Towards constitutionalisation of Lesotho’s private law through horizontal application of the Bill of Rights and judicial subsidiarity

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Date
2016-02
Authors
Maqakachane, Tekane Sophoniah
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: The Constitution of Lesotho is a product of the two-year deliberative discussions between 1990 and 1992. With this relatively transformative constitutional document, Lesotho sought to break away from the harsh consequences of a century-long British colonial imperialism and domination, as well as more than two decades of authoritarian and military rule. The latter period was characterised by political intolerance, suspension of constitutions, insurgencies, sporadic violence and brutality, the introduction of draconian legislation and denial and violations of basic human rights. The Constitution therefore provided for the twin transformative tools of the horizontal application of the Bill of Rights and the decentralised constitutional review as the cradle for the constitutionalisation project that was to be carried out in the new constitutional era. The horizontal application of the Bill of Rights means that every private actor is entitled to rely on the Bill of Rights in his or her private law disputes with another private actor. The doctrine further lays down constitutional duties for the courts not only to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of private actors, but also not to infringe upon those rights and freedoms. On the other hand, the decentralised constitutional review is looked at through the principle of subsidiarity. This is a structural principle that not only fragments and organises power and authority between the superordinate and the subordinate authorities that function in the same hierarchical order; the principle further imposes duties on the superordinate authority to support and assist the subordinate authority where the latter cannot discharge its function effectively and efficiently. Looking at the structure of the Constitution, the constitutional powers as well as the functional relationship between the High Court and the subordinate courts in Lesotho (Magistrate Courts, Central and Local Courts, Judicial Commissioner’s Court and specific Tribunals with judicial power), the constitutional review framework of Lesotho is decentralised. It is structured in the manner of the American model of constitutional review and not the European prototype, which concentrates the constitutional review powers in the specialised court, the Constitutional Court, thus excluding the ordinary courts from the exercise of constitutional jurisdiction. Consequently, all subordinate courts in Lesotho have constitutional jurisdiction to control the constitutionality of private law and conduct as well as to develop common law and customary law to be in conformity with the Constitution. The effect – the horizontal effect – would be the constitutionalisation of all private law in Lesotho and the attainment of constitutional justice. Notwithstanding this, the constitutional review practice of the courts in Lesotho is inconsistent with the above constitutional review framework. Not only have the subordinate courts remained dormant in the exercise of constitutional jurisdiction; through the trilogy of cases: Morienyane, Chief Justice and Mota, constitutional jurisdiction of the High Court and the subordinate courts has been excised and withered. Consequently, both the High Court and the subordinate courts have been excluded from exercising constitutional jurisdiction, with the High Court being able to do so only in direct, and not indirect, constitutional review proceedings. In the final analysis, the constitutional review has taken up the Continental model and the Bill of Rights is now verticalised. While a number of factors account for these trajectories, the constitutional review practice has not only affected the general administration of justice but also banished the overwhelming majority of the people of Lesotho to the margins of constitutional justice as a result that private law is shielded from the influence of the Bill of Rights. This study seeks to calibrate the constitutional review practice with the constitutional review framework.
