Evaluation of natural preservatives for use in a traditional South African sausage

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Date
2010-11
Authors
Mathenjwa, Simphiwe Amanda
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Boerewors is a popular dish in South Africa, and it is classified as a ground meat product. It is a fresh sausage product and the quality of the sausage is affected by the growth of microorganisms and oxidation spoilage. Boerewors is currently preserved with 450 mg/kg sulphur dioxide (SO2). The SO2 has antimicrobial, antioxidant and sensory properties in the boerewors but SO2 may also have negative effects on consumer health. Natural preservatives have become important in the food industry because consumers are moving away from consuming chemically preserved food. Rosemary extract is a natural preservative that has been shown to have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Another natural preservative that has been studied is chitosan which is a deacetylated form of chitin derived from the shell of crabs and shrimps and the cell wall of fungi and also has been shown to have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. One of the aims of the study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of boerewors produced in different regions of Bloemfontein and comparing the quality of boerewors from small butcheries with supermarkets. The boerewors of 50% of the butcheries in Bloemfontein were subjected to microbial evaluation by using aerobic plate counts (APC), psychrotolerant plate counts (PPC), Enterobacteriaceae counts, coliform counts, yeasts and moulds counts and determination of the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. No Staph. aureus was found in any of the boerewors samples. The results of this study demonstrated that the microbial quality of boerewors sold in the different regions of Bloemfontein retail outlets did not differ significantly between the regions. The incidence of E. coli in the central region may indicate that the socio-economic status has an effect on the quality, though the socio-economic status was not investigated in this study. The significantly high coliform counts in boerewors purchased from the butcher shops indicate that poor hygienic conditions exist in butcher shops compared to the supermarkets. That may be related to staff being trained in hygienic practices in the corporate supermarket environment, while no training or very little training takes place in butcher shops. The second aim was to determine the effectiveness of rosemary extract, chitosan and fungi) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) as a conventional preservative, applied individually and in combination with each other, on improving the quality of boerewors. Eight boerewors treatments were formulated as follows: control (Con), 450 mg/kg SO2 (S), 260 mg/kg rosemary extract (Ros), 10 g/kg chitosan (Chi), 260 mg/kg rosemary extract + 100 mg/kg SO2 (Ros+S), 10 g/kg chitosan +100 mg/kg SO2 (Chi+S), 260 mg/kg rosemary extract + 10 g/kg chitosan (Ros+Chi) and 260 mg/kg Rosemary extract + 10 g/kg Chitosan + 100 mg/kg SO2 (Ros+Chi+S). Water activity (aw), microbial properties, colour stability, lipid stability and sensory analysis were conducted on the different sausage treatments. There were no significant differences between the aw of the different treatments. Chitosan and chitosan in combination with other preservative types had a significant effect (p<0.001) on reducing the total bacterial counts, coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae counts which were comparable to the results of the SO2 treatment. Chitosan, however, had a better effect on decreasing yeasts and moulds counts than SO2. Chitosan also showed good colour properties which were comparable to that of the 450 mg/kg SO2 preserved sausage. Rosemary extract showed a comparable lipid stability to those of the S treatment and it showed significantly (p<0.001) lower TBARS values when compared to the Chi treatment. The Ros treatment had a positive effect on the sensory taste of the sausages when compared to the Chi treatment, but the S treatment was still preferred by the sensory panel. The reduced level of 100 mg/kg SO2 showed good synergistic effects in combination with chitosan as antimicrobial, colour stabilizer and in combination with rosemary as antioxidant and improving the sensory score of the sausages.
