Die langtermyndoeltreffendheid van 'n universiteitsoorbruggingsprogram

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Date
1998-11
Authors
Van Rooyen, Eleonora
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Presently South Africa is involved in a process of radical transformation aimed at the upliftment of the black population in all domains, especially education. The development of a country in respect of economic prosperity, technological progressiveness and educational excellence depends on its youth. Since the demise of apartheid, the focus therefore centered specifically on the educational deficiencies of black or high-risk students. In order to ensure equal opportunities for tertiary education to all disadvantaged students, ways were investigated to close the gap between the deprived backgrounds of students on the one hand and academic expectations in the tertiary environment on the other. As limited assistance by means of day courses or summer programmes failed to eliminate the cognitive and affective components which hampered the academic self-actualisation of disadvantaged students overseas, more structured interventions were systematically introduced in the form of academic support programmes and bridging courses. Pre-tertiary bridging courses that provide students, who have the necessary potential but have an academic history barring them from attending traditionally white universities, with the opportunity for further study, are a relatively recent development in South Africa. As a way of preparing black students for tertiary admission and facilitating their transition from the secondary to tertiary institution, the Career Preparation Programme (CPP) has been in operation at the University of the Orange Free State since 1993. Because of costs associated with these programmes, as well as the demand for a trained work force in the technological professions, it is important that programmes (including the CPP) be effective in benefitting students academically. As the success of these programmes is measured in terms of students' increased academic performance, lower drop-out rates, and an increase in the proportion of highly qualified graduates, these programmes should be effective in the long term. Few programmes have been studied locally, especially as far as their long-term effectiveness is concerned. Furthermore, studies on the long-term effectiveness of these programmes (e.g. the PBS at the University of the Witwatersrand), have been based on a single degree course only. In view of the absence of past research on the long-term effectiveness of the CPP, the present study particularly focuses on this aspect. This was done by comparing various indices of performance of the 1993 intake of CPP students with the corresponding indices of a control group of black students who were directly admitted to the UOFS in 1994, after differences in previous academic performance, as reflected in their Swedish Scale Points, were controlled for statistically. The performance indices used, were inter alia the average curriculum percentage marks of the students and the number of credits acquired (in the respective years of study as well as cumulatively), as well as their drop-out and graduation rates. Although the CPP students were put in an advantage in that the cumulative of their transitional year and first tertiary year was compared to the first-year performance of the control group, the results suggested that in respect of all operalisations of academic success, the CPP students were less successful than the control group. Although a positive relationship (r :::;0,40) has been found between the CPP students' Swedish Scale Points and their first-year performance, the corresponding effect size was rather low (f ² =0,07) and no other significant relationship was found between these variables. In spite of limitations in this study, it would appear that the particular intake of CPP students were unable to cope with academic demands, either as a result of an inability to adapt or because of defective skills, resulting in the CPP being ineffective in ensuring the long-term academic success of high-risk students. Several students, however, who otherwise would not have been admitted to the UOFS, have already graduated. As the CPP is also revised annually, and the programme has possibly been improved in the meantime, these results cannot necessarily be generalised to the CPP intakes of other years. These results imply that continued academic support in the form of inter alia retention programmes should be considered in order to ensure permanent academic success for high-risk students.
