, carbonaceous,
micaceous
14.13 0.07 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
14.52 0.39 SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles, carbonaceous,
micaceous
15.64 1.12 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
15.75 0.11 SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
17.23 1.48 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
17.79 0.56 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
muddy
18.32 0.53 CORE LOSS
A4-30
18.61 0.29 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
muddy, micaceous
19.00 0.39 DOU20 ROOF SILTSTONE, micaceous and
DOU21 carbonaceous
20.20 1.20 DOU22 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam
22.28 2.08 DOU23 FLOOR CARBONACEOUS SHALE,
micaceous
22.44 0.16 4LA NO.4 lower A COAL seam
23.25 0.81 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, micaceous
23.79 0.54 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
24.00 0.21 3 NO.3 COAL seam
26.32 2.32 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained
29.70 3.38 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
laminated, micaceous and
carbonaceous. Carbon content
increases downwards
31.15 1.45 SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
33.70 2.55 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, micaceous and
carbonaceous
36.33 2.63 DOU24 ROOF SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
41.00 4.67 DOU25 2 NO.2 COAL seam
DOU26
DOU27
DOU28
49.50 8.50 DOU29 FLOOR SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
A4-31
50.00 0.50 2A NO.2 A COAL seam
50.18 0.18 SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles, carbonaceous,
micaceous
50.73 0.36 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
54.15 2.42 1 NO.1 COAL seam
54.30 0.15 SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles
55.79 1.49 DIAMICTITE
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Ingwe Mining, Douglas Colliery
BOREHOLE NUMBER: BK364
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2879542.98, Y = -39860.97
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1569.03
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
6.20 6.20 OVERBURDEN
9.82 3.62 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, micaceous and
muddy
11.27 1.45 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, micaceous
12.05 0.78 SANDSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
12.08 0.03 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
greenish, glauconitic
12.50 0.42 SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
12.61 0.11 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, micaceous and
muddy
A4-32
12.64 0.03 SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
13.07 0.43 4UB NO.4 upper B COAL seam
13.48 0.41 SANDSTONE, very fine
grained, carbonaceous
14.00 0.52 SANDSTONE, micaceous
15.66 1.66 CARBONACEOUS SHALE,
micaceous
16.37 0.71 4UA NO.4 upper A COAL seam
16.66 0.29 SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
18.54 1.88 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
20.21 1.67 DOU30 ROOF SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles, carbonaceous,
micaceous
20.42 0.21 DOU31 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam
20.45 0.03 DOU41 PT. SANDSTONE, fine grained
parting
22.93 2.48 DOU32 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam
DOU33
24.76 1.83 DOU34 FLOOR SANDSTONE, micaceous
24.85 0.09 SANDSTONE, coarse grained,
gritty
25.28 0.43 3 NO.3 COAL seam
25.47 0.19 SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
27.24 1.77 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
micaceous
28.55 1.31 SANDSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
32.44 3.89 SANDSTONE, very fine
A4-33
grained, laminated, micaceous
and carbonaceous. Carbon
content increases downwards
33.88 1.44 SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
35.91 2.03 SANDSTONE, highly
micaceous and muddy
40.52 4.61 DOU35 ROOF SILTSTONE, micaceous and
carbonaceous
45.70 5.18 DOU36 2 NO.2 COAL seam
DOU37
DOU38
45.72 0.02 SILTSTONE
46.87 1.15 2A NO.2 A COAL seam
