Un-caging meaning in John Capgrave's Life of Saint Katherine Alexandria: bodies and brides of Christ

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Date
2006
Authors
Geldenhuys, Katharine Leigh
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University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Katherine of Alexandria, one of the most popular saints of the Middle Ages, was acclaimed for her great learning. This investigation focuses on the fraught relationship between knowledge, the feminine and the idea of the body in the predominantly Catholic society of late medieval England as it is revealed in John Capgrave’s fifteenth century Life of Saint Katherine of Alexandria. In chapter one the interrelations between Katherine, the Virgin Mary and Eve – particularly with regard to each woman’s relation to knowledge – is considered. Capgrave attempts to associate Katherine with the positive example of the Virgin Mary and her relation to knowledge through Christ, the Word, in order to increase admiration for Katherine as a saint. However, as the conversion scene is set in an enclosed garden it recalls the Garden of Eden and the Fall thus also creating parallels between Katherine and Eve. In this way an underlying uneasiness with Katherine’s exceptional level of education as potentially disruptive and negative is achieved. The centrality of marriage to Capgrave’s text is explored in chapter two. The representation of Katherine and the Church as the brides of Christ and the ways in which this essentially feminine image lends itself to associations with the body, as well as the Church’s simultaneous portrayal as the body of Christ, is considered. It is proposed that Katherine may be perceived as a symbolic representative of the Church and although, both the bride and body images have implications of subservience for those placed in the feminine role they also serve to express the intimacy of the relationship striven for with God. Chapter three examines Katherine’s use of the body of rhetoric. It is demonstrated that the changes in her use of rhetoric after her conversion and mystical marriage indicate that, as a woman making effective use of the body of rhetoric to argue for female rule, she may be perceived as transgressing gender boundaries in medieval patriarchal society. The ‘disciplining’ of Katherine’s ‘transgressive’ behaviour may be seen in her mystical marriage to Christ as this is the decisive event which brings her under patriarchal control. Therefore any threat she might have been seen to pose to the status quo is subtly neutralised. In chapter four the analogies relating to the body are further considered, particularly with regard to the spiritual implications. Parallels between St Katherine’s passion and Christ’s Passion are noted to indicate how the imitatio Christi and sponsalia Christi themes converge in Capgrave’s text to elide Katherine (as the ‘body’ and bride of Christ) with the divine (perceived as male). The incident narrated in Capgrave’s prologue, where an English priest has to consume a book in a dream before he can discover St Katherine’s legend, may be seen to reveal her elision with the divine through the interrelations of Katherine, the book containing her legend, the eucharist, the Passion, the Resurrection, relics, the body and the translation of her legend as an ‘un-caging’ of meaning. Thus Capgrave does not shy away from the issues of gender power-relations that were pertinent to his society. Although he appears to be unique among his peers in allowing for quite a balanced debate of these issues in his text, he includes aspects which subtly undercut Katherine’s strident independence as a woman. In this way he is able to honour the saint while simultaneously confirming the ‘proper’ position of women in medieval patriarchal society by equating it to the position of humanity in the Church vis-à-vis Christ. Consequently, Capgrave is able to openly consider challenges to, and yet subtly affirm, the status quo of his society in this multivalent saint’s legend