Afrikaans: Suid-Afrika is vandag in 'n radikale transformasieproses wat ten doel het om op alle terreine van die samelewing, veralop die opvoedkundige terrein, die gebrekkige agtergrond van die swart bevolking op te hef. Omdat die boustene vir die ontwikkeling van 'n ekonomies welvarende, tegnologies vooruitstrewende en opvoedkundig uitmuntende land in sy jeug gesetel is, is daar sedert die afskaffing van apartheid spesifiek op die opvoedkundige agterstand van die swart of hoërisikostudente gefokus. Om gelyke geleenthede tot tersiêre opleiding aan alle benadeelde studente te verseker, is maniere ondersoek om die gaping tussen hul gedepriveerde agtergronde en die akademiese vereistes van universiteite te oorbrug. Omdat kortstondige bystand in die vorm van dagkursusse of vakansieprogramme in die buiteland nie die kognitiewe en affektiewe remminge op gedepriveerde studente se akademiese selfaktualisering kon ophef nie, is daar stelselmatig na meer gestruktureerde ingrepe in die vorm van akademiese ondersteuningsprogramme en oorbruggingsprogramme oorgeskakel. Pre-tersiêre oorbruggingsprogramme om studente wat oor die nodige potensiaal beskik, maar weens hul besondere akademiese geskiedenis nie andersins tot die tradisioneel wit universiteite toegelaat sou word nie, die geleentheid tot voortgesette opleiding te bied, is 'n relatief onlangse instelling in Suid-Afrika. Aan die UOVS, is die Career Preparation Programme sedert 1993 in werking om as gereedmakings- en toelatingsmedium swart studente se oorgang vanaf die sekondêre na die tersiêre instansie te vergemaklik. Weens die onkoste wat met dié programme gepaard gaan, asook die aanvraag na opgeleide arbeidskrag in die tegnologiese beroepe, is dit noodsaaklik dat die programme (die CPP inkluis) dermate doeltreffend is dat die studente akademies daarby baat kan vind. Die programme moet veralop die lang termyn doeltreffend wees, omdat die sukses daarvan aan die akademiese meriete van die studente in die vorm van verhoogde akademiese prestasie, verminderde uitvalsyfers, asook 'n verhoging in die proporsie gekwalifiseerde graduandi gemeet word. Plaaslike navorsing oor veral die langtermyndoeltreffendheid van sulke programme, is skaars. Daarby is navorsing wat weloor die langtermyndoeltreffendheid van programme gedoen is (bv. die PBS aan die Universiteit van die Witwatersrand), slegs op 'n enkele graadrigting gebaseer. Aangesien geen navorsing tot op hede oor die langtermyndoeltreffendheid van die CPP gedoen is nie, is hierdie ondersoek juis op hierdie aspek toegespits. Dis gedoen deur verskeie prestasie-indekse van die 1993-inname van CPP-studente met die ooreenstemmende indekse by 'n kontrolegroep van swart studente wat in 1994 direk tot die UOVS toegelaat is, te vergelyk ná die verskille tussen die twee groepe se vorige prestasie (hul SF-punte) statisties in berekening gebring is. Die prestasieindekse wat aangewend is, was onder meer sowel die studente se gemiddelde kurrikulumpersentasiepunte as die getal verworwe krediete (in die afsonderlike studiejare, asook die kumulatief van alle studiejare), én hul studiestakings- en gradueringskoers. Hoewel die CPP-studente 'n bililiker kans tot sukses gegun is deur die kumulatief van hul oorbruggingsjaar en eerste universiteitsjaar met die kontrolegroep se eerstejaar te vergelyk, suggereer die resultate dat die CPP ten opsigte van alle operasionaliserings van akademiese prestasie, swakker as die kontrolegroep gevaar het. Hoewel 'n positiewe verband (r = 0,40) tussen die CPP-studente se SF-punte en hul eerstejaarprestasie aangetoon is, was die effek daarvan maar laag (f ² = 0,07) en is geen ander statisties beduidende verband tussen dié twee veranderlikes gevind nie Ten spyte van die beperkings in die ondersoek, lyk dit dus asof die betrokke inname van CPP-studente óf weens swak aanpassing óf gebrekkige vaardighede nie die akademiese eise wat die universiteit stel, kan hanteer nie, en die CPP dus nie doeltreffend was om die hoërisikostudente se akademiese sukses op die lang termyn te verseker nie. Tog het verskeie studente wat andersins nie tot die UOVS toegelaat sou word nie, reeds gegradueer. Omdat die CPP ook jaarliks hersien word en die program intussen moontlik merkbaar verbeter is, kan die resultate nie noodwendig na CPP-studente van ander jaarinnames veralgemeen word nie. Hierdie resultate impliseer dat voortgesette akademiese ondersteuning in die vorm van onder meer retensieprogramme oorweeg moet word om blywende akademiese sukses vir hoërisikostudente te verseker.
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Keywords
College student development programs, Education, Higher -- South Africa, Dissertation (M.Sc. (Psyschology))--University of the Free State, 1998
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