47.08 0.21 DOU39 PT. SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty, carbonaceous
49.15 2.07 DOU40 1 No. 1 COAL seam
49.27 0.12 CARBONACEOUS SHALE
49.88 0.61 DIAMICTITE
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Ingwe Mining, Middelburg Colliery
BOREHOLE NUMBER: HWG556 '
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2865344.78, Y = -47482.93
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1594.31
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
8.98 8.98 OVERBURDEN
10.08 1.10 SANDSTONE, fine grained
12.22 2.14 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, muddy
13.43 1.21 CORE LOSS
18.11 4.68 SANDSTONE, medium
A4-34
grained, muddy
20.38 2.27 CORE LOSS
22.61 2.23 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, muddy
22.97 0.36 CORE LOSS
25.21 2.24 SILTSTONE, fine grained
26.68 1.47 SILTSTONE, bioturbated
30.19 3.51 SILTSTONE, fine grained
31.80 1.61 SILTSTONE, muddy
32.40 0.60 M10 ROOF CARBONACEOUS SHALE,
with siltstone layers
33.52 1.12 M9 2 NO.2 COAL seam, dull
lustrous and bright coal with
pyrite, siderite and calcite
cleats
34.17 0.65 SILTSTONE
36.28 2.11 CARBONACEOUS SHALE,
with coarse grained sandstone
layers
37.16 0.88 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
40.99 3.83 M8 2A NO.2 A COAL seam, bright
M7 lustrous coal with alternating
M6 bands of dull coal and
M5 carbonaceous shale including
pyrite and calcite cleats
41.12 0.13 M4 FLOOR SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
41.50 0.38 SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles
41.76 0.26 M3 ROOF SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
43.41 1.65 M2 1 NO.1 COAL seam, bright
A4-35
M1 lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal and
carbonaceous shale including
pyrite, siderite and calcite
cleats
43.71 0.30 SILTSTONE, with scattered
pebbles, carbonaceous
44.07 0.36 CORE LOSS
45.22 1.15 DWYKA TI LUTE
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Ingwe Mining, Middelburg Colliery
BOREHOLE NUMBER: HWS525
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2877251.58, Y = -40629.11
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1590.63
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
11.34 11.34 OVERBURDEN
13.43 2.09 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
wavy bedded
14.64 1.21 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, muddy
17.92 3.28 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
wavy bedded
19.23 1.31 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, muddy
20.91 1.68 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
wavy bedded
21.42 0.51 M19 4UA NO.4 upper A COAL seam,
M18 bright lustrous coal with
alternating bands of
carbonaceous shale including
pyrite and calcite cleats
A4-36
22.97 1.55 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, muddy
24.84 1.87 SILTSTONE, carbonaceous
25.77 0.93 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
wavy bedded
32.29 6.52 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
32.43 0.14 M22 ROOF SILTSTONE, carbonaceous
35.89 3.46 M20 4L NO.4 lower COAL seam, dull
lustrous and bright coal with
pyrite and calcite cleats
36.12 0.23 M21 FLOOR SANDSTONE, medium
grained, muddy and
micaceous
37.49 1.37 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, muddy
37.74 0.25 SILTSTONE, coarse grained
with scattered pebbles
38.00 0.26 3 NO.3 COAL seam, mainly
bright coal bands with pyrite
and calcite cleats
40.04 2.04 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, muddy
41.19 1.15 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
wavy bedded
46.77 5.58 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, muddy
48.94 2.17 SILTSTONE, fine grained,
wavy bedded
49.94 1.00 SILTSTONE, fine grained
52.92 2.98 SILTSTONE, bioturbated
56.12 3.20 SILTSTONE, fine grained
A4-37
56.91 0.79 SILTSTONE, muddy
63.42 6.51 M17 2 NO.2 COAL seam, alternating
M16 bands of dull lustrous and
M15 bright coal with nodular pyrite
M14 and calcite cleats
63.47 0.05 M13 PT. SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
