Transparency and accountability in WTO decision-making procedures: a developing country perspective

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Date
2010
Authors
Lehloenya, Palollo Michael
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University of the Free State
Abstract
English:From the time of its inception after the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, the multilateral trading system now administered by the WTO has been the subject of much controversy and uncertainty, and this has included the way in which participants take decisions. This thesis notes that the problem started with how the WTO's predecessor, the GATT, assumed the role of being the primary global trade regulating body, which was essentially accidental. The GATT was abruptly made to take over the responsibilities initially intended for another institution, the ITO, after the latter failed to come into being as planned. The impromptu manner in which the GATT was thrust into a role it was not designed for inevitably resulted in deficiencies in its ability to carry out its functions. These deficiencies included those found in the GATT decision-making process. This thesis observes that the GATT decision-making process evolved during a period when participants in the multilateral trading system were almost entirely developed countries from the West, and when most developing countries were still under colonial rule. This resulted in the process paying hardly any attention to the concerns and interests of developing countries. At the same time, the process was lacking in both transparency and accountability, thus making the situation even more difficult for developing countries. The thesis argues that although one of the main reasons cited for the creation of the WTO in 1994 was to correct the deficiencies found in the GATT, in reality the WTO inherited many of these deficiencies. Among these are aspects of the GATT decisionmaking process that many developing countries deemed to be prejudicial to their interests. Examples include the continued use of the "green room" meetings in which the majority of important decisions are taken in the absence of most developing countries, as well as the superficial responses to calls to deal with obstacles to effective participation of developing countries in the dispute settlement mechanism. Against this background of an institution that inherited the flaws of the GATT, an analysis of the WTO and the circumstances in which it finds itself today is made. Particular attention is given to the procedures for decision-making during the day-today operations of the WTO and in the dispute resolution mechanism. The thesis argues that the WTO's failure to deal decisively and effectively with the concerns of the majority of its members in the years that it has been in existence has served to further fuel their frustrations. This failure also risks the organisation becoming redundant due to members leaving it en masse as they become disillusioned about its ability to serve their interests. The thesis notes that already, the WTO is facing a serious threat to its survival, as demonstrated by the recent spate of disruptions during its meetings. At the same time, attention is drawn to the failures of developing countries and what they need to do to improve their situation in the WTO. Furthermore, throughout the thesis special attention is given to how the problems of developing countries highlighted above have impacted on South Africa, and its responses to them. A comparison is also drawn between the decision-making process of the WTO and those of other international organisations, in order to determine what lessons the latter can learn from these other institutions. The emphasis is not only placed on the specific methods of decision-making adopted by the various institutions, but also on the flexible manner in which some of the institutions implement the various methods, in order to ensure that ultimately, all their members have a say and are fairly represented in decision-making. Lastly, some recommendations for the way forward are made.
Afrikaans: Sedert die totstandkoming met die Bretton Woods konferensie in 1944 van die multilaterale handelstelsel, wat tans deur die WTO geadministreer word, is die stelsel onderworpe aan by kontroversie en onsekerheid en dit sluit in die wyse waarop deelnemers aan die stelsel besluite neem. In hierdie proefskrif word opgemerk dat die probleem reeds ontstaan het met die wyse waarop die voorganger van die WTO, die GATTT, die rol aangeneem het as reguleerder van globale handel. Die GATT moes skielik die verantwoordelikhede oorneem wat bedoel was vir 'n ander instelling, die ITO, nadat laasgenoemde nie soos beplan tot stand gekom het nie. Die onbeplande wyse waarop die GATT gedwing is om 'n rol te vervul waarvoor dit nie ontwerp was nie, het onvermydelik gebreke in die uitvoering van sy verpligtinge tot gevolg gehad. Hierdie gebreke sluit die gebreke in die GATT se besluitnemingsproses in. In die proefskrif is bevind dat die GATT-besluitnemingsproses ontwikkel het gedurende 'n tydperk waar die deelnemers aan die multilaterale handelstelsel amper in geheel Westerse ontwikkelde lande was en waar die meeste ontwikkelende lande nog onder koloniale beheer was. Dit het tot gevolg gehad dat die proses feitelik geen aandag aan die bekommernisse of behoeftes van ontwikkelende lande gegee het nie. Terselfde tyd, het die proses gebrekkig gegaan aan deursigtigheid en aanspreeklikheid wat dit selfs nog moeiliker vir ontwikkelende lande gemaak het. In die proefskrif word geargumenteer dat, alhoewel een van die vernaamste redes wat gebied word vir die totstandkoming van die WTO in 1994, die reg stel van die gebreke van die GATT was, die WTO in werklikheid bloot net die gebreke geërf het. Hierdie gebreke van die GATT-besluitnemingsproses sluit in dat ontwikkelende lande die stelsel as benadelend tot hul belange beskou. Voorbeelde sluit in die voortgesette gebruik van die sogenaamde "green room" vergaderings waar die belangrikste besluite in die afwesigheid van die ontwikkelende lande geneem word, sowel as die oppervlakkige wyse waarop gepoog is om struikelblokke in die weg van effektiewe deelname deur ontwikkelende lande aan die handelsgeskilbeslegtingsmeganismes uit die weg te ruim. Teen hierdie agtergrond van 'n instelling wat die gebreke van die GATT oorgeneem het, word die WTO en die omstandighede waarbinne die instelling homself tans bevind, geanaliseer. Spesifieke aandag word gegee aan die prosedures vir besluitneming in die dag-tot-dag werksaamhede van die WTO en in die geskilbeslegtingsmeganisme. Daar word in die proefskrif geargumenteer dat die WTO se onvermoë om beslis en effektief met die vrese van die meeste van sy lede sedert sy totstandkoming te handel, bygedra het tot groter frustrasie by die ontwikkelende lande. Hierdie gebrek aan optrede dra by tot die moontlikheid dat die WTO as organisasie onnodog mag word as gevolg daarvan dat baie van sy lede die organisasie mag verlaat omdat hulle nie meer oortuig is dat die WTO hulle belange dien nie. Daar word ook in die proefskrif opgemerk dat daar reeds 'n ernstige bedreiging vir die WTO bestaan soos bewys word deur die onlangse reeks ontwrigtings van die vergaderings van die WTO. Die aandag word terselfde tyd geplaas op ontwikkelende lande en wat hulle aan hul posisie binne die WTO behoort te doen. Daar word voortdurend in die proefskrif besondere aandag gegee aan die wyse waarop die spesifieke probleme van die ontwikkelende lande Suid-Afrika beïnvloed het en hoe Suid-Afrika daarop gereageer het. 'n Vergelyking word getref tussen die besluitnemingsproses van die WTO en ander internasionale organisasies ten einde vas te stel welke lesse die WTO van hierdie ander instellings kan leer. Klem word nie net geplaas op die spesifieke wyses van besluitneming wat deur hierdie organisasiues aangeneem is nie, maar ook op die buigsame wyse waarop sommige van hierdie instellings verskeie metodes aanwend om te verseker dat al hul lede 'n sê in hul besluite het en dat al hul lede billik verteenwoordig is die besluitneming. Ten slotte word aanbevelings vir die pad vorentoe gemaak.
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Keywords
Foreign trade regulations -- Developing countries, International trade -- Developing countries, Developing countries -- Foreign economic relations, World Trade Organisation, General agreement on tariffs and trade, Multilateral trading system, Transparency, Accountability, Consensus, Dispute settlement system, Developing countries, Developed countries, South Africa, Trade negotiations, Thesis (LL.D. (Mercantile Law))--University of the Free State, 2010
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