The socio-onomastic significance of American cattle brands: a Montana case study

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Date
2015-11
Authors
Lombard, Carol Gaye
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University of the Free State
Abstract
English: For more than two centuries, cattle ranchers in Montana and other American states such as Texas and Wyoming have used hot iron brands as the primary means of identifying, tracking and proving ownership of their livestock. Despite modern innovations such as the development and use of radio-frequency ear tags (RFID), hot iron brands remain the preferred means of animal identification in the Western regions of the United States. One of the leading arguments put forward in this thesis is that the system of American cattle brands is essentially a linguistic one with a prominent onomastic component. This assumption is based on the fact that cattle brands are compound entities comprising symbols (images) as well as corresponding spoken and written forms which function as proper names. In addition to possessing onomastic features of their own, cattle brands display a range of associations with other types of names. This network of onomastic relationships is socially-constructed and therefore reflects underlying social meanings. It is therefore posited that although cattle brand names do not possess lexical or linguistic meaning, they acquire various dimensions of meaning on the basis of their associations with different elements in their socio-cultural surrounds. The overall goal of this study is to ascertain and explain the social and cultural significance of the contextual meaning of cattle brands and to determine the extent to which names and naming strategies play a role in its establishment. Since this thesis is primarily concerned with exploring the relationship between the onomastic features of cattle brands and their socio-cultural meanings, it is presented as a study in socio-onomastics. The research has identified two prominent onomastic practices which play a powerful role in establishing the contextual or associative meanings of cattle brands. The first process entails the use of various types of names (including parts of names) as the basis for the visual designs of cattle brand symbols, whilst in the second approach names of cattle brands are adopted as other kinds of names. The study indicates that cattle brand (language) users purposefully employ these naming strategies to create associations between cattle brands and various elements in their socio-cultural environment. It is contended that these connections not only ascribe meaning to cattle brands but also indicate how deeply cattle brands are embedded within their socio-cultural surrounds. The study has shown, for instance, how the narratives which become attached to cattle brands by virtue of onomastic associations trigger memories of people, places and events that are deemed important in the lives of the individuals, families and groups of people who are connected to the brands. It is argued that on the basis of these connections, cattle brands become infused with diverse aspects of socio-cultural meaning which are then reflected and projected back into their surroundings during the course of everyday life. This thesis represents the first scholarly endeavour to examine the socio-cultural meanings of American cattle brands from an onomastic perspective. Through its emphasis on accounting for social and cultural influences in exploring the meanings and functions of cattle brand names, the study makes an original contribution to the field of socio-onomastics and illustrates the value of the approach in research which aims to arrive at socially and culturally-relevant interpretations of onomastic meaning. Furthermore, the intersection of the present work with research in the fields of cultural heritage, cultural identity and social semiotics emphasises the interdisciplinary nature of onomastics research and draws attention to the fact that names are important textual elements in diverse social and cultural contexts.
Afrikaans: Vir meer as twee eeue het beesboere in Montana en ander Amerikaanse state soos Texas en Wyoming warm brandysters gebruik as die primêre wyse om hulle lewendehawe te identifiseer, op te spoor en eienaarskap te bewys. Ten spyte van moderne innoverings soos die ontwikkeling van en gebruik van radiofrekwensie-oorplaatjies (RFID), bly warm brandysters die voorkeurmetode om diere in die westelike streke van die Verenigde State te identifiseer. Een van die vernaamste argumente wat in hierdie tesis aangevoer word, is dat die stelsel van Amerikaanse beesbrandmerke in wese ’n linguistiese stelsel is met ’n prominente onomastiese komponent. Hierdie aanname word gebaseer op die feit dat beesbrandmerke saamgestelde entiteite is wat uit simbole (figure) sowel as ooreenstemmende gesproke en geskrewe vorms bestaan, wat as eiename funksioneer. Afgesien daarvan dat beesbrandmerke oor onomastiese kenmerke van hul eie beskik, vertoon hulle ook ’n reeks assosiasies met ander tipes name. Hierdie netwerk van onomastiese verhouding is sosiaal gekonstrueer en weerspieël gevolglik onderliggende sosiale betekenisse. Daarom word gepostuleer dat, alhoewel name van beesbrandmerke nie leksikale of linguistiese betekenis het nie, dit verskeie dimensies van betekenis verwerf op grond van hulle assosiasie met verskillende elemente binne hulle sosio-kulturele omgewing. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie is om die sosiale en kulturele betekenis van die kontekstuele betekenis van beesbrandmerke te bepaal en te verduidelik, asook om die mate te bepaal waartoe name en benoemingstrategieë ’n rol in die bepaling daarvan speel. Aangesien hierdie studie hoofsaaklik gemoeid is met ’n ondersoek van die verhouding tussen die onomastiese kenmerke van beesbrandmerke en hulle sosio-kulturele betekenisse, word dit as ’n studie in sosio-onomastiek aangebied. Die navorsing het twee prominente onomastiese praktyke geïdentifiseer wat ’n belangrike rol speel in die bepaling van die kontekstuele of assosiatiewe betekenis van beesbrandmerke. Die eerste proses behels die gebruik van verskeie soorte name (insluitende dele van name) as die basis vir die visuele ontwerp van beesbrandmerk-simbole, terwyl in die tweede benadering die name van beesbrandmerke gebruik word in die skepping van ander tipe name. Die studie dui aan dat gebruikers van beesbrandmerke (of -taal) doelbewus hierdie benoemingstrategieë gebruik om verbintenisse tussen beesbrandmerke en verskeie elemente binne hulle sosiokulturele omgewing te skep. Daar word aangevoer dat hierdie skakels nie alleen betekenis aan beesbrandmerke verleen nie, maar ook aandui hoe diepgaande beesbrandmerke binne hulle sosio-kulturele omgewing ingebed is. Die studie toon byvoorbeeld aan hoe die narratiewe wat met beesbrandmerke verbind word as gevolg van onomastiese assosiasie herinneringe van mense, plekke en gebeure ontlok, wat van groot belang beskou word in die lewens van die individue, gesinne en groepe persone wat ’n verbintenis met die brandmerke het. Daar word geargumenteer dat, gebaseer op hierdie verbintenisse, beesbrandmerke deurdrenk geraak het met diverse aspekte van sosio-kulturele betekenis, wat dan weerspieël word en teruggekaats word in hulle omgewings in die loop van die daaglikse lewe. Hierdie tesis is die eerste akademiese poging om die sosio-kulturele betekenis van Amerikaanse beesbrandmerke vanuit ’n onomastiese perspektief te ondersoek. Deur die beklemtoning hiervan ten einde rekenskap te gee van sosiale en kulturele invloede in die ondersoek van die betekenisse en funksie van die name van beesbrandmerke, lewer die studie ’n oorspronklike bydrae tot die terrein van die sosio-onomastiek en illustreer dit die waarde van die benadering in navorsing wat daarna strewe om sosiaal- en kultureel-relevante interpretasies van onomastiese betekenis te bereik. Die snypunt van die huidige werk met navorsing oor kulturele erfenis, kulturele identiteit en sosiale semiotiek beklemtoon die interdissiplinêre aard van onomastiek-navorsing en dui aan dat name belangrike tekstuele elemente in diverse sosiale en kulturele kontekste is.
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Keywords
Associative meaning, Cattle brands, Cultural heritage, Cultural identity, Local knowledge, Names in cultural context, Onomastics, Socio-onomastics, Social semiotics, Thesis (Ph.D. (Linguistics and Language Practice))--University of Free State, 2015
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