Afrikaans: Die faam van Sint Katarina van Aleksandrië, een van die gewildste heiliges van die middeleeue, was veral aan haar uitsonderlike geleerdheid te danke. Hierdie ondersoek fokus op die verwantskap tussen kennis, die vroulike en die konsep van die liggaam in die oorheersend Katolieke samelewing van Engeland in die laat-middeleeue, soos dit in John Capgrave se Life of Saint Katherine of Alexandria uitgebeeld word. In die eerste hoofstuk word die verwantskap tussen Katarina, die Maagd Maria en Eva ondersoek met betrekking tot elke vrou se verhouding met kennis. Om Katarina se roem as heilige te versterk, assosieer Capgrave haar met die positiewe voorbeeld van die Heilige Maagd en die kennis wat Sy deur Christus (die Woord) bekom. Katarina se bekering tot die Christendom vind egter plaas in ’n private tuin, wat die leser aan die paradystuin, die sondeval en Eva herinner. Op hierdie wyse word ’n onderliggende spanning geskep: Katarina se ongekende geleerdheid is wel goed, maar kan ook as latent skeurend of negatief beskou word. Die sentraliteit van die huwelik in Capgrave se teks word in hoofstuk twee ondersoek. Die voorstelling van beide Katarina en die Kerk as ‘bruide van Christus’ en die wyse waarop hierdie vroulike beelde met die liggaam geassosieer kan word, word (naas die Kerk se voorstelling as die liggaam van Christus) onder die loep geneem. Katarina word as ’n simboliese verteenwoordiger van die Kerk voorgehou. Alhoewel die beelde van die bruid en die liggaam ’n bybetekenis van onderdanigheid dra vir diegene wat in die vroulike rol geplaas word, impliseer dit ook die soort vertrouensverhouding met God waarna elke Christen strewe. Hoofstuk drie bestudeer Katarina se gebruik van die kennisgeheel van retorika. Daar word aangetoon dat die verandering in haar gebruik van die retoriek ná haar bekering en haar geestelike huwelik daarop dui dat sy, as ’n vrou wat die retoriek effektief gebruik om ’n vroulike gesag voor te staan, beskou mag word as ’n oortreder van die middeleeuse patriargale samelewing se geslagsgrense. Die ‘dissiplinering’ van hierdie ‘oortreding’ in haar geestelike huwelik met Christus mag dan beskou word as die beslissende gebeurtenis wat haar onder patriargale beheer bring. Sodoende kan daar gesê word dat enige uitdaging wat sy vir die status quo inhou subtiel geneutraliseer word. In hoofstuk vier word die analogië wat met die liggaam verband hou verder ondersoek, veral in terme van hulle geestelike implikasies. Ooreenkomste tussen Sint Katarina se marteldood en Christus se Passie word uitgelig om aan te dui hoe die temas van die imitatio Christi en die sponsalia Christi in Capgrave se teks in een punt saamloop om Katarina (as die ‘liggaam’ en die bruid van Christus) met die goddelike (wat as manlike beskou word) te laat saamsmelt. Die voorval in Capgrave se proloog, waar ’n Engelse priester in ’n droom ’n boek moet opeet voordat hy Sint Katarina se legende kan ontdek, demonstreer hierdie samesmelting met die goddelike by wyse van die verwantskappe tussen Katarina, haar legendeboek, die nagmaal, die Passie, die Wederopstanding, relikwië, die liggaam en die vertaling van haar legende as ’n ontsluiting van betekenis. Capgrave deins nie terug van die belangrike kwessie van geslags/magsverwantskappe in sy samelewing nie. Alhoewel hy uniek in sy portuurgroep blyk te wees in dat hy ’n gebalanseerde oorweging van dié strydvrae in sy teks toelaat, ondergrawe hy ook op subtiele wyse Katarina se selfstandigheid as vrou. Sodoende kan hy haar as heilige vereer terwyl hy gelyktydig die ‘geskikte’ onderdanigheid van vroue in die middeleeue goedkeur deur dit gelyk te stel met dié van die mensdom teenoor Christus. Gevolglik kan Capgrave in hierdie veelsydige legende sulke uitdagings oorweeg terwyl hy die status quo eintlik subtiel bevestig
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Keywords
Hagiography, Saint Katherine of Alexandria, Medieval Church, John Capgrave, Body of Christ, Bride of Christ, Women, Knowledge, Education, Rhetoric, Literature, Medieval, Capgrave, John, 1393-1464 -- Criticism and interpretation, Christian poetry English (Middle) -- History and criticism, English poetry -- Middle English, 1100-1500 -- History and criticism, Thesis (Ph.D. (English and Classical Languages))--University of the Free State, 2006
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