66.19 2.72 M12 1 NO.1 COAL seam, bright
M11 lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal and
carbonaceous shale including
pyrite and calcite nodules
66.74 0.55 SILTSTONE, muddy
70.54 3.80 DIAMICTITE
70.68 0.14 1A NO.1 A COAL seam, dull
lustrous coal
71.19 0.51 DIAMICTITE
74.72 3.53 DWYKA TILLiTE
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Eyesizwe Mining, Arnot Colliery
BOREHOLE NUMBER: ARN4983 (ARA)
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2864883.98, Y = -77952.94
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1678.92
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
2.70 2.70 OVERBURDEN
7.27 4.57 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
7.63 0.36 SILTSTONE, fine grained
12.74 5.11 SANDSTONE, fine grained
13.28 0.54 SILTSTONE, fine grained
15.05 1.77 ARA16 ROOF SANDSTONE, fine grained
15.66 0.61 ARA15 4 NO.4 COAL seam, bright
A4-38
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
15.68 0.02 ARA14 PT. SANDSTONE, fine grained
15.87 ARA13 4 NO.4 COAL seam, bright
0.19 lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
16.28 0.41 ARA12 FLOOR SILTSTONE, fine grained
16.80 0.52 3 NO.3 COAL seam
16.96 0.16 SILTSTONE, fine grained
18.81 1.85 SANDSTONE, fine grained
20.00 1.19 SANDSTONE, fine grained
with alternating siltstone bands
20.13 0.13 3 NO.3 COAL seam
27.30 7.17 SANDSTONE, fine grained
28.85 1.55 SANDSTONE, fine grained
with alternating siltstone bands
33.95 5.10 SILTSTONE, fine grained
34.75 0.80 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty with alternating
siltstone bands
35.25 0.50 SILTSTONE, fine grained
35.97 0.72 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty with alternating
siltstone bands
36.74 0.77 SANDSTONE, fine grained
37.12 0.38 SILTSTONE, fine grained
40.81 3.69 SANDSTONE, fine grained
41.51 0.70 SILTSTONE, fine grained
41.90 0.39 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
42.13 0.23 2U NO.2 upper COAL seam,
bright lustrous coal with
A4-39
alternating bands of dull coal
43.16 1.03 ARA11 ROOF SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
46.50 3.34 ARA10 2L NO.2 lower COAL seam, bright
ARA9 lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
48.30 1.80 ARA8 FLOOR SILTSTONE, fine grained
48.64 0.34 ARA7 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty with alternating
siltstone bands
48.77 0.13 ARA6 ROOF SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
49.42 0.65 ARA5 1 NO.1 COAL seam, bright
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
49.72 0.30 ARA4 FLOOR SILTSTONE, fine grained
50.41 0.69 ARA3 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty with alternating
siltstone bands
50.58 0.17 1 NO.1 COAL seam, bright
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
50.81 0.23 SILTSTONE, fine grained
52.81 2.00 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
52.99 0.18 ARA2 SILTSTONE, fine grained
53.8 0.81 DWYKA TILLITE
56.06 2.26 ARA1 BASEMENT
A4-40
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Eyesizwe Mining, Arnot Colliery
BOREHOLE NUMBER: ARN4982 (ARB)
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2864947.98, Y = -77967.96
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1677.93
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
2.59 2.59 OVERBURDEN
6.32 3.73 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
6.53 0.21 SILTSTONE, fine grained
12.13 5.60 SANDSTONE, fine grained
12.57 0.44 SILTSTONE, fine grained
13.89 1.32 ARB13 ROOF SANDSTONE, fine grained
14.56 0.67 4 NO.4 COAL seam, bright
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
14.58 0.02 ARB11 PT. SANDSTONE, coarse grained
14.75 0.17 ARB10 4 NO.4 COAL seam, bright
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
15.32 0.57 ARB9 FLOOR SILTSTONE, fine grained
15.87 0.55 3 NO.3 COAL seam
16.00 0.13 SILTSTONE, fine grained
17.66 1.66 SANDSTONE, fine grained,
bioturbated
18.25 0.59 SANDSTONE, fine grained
with alternating siltstone bands
18.76 0.51 SILTSTONE, fine grained
19.16 0.40 SANDSTONE, fine grained
with alternating siltstone bands
19.27 0.11 3 NO.3 COAL seam