Afrikaans: Boerewors is ‘n gewilde dis in Suid-Afrika wat as ‘n gemaalde vleisproduk geklassifiseer word. Dit is ‘n vars worsproduk en die kwaliteit van die wors word beïnvloed deur die groei van mikroörganismes en oksidasie-bederf. Boerewors word huidig met 450 mg/kg swaeldioksied (SO2) gepreserveer. Die SO2 het antimikrobiese, anti-oksidant en sensoriese eienskappe in die boerewors maar SO2 kan ook ‘n negatiewe effek op die verbruiker se gesondheid hê. Natuurlike preserveermiddels het belangrik geword in die voedselindustrie omdat verbruikers begin wegbeweeg van die inname van chemies-gepreserveerde voedsel. Roosmarynekstrak is ‘n natuurlike preserveermiddel wat antimikrobiese en anti-oksidant eienskappe vertoon. ‘n Ander natuurlike preserveermiddel wat bestudeer is, is chitosan wat ‘n gedeasetileerde form van chitien is wat vanaf die skulp van krappe en die selwand van fungi afkomstig is. Dit vertoon ook antimikrobiese en anti-oksidant eienskappe. Een van die doelwitte van die studie was om die mikrobiese kwaliteit van boerewors wat in die verskeie streke van Bloemfontein geproduseer word, te evalueer en om die kwaliteit van die boerewors vanaf slaghuise met supermarkte te vergelyk. Die boerewors van 50% van die slaghuise in Bloemfontein is aan mikrobiese evaluasie onderwerp deur middel van aerobiese plaattellings, psigrotolerantetellings, Enterobacteriaceae tellings, kolivormtellings, giste en skimmel tellings en die teenwoordigheid van Staphylococcus aureus en Escherichia coli. Geen Staph. aureus is in enige van die boerewors monsters opgespoor nie. Die resultate van die studie het gedemonstreer dat die mikrobiese kwaliteit van boerewors wat in die verskeie areas van Bloemfontein verkoop word, nie betekenisvol van mekaar verskil het nie. Die voorkoms van E. coli in die sentrale area mag ‘n aanduiding wees dat die sosio-ekonomiese status van die verbruiker ‘n invloed op die kwaliteit mag hê, alhoewel dit nie verder in hierdie studie ondersoek is nie. Die betekenisvolle hoë kolivormtelling in die boerewors vanaf slaghuise, is ‘n aanduiding van swak higiëniese werksomstandighede teenoor die beter higiëne in supermarkte. Dit mag ook verwant wees aan supermarkpersoneel wat opleiding in higiëniese praktyke in die korporatiewe supermark omgewing ontvang, terwyl geen of min opleiding in slaghuise plaasvind. Die tweede doelwit was om die effektiwiteit van roosmarynekstrak, chitosan en swaeldioksied as konvensionele preserveermiddel, individueel toegedien en in kombinasie met mekaar, te ontleed in terme van die invloed op die kwaliteit van die boerewors. Agt boerewors behandelings is as volg geformuleer: kontrole (Con), 450 mg/kg SO2 (S), 260 mg/kg roosmarynekstrak (Ros), 10 g/kg chitosan (Chi), 260 mg/kg roosmarynekstrak + 100 mg/kg SO2 (Ros+S), 10 g/kg chitosan +100 mg/kg SO2 (Chi+S), 260 mg/kg roosmarynekstrak + 10 g/kg chitosan (Ros+Chi) and 260 mg/kg roosmarynekstrak + 10 g/kg Chitosan + 100 mg/kg SO2 (Ros+Chi+S). Water aktiwiteit (aw), mikrobiese eienskappe, kleurstabiliteit, lipiedstabiliteit en sensoriese analiese is op die verskillende worsbehandelings uitgevoer. Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskille tussen die aw van die verskillende behandelings nie. Chitosan en chitosan in kombinasie met ander preserveermiddel tipes het ‘n betekenisvolle (p<0.001) effek op die vermindering van die totale bakterietellings, kolivorm- en Enterobacteriaceae tellings gehad en was vergelykbaar met die resultate van die SO2 behandeling. Chitosan het egter ‘n beter effek as SO2 op die vermindering van giste en skimmels tellings gehad. Chitosan het ook goeie kleureienskappe, vergelykbaar met die 450 mg/kg SO2 gepreserveerde wors, vertoon. Roosmarynekstrak het ‘n vergelykbare lipiedstabiliteit as die S behandeling getoon en het ‘n betekenisvolle (p<0.001) laer TBARS waardes vertoon wanneer dit met die Chi behandeling vergelyk is. Die Ros behandeling het ‘n meer positiewe effek op die smaak van die wors gehad wanneer dit met die Chi behandeling vergelyk is, maar die S behandeling is nog steeds deur die sensoriese paneel verkies. Die verminderde vlak van 100 mg/kg SO2 het goeie sinergistiese effekte in kombinase met chitosan as antimikrobiese middel en kleurstabiliseerder getoon, terwyl dit goeie anti-oksidant en sensoriese eienskappe in kombinasie met roosmarynekstrak getoon het.
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Keywords
Dissertation (M.Sc. (Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology))-University of the Free State, 2010, Meat -- preservation -- South Africa, Sensory properties, Colour stability, Microbial quality, Lipid stability, Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Chitosan, Rosemary extract, Natural preservatives, Boerewors
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