Afrikaans: Die Grondwet van Lesotho is ’n produk van die tweejaarlange beraadslagende gesprekke tussen 1990 en 1992. Lesotho het daarna gestreef om met hierdie relatief transformerende konstitusionele dokument weg te breek van die fel gevolge van die eeuelange Britse koloniale imperialisme en oorheersing, asook meer as twee dekades van outoritêre en militêre oorheersing. Laasgenoemde periode is gekenmerk deur politieke onverdraagsaamheid, die opskorting van grondwette, insurgensies, sporadiese geweld en brutaliteit, die instel van drakoniese wetgewing en die ontkenning en skending van basiese menseregte. Die Grondwet het daarom voorsiening gemaak vir die tweeledige transformerende hulpmiddels van die horisontale toepassing van die Handves van Regte en die gedesentraliseerde konstitusionele oorsig as die basis vir die konstitusionaliseringsprojek wat in die nuwe konstitusionele era uitgevoer moes word. Die horisontale toepassing van die Handves van Regte beteken dat elke private rolspeler daarop geregtig is om op die Handves van Regte in sy of haar privaatregtelike dispuut met ’n ander private rolspeler staat te maak. Die leerstelling bepaal verder konstitusionele pligte vir die howe, nie net om die fundamentele regte en vryhede van private rolspelers te beskerm nie, maar ook om nie inbreuk te maak op daardie regte en vryhede nie. Aan die ander kant word daar by wyse van die beginsel van subsidiariteit gekyk na die gedesentraliseerde konstitusionele hersiening. Dit is ’n strukturele beginsel wat nie alleen mag en gesag tussen die meerdere en die ondergeskikte gesag in dieselfde hiërargiese orde fragmenteer en organiseer nie. Die beginsel ken verder pligte aan die meerdere gesag toe om die ondergeskikte gesag te ondersteun en behulpsaam te wees, waar laasgenoemde nie sy funksie effektief kan verrig nie. Wanneer daar gekyk word na die struktuur van die Grondwet, is dit duidelik dat die konstitusionele hersieningsraamwerk van Lesotho gedesentraliseer is wat betref die konstitusionele magte en die funksionele verhouding tussen die Hoë Hof en die ondergeskikte howe in Lesotho (landdroshowe, sentrale en plaaslike howe, die Geregtelike Kommissarishof en spesifieke tribunale met regterlike mag). Dit is gestruktureer volgens die Amerikaanse model van konstitusionele hersiening en nie die Europese prototipe nie, wat die konstitusionele hersieningsmagte in die gespesialiseerde hof – die Grondwetlike Hof – konsentreer, en daardeur gevolglik die gewone howe uitsluit uit die beoefening van konstitusionele jurisdiksie. Gevolglik het alle ondergeskikte howe in Lesotho konstitusionele jurisdiksie om die grondwetlikheid van die privaatreg te beheer, asook om die gemenereg en gewoontereg te ontwikkel in ooreenstemming met die Grondwet. Die effek – die horisontale effek – sal die konstitusionalisering van alle privaatreg in Lesotho en die bereiking van konstitusionele geregtigheid wees. In weerwil hiervan is die konstitusionele hersieningspraktyk van howe in Lesotho nie deurgaans in ooreenstemming met bogenoemde konstitusionele hersieningsraamwerk nie. Nie alleen het die ondergeskikte howe agterweë gebly wat betref die uitoefening van konstitusionele jurisdiksie nie; deur die trilogie van sake: Morienyane, Chief Justice en Mota, is die konstitusionele jurisdiksie van die Hoë Hof en die ondergeskikte howe geskrap en afgewater. Gevolglik is sowel die Hoë Hof as die ondergeskikte howe uitgesluit uit die uitoefening van konstitusionele jurisdiksie, met die Hoë Hof slegs in staat om dit te doen in direkte, maar nie indirekte nie, konstitusionele hersieningsverrigtinge. In die finale ontleding het die konstitusionele hersiening die Kontinentale model aanvaar en die Handves van Regte is nou gevertikaliseer. Alhoewel ’n aantal faktore hierdie trajek verklaar, het die konstitusionele hersieningspraktyk nie alleen die algemene administrasie van die reg geraak nie, maar is die oorweldigende meerderheid van die mense van Lesotho ook gemarginaliseer wat konstitusionele reg betref, met die gevolg dat privaatreg afgeskerm word van die invloed van die Handves van Regte. Hierdie studie strewe daarna om die konstitusionele hersieningspraktyk met die konstitusionele hersieningsraamwerk te kalibreer.
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Keywords
Bill of Rights, Constitution of Lesotho, Constitutionalisation, Constitutional justice, Constitutional review practice, Decentralised constitutional review, Horizontality, Horizontal effect, Public-private distinction, Subsidiarity, Dissertation (LL.M. (Public Law))--University of the Free State, 2016
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