A proposed model for theatre-for-development in South Africa: a critical study

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Date
1998-11
Authors
De Beer, Welma
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: The research for this dissertation was undertaken against the backdrop of prevailing conditions in South Africa. References were made to the socio-political and economic context of post-apartheid South Africa. The study set out to establish reasons why theatre-for-development is not used in the South African context and to formulate an integrated model for its use that is derived from successful international examples and methodologies. The background to development was provided by referring to different development paradigms: the modernisation paradigm, Marxism and neo-Marxism, and nee-populism, the basic needs approach, eco-development and human scale development as alternative methods for development. A definition of the concept 'development' was provided and the principles and concerns of development were pointed out. A conceptual framework of 'culture' was provided with specific reference to the relationships between culture, ritual and tradition. The aims and uses of theatre were pointed out and reasons were provided for its use in educational and development contexts. The history of theatre-for-development was provided and the use of theatre for education and development was elaborated on by referring to the work of Augusto BoaI. His concept of 'theatre of the oppressed' is of importance, and includes forum, invisible, image, culture, newspaper and legislative theatre. Examples were provided of the use of theatre in educational and development contexts in countries of the developing world. Specific characteristics of these theatre initiatives were identified that directly contributed to the formulation of the proposed model. Theatre-for-development was seen as a multidimensional phenomenon. The context in which creation takes place was considered in terms of the current socio-political context in South Africa, referring to basic needs; current problems in training and education; and attempts at reconstruction and development. The informal economic and the unofficial cultural contexts were considered. The historical legacies of the past and their impact on cultural development were pointed out. The collective and improvisational manner in which theatre-far-development is created and the functioning of its processes in practice were explained. The aims and functions of theatre-far-development were identified as functionality; analysis and criticism; mobilisation and conscientisation; inclusivity; educational; empowerment; and the creation of a sense of community. The characteristics of performances that are created as part of theatre-for-development processes were provided. Reference was made to theatre-for-development's multilingualism, the stereotypical characterisation that is often employed in performances, the collective and plurimedial style that is applied, as well as the use of oral and indigenous performance forms. The localised, unconventional and informal context within which theatre-fordevelopment takes place, was explained as one of its strengths. Audience involvement was typified as an aspect of theatre-far-development, and active involvement was contrasted to passive appreciation, and affective reaction to cognitive reaction. The effects of criticism and censorship were considered with specific reference to conventional canonised criticism and contextual criticism. In this regard, the recipient of the message was focused on by juxtaposing process against outcome orientation, and performance against literary orientation. The immediacy with which recipients evaluate the performance and the democratic collective as part of the process of appraisal were also touched upon. The dimensions of theatrefor- development were also considered in the light of the necessity to formulate effective criteria to measure the outcomes of theatre-for-development. The dissertation provided a practical model for the use of theatre-far-development by focusing on the places where development occurs, and the contribution of district-based fieldworkers as facilitators for development projects and practitioners of theatre-far-development. A methodology for the application of theatre-far-development techniques was proposed and potential problems in the implementation of such a model were identified. Concluding remarks included a summary of the research findings, conclusions drawn from the information contained in the dissertation, as well as the identification of areas for future research.