25.73 6.46 SANDSTONE, fine grained
27.51 1.78 SANDSTONE, very coarse
A4-41
grained, gritty with alternating
siltstone bands
32.43 4.92 SILTSTONE, fine grained
33.07 0.64 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
34.68 1.61 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty with alternating
siltstone bands
35.04 0.36 SANDSTONE, fine grained
36.18 1.14 SILTSTONE, fine grained
39.35 3.17 SANDSTONE, fine grained
40.08 0.73 SILTSTONE, fine grained
40.64 0.56 ARB8 ROOF SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
40.80 0.16 ARB7 2U NO.2 upper COAL seam,
bright lustrous coal with
alternating bands of dull coal
43.39 2.59 ARB6 FLOOR/ SANDSTONE, very coarse
ROOF grained, gritty
44.86 1.47 ARB5 2L NO.2 lower COAL seam, bright
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
46.08 1.22 ARB4 FLOOR! SILTSTONE, fine grained
ARB3 ROOF
46.49 0.41 ARB2 1 NO.1 COAL seam, bright
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
47.02 0.53 ARB1 FLOOR SILTSTONE, fine grained
47.28 0.26 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
48.10 0.82 SILTSTONE, fine grained
48.62 0.52 SANDSTONE, very coarse
A4-42
grained, gritty with alternating
siltstone bands
49.47 0.85 1 NO.1 COAL seam, bright
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
50.11 0.64 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty with alternating
siltstone bands
50.29 0.18 1 NO.1 COAL seam, bright
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
50.49 0.20 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty with alternating
siltstone bands
50.54 0.05 1 NO.1 COAL seam, bright
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
52.34 1.80 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
53.13 0.79 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty with alternating
siltstone bands
53.22 0.09 DWYKA TILLITE
54.88 1.66 BASEMENT
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Eyesizwe Mining, Arnot Colliery
BOREHOLE NUMBER: ARN4994 (ARC)
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2866327.09, Y = -77573.22
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1648.58
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
6.25 6.25 OVERBURDEN
A4-43
6.42 0.17 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
6.68 0.26 SILTSTONE, fine grained
6.95 0.27 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
7.15 0.20 SILTSTONE, fine grained
8.09 0.94 SANDSTONE, medium
grained and cross-bedded
8.52 0.43 SILTSTONE, fine grained
13.06 4.54 SANDSTONE, medium
grained and cross-bedded
13.44 0.38 SILTSTONE, fine grained
17.45 4.01 SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty with alternating
siltstone bands
18.38 0.93 ARC7 ROOF SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
21.37 2.99 ARC6 2 NO.2 COAL seam, bright
ARC5 lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
22.49 1.12 ARC4 FLOOR SILTSTONE, fine grained
23.21 0.72 ARC3 ROOF SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
24.10 0.89 ARC2 1 NO.1 COAL seam, bright
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
24.53 0.43 ARC1 FLOOR CARBONACEOUS SHALE
A4-44
COMPANY, COLLIERY: Eyesizwe Mining, Arnot Colliery
BOREHOLE NUMBER: ARN4995 (ARD)
CO-ORDINATES: X = 2866352.86, Y = -77469.63
SURFACE ELEVATION: 1648.73
DEPTH THICKNESS SAMPLE COAL LITHOLOGY
(m) NO. STRAT.
8.86 8.86 OVERBURDEN
9.75 0.89 SANDSTONE, medium
grained, cross-bedded and
weathered
11.67 1.92 SANDSTONE, medium
grained and cross-bedded
11.78 0.11 SILTSTONE, fine grained
15.32 3.54 SANDSTONE, coarse grained
19.42 4.10 ARD7 ROOF SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
22.58 3.16 ARD6 2 NO.2 COAL seam, bright
ARD5 lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
23.20 0.62 ARD4 FLOOR SILTSTONE, fine grained
23.45 0.25 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
23.91 0.46 ARD3 ROOF SANDSTONE, very coarse
grained, gritty
24.34 0.43 ARD2 1 NO.1 COAL seam, bright
lustrous coal with alternating
bands of dull coal
24.65 0.31 ARD1 FLOOR SILTSTONE, fine grained
26.22 1.55 SANDSTONE, medium
grained
A4-45