Fruit consumption in relation to health and nutritional status fo children below 5 years and their mothers/caregivers in farming households of Western Kenya

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Date
2014-12-09
Authors
Imbumi, Maryam
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University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Malnutrition is a global problem that affects especially children below 5 years, manifesting as underweight, stunting and wasting. Factors that contribute to malnutrition include food insecurity, poor dietary diversity and illness. At a more basic level, socio-demographic factors are closely associated with malnutrition. Fruits and products made from indigenous fruits constitute one of the cheapest yet richest sources of food, on which the poor (especially women and children) depend. Fruits are nutrient-dense and may play an important role in addressing deficiencies related to malnutrition. However, the value of fruits in addressing malnutrition by contributing to food security and dietary diversity remains largely undetermined in Kenya. The objective of the present study was to determine socio-economic status, nutritional status (anthropometry, food security, dietary diversity), and associations between these factors in children under 5 years and their mothers with different levels of fruit consumption in selected farm households of Western Kenya. Data was collected in rural Busia and Kakamega districts between March to June 2013 after approval from all relevant parties had been obtained. Of the 96 households sampled, 45 were from Busia and 52 from Kakamega. All children 6-59 months old and their mothers were eligible to participate. Anthropometric measurements of mother and child were taken at the household. Thereafter, questionnaires related to the following were completed: socio-demography; household food security and procurement; household dietary diversity; and reported health. Descriptive statistics, that include frequencies and percentages for categorical data and means and medians for continuous data were calculated and compared for groups with fruit consumption above the median of one fruit per day and with fruit consumption below the median of one fruit per day. Associations between variables were calculated using two-by-two tables and described by means of 95% confidence intervals. All children and the majority of mothers took in less than the recommended 400 g of fruit and vegetables per day. Most mothers that consumed less than the median of one fruit per day, also had children with a low fruit consumption. On the other hand, mothers that had fruit consumption higher than 1 fruit per day, also had children with a higher fruit consumption. As far as socio-demographic indicators are concerned, no significant differences between the two groups were identified. Most of the participants were from humid lower midland (LM1) and semi-humid lower midland (LM2) and most spoke Luhya. A large percentage of participants lived in traditional mud houses (give percentages of two groups) and used pit latrines. Both groups had high room density (median of 4-5 persons per room), poor water supply (less than 7% had a communal tap), lack of household appliances (less than 10% had a working refrigerator or stove) and low income. A large percentage of all mothers were unemployed (68.8% of those with a lower fruit intake and 75% of those with a higher fruit intake). Both groups used open fire for cooking most of the time. There was a tendency for households with a lower fruit intake to be more likely to have wages and salaries from formal employment as their main source of income than households with a higher fruit intake (95%CI for percentage difference [ -2.7% ; 27.3% ]). On the other hand, there was a tendency for households with a higher fruit intake to have crop production and livestock sales as their main source of income when compared to households with a lower fruit intake (95%CI for percentage difference [ -36.4% ; 0.8% ]). As far as household food security and food procurement indicators are concerned, significantly more households with a higher fruit intake grew sweet potato (95% CI of [-38.2% ; -5.1% ]) and African nightshades (95% CI of [-38.3% ; -0.2% ]) than those with a lower fruit intake. Mothers with a higher fruit intake were more likely to grow mangoes, avocados, jackfruit and lemons than those with a lower fruit intake, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. There was a tendency for more households in the group with a higher fruit intake to produce enough food to last till the next season compared to the group with a lower fruit intake (95% CI [-31.4%; 3.4%]), while those with a lower fruit intake were less likely to have enough land to produce food that could last till next season (95% CI). A significantly higher percentage of respondents with a higher fruit intake reported that fruits were easily available from local farmers and shops than in the group with a lower fruit intake (95% CI of [ -45.5% ; -10.0% ]). A significantly higher percentage of mothers with a lower fruit intake reported eating less than should be eaten because there was not enough money for food than mothers with a higher fruit intake (95% CI of [1.6% ; 31.3%]). As far as household dietary diversity is concerned, both groups consumed cereals, white roots and tubers on the day preceding the interview. Fewer than half of households consumed fruits on the day preceding the interview (60% in the case of households with mothers that consumed less than the median of 1 fruit per day). In addition, very few households consumed meat, eggs or milk on the day preceding the interview. On the other hand, a high percentage of all participants consumed sweets, oils, fats, and beverages (more in the group with a lower fruit intake). Consumption of these less healthy foods contributed to the fact that most households had a Dietary Diversity Score that fell in the high category (≥ 6 food groups from a possible 12 food groups), despite not eating adequate amounts of healthier food groups. In both groups the median number of food groups consumed was 7 (ranging from 3 to 10). Although there was a tendency to obtain fruits through purchasing, rather than through own production, gathering, hunting and fishing in the group with a lower fruit intake, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (95%CI for percentage difference [ -9.2% ; 29.0% ]). As far as anthropometric indicators are concerned, median body mass index (BMI) of mothers in both groups fell within the normal range of 18.5 – 25 kg/m2 (21.2 kg/m2 for mothers with a lower fruit intake and 22.4 kg/m2 for mothers with a higher fruit intake). Mothers with higher fruit consumption were, however, more likely to have a higher BMI (still within the normal range) and waist circumference and were less likely to have stunted children. A significantly higher percentage of children in the group of mothers with a lower fruit intake were stunted (31.3%) compared to children of mothers with a higher fruit intake (8.3%) (95% CI for percentage difference [7.0%; 37.9%]). As far as weight-for-age is concerned, 8.3% of children of mothers with a lower fruit intake were underweight, compared to 4.2% in the group of children with mothers that had a higher fruit intake (difference not statistically significant). Despite having similar levels of socio-demography, households that were involved in food crop production and livestock sales, were less likely to suffer from food insecurity. Higher fruit consumption was associated with growing foods such as sweet potatoes and African nightshade and with a lower likelihood of experiencing hunger. Mothers with higher fruit consumption (although still inadequate in terms of international guidelines), were more likely to have a higher BMI (within the normal range) and normal waist circumference and were less likely to have stunted children. Programmes that focus on improving food production at the household level can make a meaningful contribution to addressing indicators of malnutrition (especially stunting) and food security.
