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Browsing Hebrew by Author "Naudé, Jacobus A."
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Item Open Access Alternative revisions of the 𝘈𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘚𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 (1901) and retranslations within the Tyndale–King James Version tradition(AOSIS Publishing, 2022) Naudé, Jacobus A.; Miller-Naudé, Cynthia L.In this essay, we demonstrate that in addition to the Revised Standard Version and its revisions as part of the linear emergence of the Tyndale–King James Version tradition in the 20th and 21st centuries, there are also alternative revisions and retranslations of the 𝘒𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘑𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 (KJV) of 1611 as literal or word-for-word translations, which emerge as divergent branches. The revisions of the 𝘈𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘚𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 (ASV) (1901) emerged in the following branches, namely the 𝘕𝘦𝘸 𝘈𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘚𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘉𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘦 (NASB) and its revisions, 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘈𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘥 𝘉𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘦 (AB) and its revisions, as well as 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘓𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘉𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘦, Paraphrased and its retranslation, the 𝘕𝘦𝘸 𝘓𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘛𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘴𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 (NLT). Then there are revisions that emerged as alternatives to the 𝘙𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘚𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 (1946–1952/1971) by reverting to the 𝘒𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘑𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘙𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥 (Blayney) Edition (1769) as their incipient text rather than the ASV, namely 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘔𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘯 𝘒𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘑𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 (MKJV) (and similar revisions), The 𝘕𝘦𝘸 𝘒𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘑𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 (NKJV) and the 𝘕𝘦𝘸 𝘊𝘢𝘮𝘣𝘳𝘪𝘥𝘨𝘦 𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘱𝘩 𝘉𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘦. Finally, there are retranslations within the Tyndale–King James Version tradition, namely the 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘳𝘺 𝘌𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘩 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 (CEV), and the 𝘊𝘰𝘮𝘮𝘰𝘯 𝘌𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘩 𝘉𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘦 (CEB). The diversity reflects the search for individual identity to satisfy particular reader expectations in an age of digital-media interpretive culture featuring broad universal values. 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Instead of viewing the revisions and retranslations within the Tyndale–King James Version tradition since the second half of the 20th century as new and independent, it is demonstrated that the various branches and their versions rather continue the emergence of the pre-20th century translation complex within this tradition to satisfy particular reader expectations.Item Open Access Copular predication in Biblical Hebrew(University of the Free State, 2015-07) Wilson, Daniel Joseph; Miller-Naudé, Cynthia L.; Naudé, Jacobus A.English: This study provides an analysis of the different forms of copular predication in Biblical Hebrew (BH). BH uses two syntactic constructions to convey copular predication. One construction utilises a finite form of the BH copula היה and the other construction merely juxtaposes the subject and the predicate with no overt copula. This second form is known as the verbless clause (or nominal clause). The traditional explanation for the use of the BH copula rather than a verbless clause is to convey the tense, aspect, or mood of a situation by means of the verbal morphology. An overt copula is used to satisfy certain inflectional demands in a sentence. While this explanation is true in many examples, there are many examples of verbless clauses in the Hebrew Bible that are not ambiguous as to their tense, aspect or mood. The traditional explanation seems incomplete in accounting for the presence of an overt copula. Additionally, there are several forms of the copula that occupy different syntactic positions. What effect, if any, does the position of the copula have on the overall meaning of the sentence? To answer these questions I utilise an integrated theoretical approach which starts with the generative assumption that all statements of being are copular constructions whether or not they have an overt copula in the sentence. I challenge the traditional verbless/verbal clause distinction in BH syntax and adopt a categorisation of predicate types that is consistent with many linguistic studies of predication. I utilise a stratification of formal strategies of predication from cross-linguistic typology in order to explain the different forms of BH copular predication. I also adopt a view of the copula that is informed by network semantics. This dissertation examines each example of copular predication in Joshua through 2 Kings and categorises them according to a semantic taxonomy. Each of these forms has a unique syntactic markedness profile with respect to tense, aspect and mood. The critical contribution of this dissertation is that these syntactic profiles exist under a broader categorisation of +change-of-state and –change-of-state semantics and that there is a semantic network of nuances that these forms are capable of conveying. This is a challenge to the traditional definition of the copula which defines it as a semantically-empty constituent that merely has a structural role. Newer research on copular constructions suggests that there is a network of semantic nuances which a copula can convey in certain languages. The data revealed that one construction in both +change-of-state and –change-of-state categories can express several different semantic nuances. In this dissertation I demonstrate that the presence or absence of a finite form of היה is attributed to the syntactic profile and semantic network of each form of copular predication and each form is connected to its function. A. The zero copula strategy (the verbless/nominal clause) is the unmarked strategy and does not indicate change-of-state. B. Sentences in which a finite form of the verbal root היה is preceded by a constituent are marked for aspect (perfective or imperfective) and do not indicate change-of- state. C. Sentences with ויהי or והיה as well as any finite form of the root היה with an obligatory prepositional phrase with ל indicate change-of-state.Item Open Access A descriptive analysis of Septuagint Micah(University of the Free State, 2015-07) Modugno, Steve Michael; Miller-Naudé, Cynthia L.; Naudé, Jacobus A.English: This study combines the strengths of both Septuagint Studies and Translation Studies to describe Septuagint Micah. It