Afrikaans: Die navorsing vir hierdie verhandeling is gedoen teen die agtergrond van die heersende omstandighede in Suid-Afrika. Verwysings is gemaak na die sosiopolitiese en ekonomiese kontekste in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika. Die studie was daarop gemik om redes te vind waarom teater-vir-ontwikkeling nie in die Suid- Afrikaanse konteks aangewend word nie en om 'n geïntegreerde model vir die gebruik van hierdie teatervorm daar te stel wat van suksevolle internasionale voorbeelde en metodologieë afgelei is. Die agtergrond tot ontwikkeling is verskaf deur verwysings na verskillende ontwikkelingsparadigmas: die moderniseringsparadigma, Marxisme en neo- Marxisme, en neo-populisme, wat die basiese behoefte-benadering, ekoontwikkeling en menslike skaalontwikkeling as alternatiewe metodes vir ontwikkeling insluit. Die konsep 'ontwikkeling' is gedefinieer en die beginsels en fokuspunte van ontwikkeling is aangedui. 'n Konseptueie raamwerk is vir kultuur verskaf met spesifieke verwysing na die verhouding tussen kultuur, ritueel en tradisie. Die doelwitte en gebruike van teater is verduidelik en redes vir die gebruik daarvan in opvoedkundige en ontwikkelingskontekste is verskaf. Die geskiedenis van teater-vir-ontwikkeling is kortliks beskryf en die gebruik van teater vir opvoeding en ontwikkeling is aan die hand van die werk van Augusto Boal geskets. Sy konsep van teater vir die onderdruktes is hier van belang wat forum-, onsigbare-, beeld-, kultuur-, koerant- en wetgewende teater insluit. Die aard van hierdie teatervorme is verduidelik. Voorbeelde van die gebruik van teater in opvoedkundige en ontwikkelingskontekste in ontwikkelende lande van die wêreld is gegee. Spesifieke karaktereienskappe van hierdie teaterinisiatiewe is geïdentifiseer wat direk bygedra het tot die formulering van die voorgestelde model. Teater-vir-ontwikkeling word gesien as 'n multidimensionele verskynsel. Die omgewing waarin skepping plaasvind, is ondersoek met verwysing na die huidige sosio-politiese konteks in Suid-Afrika ten opsigte van basies behoeftes; probleme met opleiding en opvoeding; en pogings tot rekonstruksie en ontwikkeling. Die informele ekonomiese en die nie-amptelike kulturele kontekste is in ag geneem. Die historiese erfenisse van die verlede en hulle impak op kultuurontwikkeling is aangedui. Die kollektiewe en improviserende wyse waarop teater-vir-ontwikkeling geskep word en die funksionering van sy prosesse in die praktyk is ook ondersoek. Die doelwitte en funksies van teater-vir-ontwikkeling is aangedui as funksionaliteit; analise en kritiek; mobilisering en bewusmaking; inklusiwiteit; opvoedkundig; bemagtiging; en die skep van 'n gemeenskapgevoel. Die kenmerke van opvoerings wat as deel van teater-vir-ontwikkelingsprosesse geskep word is ook uitgewys. In dié verband is verwys na multitaligheid, die stereotipiese karakterisering wat dikwels aangewend word, die kollektiewe styl en gebruik van meervoudige media, asook die gebruik van mondelingse en inheemse teatervorme . Die gelokaliseerde, onkonvensionele en informele konteks waarin teater-virontwikkeling plaasvind is as een van die verskynsel se sterk eienskappe aangedui. Gehoorbetrokkenheid is getipeer as 'n aspek van teater-vir-ontwikkeling, en aktiewe betrokkenheid is teenoor passiewe waardering gestel, terwyl affektiewe reaksie teenoor kognitiewe reaksie gestel is. Die uitwerking van kritiek en sensorskap is ondersoek met spesifieke verwysing na konvensionele gekanoniseerde kritiek en kontekstuele kritiek. In hierdie verband is daar gefokus op die ontvanger van die boodskap deur proses teen gevolg te kontrasteer en 'n opvoeringsgerigtheid teenoor 'n literêre gerigtheid. Die onmiddellike evaluering van die opvoering deur die ontvangers en die demokratiese kollektief as deel van die proses van beoordeling is aangedui. Die dlrnenstes t van teater-vir-ontwikkeling is ook ondersoek in die lig van die noodsaaklikheid om effektiewe kriteria vir die meting van die gevolge van hierdie teatervorm te formuleer. Die verhandeling het 'n praktiese model vir die gebruik van teater-vir-ontwikkeling voorgestel deur te fokus op die plekke waar ontwikkeling plaasvind, die bydrae van distriksveldwerkers as fasiliteerders van ontwikkelingsprojekte en teeter-vir ontwikkelingspraktisyns. 'n Metodologie vir die toepassing van teater-virontwikkelingstegnieke is voorgestel en potensiële probleme met die toepassing van so 'n model is geïdentifiseer. Gevolgtrekkings het 'n opsomming van die navorsingsbevindings, gevolgtrekkings gebaseer op die inligting in die verhandeling, en die identifisering van onderwerpe vir verdere navorsing ingesluit.
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Theater and society -- South Africa, Communication in community development -- South Africa, Community development -- South Africa, Dissertation (M.A. (Drama and Theatre Arts))--University of the Free State, 1998
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