Afikaans: Wanvoeding is ‘n probleem wat veral in kinders jonger as 5 jaar voorkom, en manifesteer as ondermassa, groei-inkorting en uittering. Faktore wat bydra tot wanvoeding sluit swak voedselsekuriteit, beperkte dieetverskeidenheid en siekte in. Op ‘n meer basiese vlak, hou sosiodemografiese faktore met wanvoeding verband. Vrugte en produkte wat van inheemse vrugte gemaak word, is een van die goedkoopste, dog voedingsryke bronne van voedsel, waarop persone met beperkte bronne (veral vroue en kinders) staatmaak. Vrugte speel ‘n belangrike rol in die aanspreek van gebreke wat met wanvoeding verband hou. Ten spyte daarvan, is die waarde van vrugte in die stryd teen wanvoeding en in die bydra tot voedselsekuriteit en dieetverskeidenheid grootliks onbekend in Kenia. Die doel van die huidige studie was om sosio-ekonomiese status, voedingstatus (antropometrie, voedselsekuriteit en dieetverskeidenheid), en verbande tussen hierdie faktore in kinders jonger as 5 en hul moeders met verskillende vlakke van vrugteinname in plaashuishoudings in WesKenia te bepaal. Data is tussen Maart en Junie 2013 in die distrikte van Busia en Kakamega ingesamel, nadat goedkeuring van alle betrokke partye verkry is. Van die 96 huishoudings wat ingesluit is, was 45 van Busia en 52 van Kakamega. Alle kinders tussen 6-59 maande en hul moeders kon aan die studie deelneem. Antropometriese metings van moeder en kind is by die huis geneem, waarna vraelyste oor sosio-demografiese faktore, huishoudelike voedselsekuriteit, dieetverskeidenheid en gesondheid voltooi is. Beskrywende statistiek wat insluit frekwensies en persentasies vir kategoriese data en mediane vir kontinue data is bereken en vergelyk tussen groepe met vrugte inname bo die mediaan van een vrug per dag en met vrugte inname onder die mediaan van een vrug per dag. Verbande tussen veranderlikes is bereken deur middel van twee-by-twee tabelle en vergelyk deur middel van 95% vertrouensintervalle (VI). Alle kinders en die meerderheid moeders het minder as die aanbevole 400 g vrugte en groente per dag ingeneem. Die meeste moeders wat minder as die mediaan van een vrug per dag ingeneem het, het ook kinders gehad met ‘n laer vrugteinname. Aan die ander kant, het moeders met ‘n hoër vrugteinname ook kinders met ‘n hoër inname gehad. Wat sosio-ekonomiese indikatore aanbetref, is daar geen betekenisvolle verskille tussen die twee groepe gevind nie. Meeste deelnemers is van die humid lower midland (LM1) en semi-humid lower midland (LM2) and meeste het Luhya gepraat. ‘n Groot persentasie deelnemers het in tradisionele modderhutte geleef met pit toilette. Beide groepe het hoë kamerdigtheid (mediaan van 4-5 persone per kamer), swak watervoorsiening (minder as 7% het ‘n gemeenskaplike kraan), gebrek aan huishoudelike geriewe (minder as 10% het ‘n werkende yskas of stoof) en lae inkomste gehad. ‘n Groot persentasie van moeders het nie gewerk nie (68.8% met laer vrugte inname en 75% met hoër vrugteinname). Beide groepe het hul voedsel hoofsaaklik op ‘n oop vuur voorberei. Daar was ‘n neiging vir huishoudings met ‘n laer vrugte inname om ‘n salaris inkomste te ontvang (95% VI vir persentasieverskil [ -2.7% ; 27.3% ]), terwyl daar ook ‘n neiging was vir huishoudings met ‘n hoër vrugte inname om eerder van opbrengste van oes en lewendehawe te leef (95% VI vir persentasieverskil [ -36.4% ; 0.8% ]). Wat voedselsekuriteit aanbetref, is daar betekenisvol meer huishoudings met ‘n hoër vrugte inname wat patats (95% VI vir persentasieverskil [-38.2% ; -5.1% ]) en Africa nightshade (95% VI vir persentasieverskil [-38.3% ; -0.2% ]) gekweek het as die met ‘n laer vrugte inname. Moeders met ‘n hoër vrugte inname was ook meer geneig om mango’s, avokado’s, jack fruit en suurlemoen te kweek, maar die verskille tussen die twee groepe was nie