employs rigorous text critical tools and methods to assess translation errors that resulted from the translator’s insufficient grammatical/lexical knowledge or from orthographical/phonological mistakes. At times, it concludes that the translator’s Hebrew Vorlage differed from the MT. An important advance in this study involves the use of the most recent advances in translation theory to determine purposeful, idiosyncratic shifts introduced by the translator. The theoretical framework for this study is the recognition that translations exist within a cultural and literary polysystem where the translator affects change in the polysystem and the polysystem exerts some control over translation norms. Based on this theoretical framework, Descriptive Translation Studies scholars have developed three primary translation models—comparative, process and causal. Of these, Chesterman’s causal model was chosen for this study because it incorporates the strengths of both comparative and process models. The causal model accounts for three important aspects of the translation: the preliminary norms (causal conditions), translated text and translation effects (target culture reception). The translated text provides the core material of investigation, in which every coupled-pair (i.e., the source text phrase and the translation of it) is analysed thoroughly to discern and describe translation shifts. Through categorising these shifts, translation tendencies and patterns emerged. These reflect the translator’s operational norms, which are either obligatory (linguistically constrained) or non-obligatory (translation choices). Among the most important non-obligatory operational norms involve the translator’s style, concern for message clarity, theology and ideology. His preferred style led him to provide lexical variation and smooth syntax. Because he valued clarity in the translated text, he employed techniques of explicitisation, concretisation (rarely metaphorisation), harmonisation and interpretation. He introduced changes that reflected his own theology. For instance, through several shifts from singular “evil” to plural “evil deeds” the translator suggests that the sins of the Israelites were numerous and great to have warranted the punishment they endured. Similarly, they alone were culpable for their sins and God was justified in punishing them. Other shifts seem to indicate that God did not save them because they did not turn to him in prayer and they did not fear him. Ideologically, shifts occurred primarily through the technique of historicising. The translator effectively distinguished the Israelites of the past (who had brought upon themselves the exile) from the diaspora Jews living in the 3rd or 2nd century B.C.E. Alexandria who were contemporaneous with the translator. However, through two other shifts the translator included the post-exilic Jewish diaspora in God’s threats of future judgment. The intent of this study was to describe LXX-Micah and reveal how its translator intervened in the text to infuse his own idiosyncratic theological perspective. The results seem to indicate that he truly was an agent of change.Item Open Access Emergence of the Tyndale–King James Version tradition in English Bible translation(AOSIS Publishing, 2022) Naudé, Jacobus A.In this essay, it is demonstrated that the inception of the English Bible tradition began with the oral–aural Bible in Old English translated from Latin incipient texts and emerged through a continuous tradition of revision and retranslation in interaction with contemporary social reality. Each subsequent translation achieved a more complex state by adapting to the emergence of incipient text knowledge (rediscovery of Hebrew and Greek texts), emergence of the (meaning-making) knowledge of the incipient languages (Latin, Hebrew and Greek), language change (Old, Middle and Modern English), mode of communication (hearing-dominant and text-dominant), style (literal or word-for-word) and products (oral-aural Bible, handwritten manuscript Bible and printed Bible). Historical sources indicate that there were translations of portions of the English Bible since 700 CE as handwritten manuscript Bibles in Old and Middle English and in print in Modern English – even before the retranslation associated with Tyndale (1526) and despite ecclesiastical opposition since 1408. This version and its revisions (1530–1531, 1534) are followed by subsequent revisions (Coverdale Bible, Matthew’s Bible, Great Bible, Geneva Bible and Bishop’s Bible). The next revision was the King James Version (1611), which replaced all its predecessors, and which was never replaced for the next four centuries – not even by its revisions. 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Contrary to the fragmentation caused by ordering individual English Bibles either by period (e.g. 20th century) or according to their features (e.g. literal), it is demonstrated that the history of English Bible translation emerged rather as a translation complex, and its history must be understood in this way.Item Open Access The 𝘙𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘚𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 (1952) and its revisions as a linear emergence of the Tyndale–King James Version tradition(AOSIS Publishing, 2022) Miller-Naudé, Cynthia L.; Naudé, Jacobus A.Revisions of the 𝘒𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘑𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 of 1611 continued into the 20th and 21st centuries as literal or word-for-word translations. This development corresponds with a new age in Bible translation that started in the second half of the 20th century, which involves at least six changes in the philosophy of Bible translation. Firstly, Bible translation is characterised by interconfessional cooperation. Secondly, the plain meaning intended in the incipient texts is made accessible to readers. Thirdly, new critical editions of the Hebrew and Greek incipient texts on the basis of new discoveries of texts are utilised. Fourthly, there is the tendency to remove archaic language to make versions intelligible. Fifthly, there is a tendency to use gendered and inclusive language. Sixthly, the move is from print communication, which can be typified as typographic interpretive culture, to electronic or media communication, which can be typified as digital-media interpretive culture, where sound and visuality become prominent as a contextual supplement to words. In the analysis it will be determined which of these aspects are reflected in the𝘙𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘚𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 and its revisions as part of the linear emergence of the Tyndale–King James Version tradition. However, unlike the 𝘒𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘑𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯, the 𝘙𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘚𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 and its revisions failed to achieve widespread approval from satisfied readers, thus opening the door to alternative revisions. 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Instead of viewing the 𝘙𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘚𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘝𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 and its revisions as new and independent from the Tyndale–King James Version tradition, it is demonstrated that they are a linear continuation of the emergence of the pre-20th century translation complex within this tradition without replicating the success of the King James Version.