statisties betekenisvol nie. In vergelyking met die groep met ‘n laer vrugte inname, was die groep met ‘n hoër vrugte inname meer geneig om genoeg voedsel te produseer om tot die volgende seisoen te hou (95% VI [-31.4%; 3.4%]), terwyl die met ‘n laer vrugte inname minder geneig was om grond tot hul beskikking te hê om voedsel te voorsien tot die volgende seisoen (95% VI [-4.7%; 39.4%]). ‘n Betekenisvolle hoër persentasie deelnemers met ‘n hoër vrugte inname het genoem dat vrugte maklik beskikbaar was by boere en winkels in die area as deelnemers met ‘n laer inname (95% VI [ -45.5% ; -10.0% ]). ‘n Betekenisvolle laer persentasie van moeders met ‘n lae inname van vrugte het genoem dat hul soms minder eet omdat daar nie genoeg geld beskikbaar was as moeders met ‘n hoër inname (95% VI [1.6% ; 31.3%]). Wat huishoudelike voedsel verskeidenheid aanbetref, het albei groepe die vorige dag grane, wortelgroente en knolgroente geëet. Minder as helfte van huishoudings het die vorige dag vrugte geëet (60% in die geval van moeders met ‘n vrugte inname van minder as die mediaan van een vrug per dag). Verder het baie min huishoudings die vorige dag vleis, eiers of melk ingeneem. Hier teenoor het ‘n hoë persentasie van alle huishoudings lekkers, olie, vette en drankies ingeneem (meer in die groep met ‘n laer vrugte inname). Inname van hierdie ongesonde voedsels het bygedra tot die feit dat die Dieetverskeidenheidtelling in die hoë kategorie geval het (≥ 6 voedselgroepe uit ‘n moontlike 12 voedselgroepe), ten spyte daarvan dat hul inname van gesonder voedsels laag was. In beide groepe was die mediaan hoeveelheid voedselgroepe wat ingeneem is 7 (reikwydte tussen 3 en 10). Alhoewel die groep met ‘n laer vrugte inname meer geneig was om vrugte aan te koop as om dit te kweek of in die veld te versamel, was die verskil tussen die twee groepe nie betekenisvol verskillend nie (95% VI vir persentasieverskil [ -9.2% ; 29.0% ]). Wat antropometrie aanbetref, was die mediaan liggaamsmassa indeks (LMI) van moeders in beide groepe binne die normale reikwydte van 18.5 – 25 kg/m2 (21.2 kg/m2 vir moeders met ‘n laer vrugte inname en 22.4 kg/m2 vir moeders met ‘n hoër vrugte inname). Moeders met hoër vrugte inname se LMI en middelomtrek was betekenisvol hoër as die LMI en middelomtrek van moeders met ‘n laer vrugte inname (steeds binne die normale reikwydte). Hulle was ook minder geneig om kinders met groei-inkorting te hê. ‘n Betekenisvolle hoër persentasie kinders van moeders met ‘n laer vrugte inname was groeiingekort (31.3%) in vergelyking met kinders van moeders met ‘n hoër vrugte inname (8.3%) (95% VI [7.0%; 37.9%]). Wat massa-vir-ouderdom aanbetref, was 8.3% van kinders van moeders met ‘n laer vrugte inname ondermassa, teenoor 4.2% in die groep met ‘n hoër inname (verskil egter nie betekenisvol nie). Ten spyte dat vlakke van sosio-demografie nie betekenisvol verskil het nie, was huishoudings wat betrokke was by voedselproduksie minder geneig om swak voedselsekuriteit te hê. Hoër vrugte inname het verband gehou met kweek van voedsels soos patats en Africa nightshade en ‘n kleiner kans om honger te ervaar. Moeders met ʼn hoër vrugte inname (alhoewel dit steeds onvoldoende was in terme van internasionale riglyne), het hoër LMI en middelomtrek gehad en was minder geneig om kinders met groei-inkorting te hê. Programme wat fokus op voedselproduksie op huishoudelike vlak kan ‘n betekenisvolle bydra lewer tot die aanspreek van wanvoeding (veral groei-inkorting) en swak voedselsekuriteit.
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Keywords
Dissertation (M.Nutrition (Nutrition and Dietetics))--University of the Free State, 2014, Malnutrition in children -- Kenya, Children -- Nutrition -- Kenya, Fruit in human nutrition
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